Surgical strategy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer in octogenarians.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether lobectomy without radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy (LA) is a satisfactory alternative surgical treatment for octogenarians with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: From April 1985 through December 2001, 49 patients aged 80 years and older who underwent surgical treatment for clinical stage I NSCLC were reviewed. Lobectomy without radical systematic mediastinal LA was performed for 27 patients (LA0 group) and lobectomy with radical systematic mediastinal LA was performed for 22 patients (LA group). RESULTS: The mortality rate was 0% in the LA0 group and 4.5% in the LA group. Five-year survival rate according to the type of surgery was 44.8% in the LA0 group and 55.5% in the LA group, a difference that was not significant (P=0.88). Although there was no significant statistical difference, postoperative pulmonary complication was more frequent in the LA group than in the LA0 group (32% in the LA group versus 11% in the LA0 group P=0.07). Five-year survival rates according to serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were 0% for patients with elevated CEA levels (n=9) and 56.5% for patients with normal CEA levels (n=40) (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Lobectomy without radical systematic mediastinal LA appears to be a satisfactory surgical procedure for octogenarians with clinical stage I NSCLC. However, mediastinoscopy is necessary in such octogenarians if their serum CEA level is elevated so that the precise clinical stage can be determined and an accurate prognosis can be given.     

Surgical treatment for higher stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Locally advanced lung cancer (stage IIIa, IIIb) in which the primary tumor is proximal (T3) or has invaded adjacent structures (T3) or organs (T4) or in which mediastinal lymph nodes are involved (N2, N3) worsens the prognosis significantly. However, in stage IIIa (T3 or N2), when surgical treatment results in total removal of the primary tumor and involved lymph nodes, there still is a reasonable chance for ultimate cure. On the other hand, total excision can be very rarely performed in T4 or N3 tumors. Therefore, this group (stage IIIb) usually indicates unresectability. Disseminated lung cancer with distant metastasis (stage IV) is still considered to be incurable. Nevertheless, solitary metastatic sites (M1), especially brain, have been treated on occasion by resection of the primary tumor and removal of the solitary metastasis. This appears to improve median survival and does yield 5-year survival in selected patients. The results after surgical treatment in these patients with higher stage lung cancer reported over the last 10 years are reviewed.     

非小细胞肺癌伴对侧肺内结节的外科治疗

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌伴对侧肺结节的诊断及治疗.方法 24例获明确诊断的非小细胞肺癌患者伴对侧肺结节,均接受手术治疗,术后辅助放、化疗,并定期跟踪随访14～21个月.结果 24例患者中,其中6例有原发或转移癌;肺结节的大小,原发癌的病理类型和分期与结节性质之间无联系.结论 非小细胞肺癌患者伴对侧肺结节,如果不能取得病理...     

Surgical treatment of solitary adrenal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Management of solitary adrenal metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer is still debated. Although classically considered incurable, various reports with small numbers of patients have shown that surgical treatment might improve long-term survival. The aim of this study was to review our experience and to identify factors that could affect survival. METHODS: From January 1989 through April 2003, 23 patients underwent complete resection of an isolated adrenal metastasis after surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. There were 19 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 54 +/- 10 years. The diagnosis of adrenal metastasis was synchronous with the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer in 6 patients and metachronous in 17 patients. The median disease-free interval for patients with metachronous metastasis was 12.5 months (range, 4.5-60.1 months). RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival was 23.3%. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated that a disease-free interval of greater than 6 months was an independent and significant predictor of increased survival in patients after adrenalectomy. All patients with a disease-free interval of less than 6 months died within 2 years of the operation. The 5-year survival was 38% after resection of an isolated adrenal metastasis that occurred more than 6 months after lung resection. Adjuvant therapy and pathologic staging of non-small cell lung cancer did not affect survival. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection of metachronous isolated adrenal metastasis with a disease-free interval of greater than 6 months can provide long-term survival in patients previously undergoing complete resection of the primary non-small cell lung cancer.     

Surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer with ipsilateral pulmonary metastases

Purpose

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relevance of surgery in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with ipsilateral pulmonary metastases.

Methods

The clinical records of 1,623 consecutive NSCLC patients who underwent surgery between 1990 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. Overall, 161 (9.9 %) and 21 (1.3 %) patients had additional nodules in the same lobe as the primary lesion (PM1) and additional nodules in the ipsilateral different lobe (PM2), respectively.

Results

The 5-year survival rate was 54.4 % in the PM1 patients and 19.3 % in the PM2 patients (log-rank test: p = 0.001). Tumor size ≤3 cm, N0-1 status and surgical procedures less extensive than bilobectomy were identified as favorable prognostic factors in the PM1 patients. The 5-year survival rate in the PM1-N0-1 patients was 68.7 %, while that in the PM1-N2-3 patients was 29.1 % (p < 0.0001). Compared to the non-PM1 stage IIIA patients, the stage IIIA patients with PM1 disease (PM1-N1) tended to experience longer survival times (p = 0.06). Squamous cell types and bilobectomy or more extensive procedures were found to be unfavorable factors in the PM2 patients. The survival of the PM2 patients was significantly worse than that of the other T4 patients (p = 0.007).

Conclusions

PM1 patients with N0-1 disease are good candidates for surgery, whereas PM2 patients do not appear to benefit from surgery.     

非小细胞肺癌伴巨块型淋巴结转移的外科治疗

目的 总结非小细胞肺癌伴巨块型淋巴结转移的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2009年27例病理和影像学诊断为非小细胞肺癌伴巨块型淋巴结转移(CT扫描图上淋巴结短径>2cm,长径>5cm)行肺叶或全肺切除加系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫术患者的临床资料.根据巨块型淋巴结的解剖部位分为左上纵隔组、右上纵隔组和肺门组.结果 全组均行根治性手术.无一例术中和住院死亡.肺叶切除19例,其中行肺动脉成形术、支气管成形术和支气管肺动脉双成形术各1例,全肺切除8例,其中2例心包内全肺切除.术后16例无并发症,5例出现心律失常,3例肺不张并发ARDS,1例出现乳糜胸,2例声嘶和包裹性胸腔积液3例.结论 非小细胞肺癌伴巨块型淋巴结转移可争取行根治性手术治疗,但手术难度大,术中可能变换术式,术后出现并发症的概率高.     

Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm or less in diameter

BACKGROUND: Routine lung cancer screening does not currently exist in the United States. Computed tomography can detect small cancers and may well be the screening choice in the future. Controversy exists, however, regarding the surgical management of these small lung cancers. METHODS: The records of all patients were reviewed who underwent resection of solitary non-small cell lung cancers 1 cm or less in diameter from 1980 through 1999. RESULTS: The study included 100 patients (56 men and 44 women) with a median age of 67 years (range 43 to 84 years). Lobectomy was performed in 71 patients, bilobectomy in 4, segmentectomy in 12, and wedge excision in 13. Ninety-four patients had complete mediastinal lymph node dissection. The cancer was an adenocarcinoma in 48 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 26, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 19, large cell carcinoma in 4, adenosquamous cell carcinoma in 2, and undifferentiated in 1. Tumor diameter ranged from 3 to 10 mm. Seven patients had lymph node metastases (N1, 5 patients; N2, 2 patients). Postsurgical stage was IA in 92 patients, IB in 1, IIA in 5, and IIIA in 2. There were four operative deaths. Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged from 4 to 214 months (median 43 months). Eighteen patients (18.0%) developed recurrent lung cancer. Overall and lung cancer-specific 5-year survivals were 64.1% and 85.4%, respectively. Patients who underwent lobectomy had significantly better survival and fewer recurrences than patients who had wedge excision or segmentectomy (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Because recurrent cancer and lymph node metastasis can occur in patients with non-small cell lung cancers 1 cm or less in size, lobectomy with lymph node dissection is warranted when medically possible.     

Surgical treatment for primary non-small cell lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases

The brain is one of the most common sites of metastasis from lung cancer. The strategies of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer patient with synchronous brain metastases (stage IV) is controversial. We evaluate retrospectively the effectiveness of surgical treatment for these patients. Forty patients were divided into 3 groups on the basis of surgical treatment, group A of patients received both lung and brain resection, group B of patients received lung resection plus gamma knife therapy, group C of patients received brain resection. Median survival from the date of diagnosis of brain metastasis was as follows: group A 331 days, group B 151 days and group C 92 days. Univariate analysis revealed that adenocarcinoma histology and serum LDH significantly affected survival. Multivariate analysis found that only adeocarcinoma histology also affected the survival. It is concluded that surgical treatment may acceptable in selected group of non-small cell lung cancer patients with synchronous brain metastases.     

Impact of mediastinal lymph node dissection on octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: Impacts of mediastinal lymph node dissection on a patient’s course after pulmonary resection is unclear in octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Retrospectively identified subjects included 39 octogenarians and 1 nonagenarian, with grades according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index ranging from only 0 to 2. We performed mediastinal lymph node dissection in 19 patients (D group), and just lymph node sampling biopsy in the other 21 (S group). We compared clinicopathologic features and outcome after surgery between both groups. Results: Deterioration of performance status at the time of discharge, evident in 17 patients overall, was significantly more frequent in the D group. Postoperative complications occurred in 27 patients overall and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Survival rates in younger patients at 1, 3, and 5 years were 86, 59, and 49%, respectively; in octogenarians these were 83, 58, and 42% (no significant difference). Nor did survival differ significantly by surgical management of mediastinal lymph nodes; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 94, 63, and 40%, respectively in the D group and 78, 66, and 43%, respectively in the S group. Conclusion: Octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer should be treated by urgent pulmonary resection whenever possible. Since mediastinal lymph node dissection has little effect on long-term survival or the carried risk of worsening performance status at discharge, pulmonary resection without complete mediastinal lymph node dissection should be considered.     

Surgical treatment of solitary metastasis in the male breast from non-small cell lung cancer

Detection of metastases in the breast from extramammary neoplasms is rare. We present a case of metastases in breast tissue from surgically treated non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. A histologic and immunohistologic study was essential for choosing the appropriate treatment for the patient. The patient is alive and disease-free 18 months after the breast surgery.     

Multi-modality treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

Despite significant advances in radiation therapy techniques and a variety of newer chemotherapeutic agents, when multimodality treatment for stage I and II tumors has been tested by Phase III randomized prospective trials of adequate size, no significant survival advantage over surgery alone has been found in most instances. Modalities tested include preoperative radiation therapy, and postoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Trials are presently underway to test preoperative chemotherapy for stages Ib, II, and T3NI (S9900) and to test adding surgery for patients with N2 disease who have been treated by chemotherapy and radiation therapy (INT 0139). Results of a recently completed trial (JBR10) will answer the question of whether postoperative chemotherapy is of benefit for patients with stages T2N0 or T1-2N1. Until these trials are completed, surgeons should resist the temptation to use newer but unproven therapies except within established approved protocols.     

Impact of mediastinal lymph node dissection on octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Impacts of mediastinal lymph node dissection on a patient's course after pulmonary resection is unclear in octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Retrospectively identified subjects included 39 octogenarians and 1 nonagenarian, with grades according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index ranging from only 0 to 2. We performed mediastinal lymph node dissection in 19 patients (D group), and just lymph node sampling biopsy in the other 21 (S group). We compared clinicopathologic features and outcome after surgery between both groups. RESULTS: Deterioration of performance status at the time of discharge, evident in 17 patients overall, was significantly more frequent in the D group. Postoperative complications occurred in 27 patients overall and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Survival rates in younger patients at 1, 3, and 5 years were 86, 59, and 49%, respectively; in octogenarians these were 83, 58, and 42% (no significant difference). Nor did survival differ significantly by surgical management of mediastinal lymph nodes; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 94, 63, and 40%, respectively in the D group and 78, 66, and 43%, respectively in the S group. CONCLUSION: Octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer should be treated by urgent pulmonary resection whenever possible. Since mediastinal lymph node dissection has little effect on long-term survival or the carried risk of worsening performance status at discharge, pulmonary resection without complete mediastinal lymph node dissection should be considered.     

同侧肺多结节非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨外科手术对同侧肺多结节型非小细胞肺癌的治疗作用.方法 1999年12月至2006年12月共对68例同侧肺多结节非小细胞肺癌患者进行完全性手术切除.男性44例,女性24例,年龄33～81岁,平均年龄为60.3岁.其中54例为同一肺叶内的多结节病灶(T4),13例为不同肺叶的多结节病灶(M1),还有1例被证实为多原发癌.本组患者采用的手术方法包括:肺叶切除、联合肺叶切除、全肺切除和肺叶切除加楔形切除,所有患者均接受了系统性纵隔淋巴结清扫.结果 本组患者的中位生存时间为30个月,影响患者术后生存的主要因素是纵隔淋巴结转移状态和细支气管肺泡癌组织类型.无纵隔淋巴结转移的患者的中位生存时间为39个月,而有纵隔淋巴结转移的患者的中位生存时间为14个月(P<0.01).伴有细支气管肺泡癌成分的患者的中位生存时间为46个月,好于其他组织类型患者的20个月(P<0.01).结论 外科手术可有效治疗同侧肺多结节型非小细胞肺癌,对含有细支气管肺泡癌成分和无纵隔淋巴结转移的这类患者应积极进行手术治疗.     

Surgical analysis for N 2 factor in non-small cell lung cancer

In this study we analyzed 33 cases which underwent complete surgical resection to assess the role of surgery in the treatment of patients with N 2 NSCLC. The 3 year survival rate was 33.3% and the median survival time was 26.1 months. The survival curve for patients with T 3 factor was statistically worse than those with T 1 or T 2 factor. Further, the survival curve for patients with p 2 or p 3 factor was significantly lower than than that for those classified as p 0. Patients classified with p 2 or p 3 had a survival rate under 2 years. Only one patient diagnosed as T 3 achieved 3 year survival. This patient had a pm1 tumor with p 0 factor. We thereby recommend that surgery should only be performed for those N 2 NSCLC patients diagnosed as T 1 or T 2 with a classification of p1 or less.     

Surgical treatment of 125 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and chest wall involvement.

BACKGROUND: The optimum operative procedure for lung cancer with chest wall invasion (T3) remains controversial. In this study results of en bloc resection and extrapleural dissection are reviewed to determine survival characteristics. METHODS: Between 1977 and 1993 125 patients underwent surgery for primary non-small cell lung cancer with chest wall invasion. Patients with superior sulcus tumours, metastatic carcinomas, synchronous tumours, or recurrences were excluded. Extrapleural dissection was performed in 73 patients and en bloc resection (range 1-4 ribs) in 52. Resection was regarded as complete in 86 and incomplete in 39 patients. Actuarial survival time was estimated and risk factors for late death were identified. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 3.2%. (n = 4). Estimated mean five year survival was 24% for all hospital survivors (n = 121), 11% for patients with incomplete resection, and 29% for patients having a complete resection. In patients who underwent complete resection mediastinal lymph node involvement and intrapleural tumour spill worsened the prognosis. Patients with adenocarcinoma had a better chance of long term survival. No relationship was found between survival and age, type of operative procedure, depth of chest wall invasion, and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Both operative procedures show reasonable survival results. Incomplete resection, mediastinal lymph node involvement, and intrapleural tumour spill adversely influence survival.     

Surgical indication for non-small cell lung cancer with synchronous distant metastases

From 1989 to 2004, 20 patients with synchronous distant metastases [intrapulmonary metastases (n=10) and extrapulmonary metastases (n=10)] underwent surgery for primary lesion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Complete resection of the primary tumor and metastases was achieved in 5 patients. Overall 1- and 2-year survival rates were 48 and 11%, respectively, and mean survival was 21 months. The corresponding figures for patients with pulmonary metastasis to another lobe were 78, 23%, and 35 months, and those for patients with distant metastasis to a site other than another pulmonary lobe were 20, 0%, and 7 months. Two patients with pulmonary metastasis survived more than 5 years. With pulmonary metastasis to another lobe prognosis was better than that with distant metastasis to another site. Survival was not affected by histology or N factor. Complete resection tended to be a factor contributing to a better clinical outcome. This study suggests that surgery for NSCLC with synchronous distant metastasis should be indicated only for patients who could be expected to undergo complete excision of both the primary and metastasis lesion, as a clinical study under informed consent.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗(附32例分析)

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并非小细胞肺癌患者术前肺功能改善、手术方法 和治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院2003年2月至2008年7月收治的32例COPD合并肺癌并接受手术治疗患者的临床资料.结果 15例重度肺功能减退的患者中,FEV1、MVV%、PaO2和PaCO2值分别从入院时的(0.82±0.10)L、(35.1±2.6)%、(60.3±6.3)mm Hg、(37.4±2.3)mm Hg增加为术前的(1.22±0.24)L、(45.4±4.9)%、(71.1±4.0)mm Hg、(44.7±3.4)mm Hg,P值均小于0.01.32例全部接受手术,7例行电视辅助胸腔镜(VATS)肺楔形切除术,7例行VATS小切口肺叶切除术,18例行常规开胸肺叶切除术,其中5例行袖式肺叶切除术,1例行左全肺切除术.术后低氧血症和呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、心律失常、支气管胸膜瘘、肺漏气延长的发生率分别为43.8%、21.8%、53.1%、3.1%、21.8%,住院期间死亡率为6.3%.结论 术前积极治疗可以改善肺功能,但对COPD合并肺癌患者施行肺切除时,术后并发症和死亡率较高.对无法耐受标准肺叶切除的Ⅰ期和ⅡA期患者可考虑行局部肺叶切除,改善患者预后.     

Angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer

Two processes are necessary for a tumor colony to grow and become invasive: angiogenesis and basement membrane degradation. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from the endothelium of existing vasculature, in response to the metabolic demand of the tumor. Assessment of the degree of tumor angiogenesis may improve risk stratification in patients with lung cancer, especially those with early-stage disease. In addition, the strategy of blocking the mechanism of angiogenesis may prove to be an effective therapeutic alternative for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Clinical trials evaluating novel antiangiogenic agents, including antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and compounds directed at the tyrosine kinase receptor, are ongoing.     

Results of surgical treatment of locally-disseminated non-small cell lung cancer

An analysis of results of operative treatment of 390 patients in 1980-1999 has shown growth of incidence of adenocarcinomas, less frequency of exploratory thoracotomies and non-radical resections of the lung, postoperative complications and lethality, more cases of 5-year survival. Reliable factors of prognosis of long-term results of treatment are established.