602例腹泻患儿轮状病毒检测及回顾性分析

目的:分析腹泻患儿中轮状病毒(RV)的感染情况。方法:收集602例腹泻患儿粪便标本,利用胶体金标法快速诊断试剂盒检测腹泻患儿粪便轮状病毒抗原,并分析结果。结果:602例腹泻患儿送检标本中检测到203例轮状病毒抗原阳性,阳性率为33.7%。6个月～2岁婴幼儿是轮状病毒感染的高发年龄组,检测阳性率为40%。轮状病毒发病的高峰季节是10～12月份。母乳喂养及接种疫苗患儿感染轮状病毒阳性率较低。结论:轮状病毒是婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原体,6个月～2岁患儿是易感人群,以秋冬季节(10～12月份)为流行季节。母乳喂养及接种疫苗可降低发病率。     

浙江省丽水市5岁以下腹泻婴幼儿粪便A群轮状病毒的检测与分析

目的:了解丽水市5岁以下腹泻婴幼儿粪便A群轮状病毒(RV)感染情况,为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。方法:采用胶体金法对2010年3月-2011年2月来我院就诊的3373例腹泻患儿的粪便标本进行RV抗原检测,并比较检测结果。结果:3373例腹泻标本中有982例RV结果阳性,阳性率为29.1%,其中6个月～1岁及1岁～2岁幼儿是轮状病毒感染的高发年龄段,检测阳性率分别为31.6%和35.9%。轮状病毒腹泻发病的高峰季节是10月份至次年的2月份。结论:轮状病毒感染是导致婴幼儿腹泻的主要原因之一,以6个月至2岁组为A群轮状病毒的高发年龄组,每年的10月至次年的2月为感染高峰期,临床医生应重视腹泻病原的检测,以明确诊断,防止滥用抗生素而导致肠道菌群失调,使腹泻迁延不愈。     

14038例腹泻患儿轮状病毒感染分析

目的回顾分析儿科门诊及住院腹泻患儿轮状病毒(RV)感染的好发季节、年龄分布及性别差异,为预防和控制婴幼儿腹泻提供理论依据。方法 2015年7月-2018年7月共收集14 038例腹泻患儿的粪便标本,对其进行粪便常规及RV抗原检测。结果腹泻患儿粪便A种RV阳性率为21.1%,阳性率性别差异无统计学意义;6月龄～12月龄、13月龄～25月龄、24月龄～36月龄腹泻患儿阳性率显著高于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);每年12月-次年3月为发病高峰(P0.01)。A种RV感染腹泻患儿的粪便性状以黄色糊状为主,占58.5%,黄色水样便占12.7%,黄色稀便占11.6%。粪便常规以潜血为主,占48.0%,WBC占26.3%,脂肪球占24.0%。结论 A种轮状病毒是腹泻患儿的重要病原体,6月龄～36月龄婴幼儿是其易感人群,以冬季好发;粪便性状以糊状为主;粪便常规以潜血为主。     

免疫胶体金法快速检测轮状病毒腹泻的结果分析

[目的]进一步了解婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒(RV)感染特点和免疫胶体金检测方法对临床诊断的价值。[方法]采用免疫胶体金法对308例腹泻患儿的粪便进行A组RV抗原检测。[结果]308份标本A组轮状病毒阳性151例,阳性率49.0%。10月、11月、12月、1月份为RV腹泻发病高峰期。6个月～24个月年龄组RV阳性检出率最高。水样或蛋花汤样便是婴幼儿RV腹泻的临床症状特点。[结论]RV是引起婴幼儿腹泻的重要病原之一,免疫胶体金法快速、简便、经济,对临床诊断提供了依据。     

轮状病毒感染与小儿腹泻的关系

目的通过对小儿腹泻患者的粪便进行轮状病毒(Rotavirus,RV)的检测,探讨不同季节、不同年龄段小儿腹泻患者与轮状病毒感染的相关性,为小儿腹泻病因的诊断提供一种手段,帮助更好的诊断、治疗腹泻。方法收集2011年7-12月中南大学湘雅医院儿科门诊初步诊断为腹泻的患儿(0~5岁)粪便标本(139例),采用A群轮状病毒诊断试剂盒检测样本中A群轮状病毒抗原。结果 139例腹泻患儿粪便,35例轮状病毒抗原检测阳性,阳性率为25.18%;其中7-8月份阳性率为21.79%(17/78),9-10月份阳性率为22.58%(7/31),11-12月份阳性率为46.67%(14/30);0~1岁患儿阳性率为28.41%(25/88),1~2岁患儿阳性率35.29%(12/34),2~5岁患儿阳性率为5.88%(1/17);男性患儿阳性率23.26%(20/86),女性患儿阳性率33.96%(18/53)。结论 A群RV引起的婴幼儿急性腹泻主要集中在秋冬季,1~2岁的婴幼儿为A群RV感染的高峰期。男女婴幼儿间的感染率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

南宁地区2008～2011年婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻与流行病学

目的:了解南宁地区轮状病毒腹泻感染情况以及接种口服轮状病毒活疫苗在疾病预防和保护性方面的作用.方法:采集腹泻患儿的新鲜粪便标本,采用A群轮状病毒诊断试剂盒,对南宁市妇幼保健院儿科门诊、急诊和住院部5岁以下腹泻患儿4171例的粪便标本进行A群轮状病毒抗原检测,将其中1996例住院腹泻患儿分为疫苗组和非疫苗组,比较其轮状病毒腹泻发病情况、平均患病时间、并发症及严重病例发生率.结果:轮状病毒检出率以秋冬季节最高,4年总检出率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但与2008 ～2010年相比,2011年检出率呈下降趋势.4 171例腹泻患儿中检出1 337例A群轮状病毒阳性标本,总检出率32.05％.各年龄段阳性率构成比为:0～3岁为97.24％,＞3岁为2.76％(P＜0.01),其中0～6月龄为4.79％,以6月龄～3岁为A群轮状病毒感染的高发年龄.1996例住院腹泻患儿中,疫苗组轮状病毒检出率9.61％,非疫苗组检出率40.26％(P＜0.01),两组平均患病时间、并发症及严重病例发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:南宁地区婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻检出率近4年呈下降趋势,秋冬季节为高发期;6月龄～3岁婴幼儿是轮状病毒感染的高危人群,接种口服轮状病毒活疫苗可以预防轮状病毒感染及控制重症腹泻,发展疫苗成为控制该病的主要手段.     

长沙地区婴幼儿A群轮状病毒腹泻的流行病学特征

目的了解长沙市婴幼儿急性腹泻病例中A 群轮状病毒（RV）感染的特点。方法收集某省儿童医院2006年5月-2007年4月间1 724例＜5岁腹泻患儿的粪便标本, 采用标记金的A群RV单克隆抗体,以免疫层析双抗体夹心法检测标本中的A群RV抗原。分析阳性患儿流行病学资料。结果1 724份腹泻患儿粪便标本中，RV抗原检测阳性342份，阳性率19.84%。2006年5-6月RV抗原检测阳性率为9.21%，而11-12月及2007年1-2月其阳性率分别达36.61%、24.37%，后两者与其他月份阳性率比较，差异有显著性（χ2=107.18，P＜0.001）。不同年龄段患儿RV感染率以6个月～1岁、～1.5岁、～2岁年龄段较高，分别为26.57%、31.48%和29.55%，6个月～2岁年龄段与其他年龄段的RV抗原检出率比较，差异有显著性（χ2＝79.30，P<0.001）。男性RV感染率为16.27%，女性为23.94%，前者显著低于后者（χ2=15.87，P<0.005）。结论长沙地区RV感染高峰期在11月至次年2月，患儿年龄为6个月～2岁。对婴幼儿腹泻应尽早做RV检测，以及时发现病原体，合理治疗，避免滥用抗菌药物，防止传播。     

东莞地区儿童腹泻病轮状病毒感染的研究

[目的]了解东莞地区腹泻儿童中轮状病毒（rotavirus,RV）感染的情况,为临床诊治提供参考依据.[方法]收集东莞市人民医院2003年1月～2005年12月收治的腹泻病患儿粪便标本1 599份,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测RV.[结果]1599份粪便标本中检测到RV阳性标本782份,阳性率48.9%.阳性标本主要来自6月龄～2岁儿童;：男女比例为2.1：1;发病的高峰期在每年的11月至次年的2月.[结论]RV是东莞地区儿童腹泻病的主要病原,6月龄～2岁是RV腹泻的高发人群,每年11月至次年2月应注意防范.     

腹泻儿童轮状病毒与腺病毒感染现况调查

目的 了解丽水地区2012年腹泻儿童轮状病毒（RV）和肠道腺病毒（Eads）感染情况.方法 用胶体金免疫层析法检测腹泻儿童粪便中的轮状病毒（A 组）和肠道腺病毒抗原.结果 2556 例腹泻儿童粪便中,RV 阳性609例（23.80%）,Eads阳性34例（1.30%）,其中20 例（0.70%）为腺病毒和轮状病毒二重感染.11月至次年1月是高发月份,0～2岁是儿童感染的高发年龄.而Eads感染、Eads和RV二重感染引起的腹泻不常见.用胶体金免疫层析法检测肠道轮状病毒和腺病毒方便、快速,可广泛用于临床治疗与观察.结论 轮状病毒是引起丽水地区婴幼儿腹泻的重要病原之一.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.