兔膝关节置换术后感染模型的建立

目的 建立兔膝关节置换(TKA)术后感染模型.方法 设计制作兔膝关节假体,新西兰兔48只行右膝TKA,4周后随机分为4组:对照组膝关节腔内接种无菌0.45%NaCl溶液,实验A、B、C组分别接种5×10~3、5×10~5、5×10~7CFU耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA);监测血沉(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP),4周后处死,取材行细菌培养和血培养.结果 感染率:对照组0(0/12);实验A组58.3%(7/12);B组100.0%(12/12);C组100.0%(12/12).血培养阳性率:对照组0(0/12);实验A组0(0/12);B组0(0/12);C组41.7%(5/12).实验组CRP、ESR显著升高,分别于第3、7天达峰值并维持在较高水平.结论 兔TKA术后4周接种5×10~5CFU的MRSA可成功建模.     

兔膝关节置换假体感染模型的建立

目的 制作兔膝关节置换假体感染模型,为人工关节假体感染研究提供依据.方法 成年新西兰大白兔32只,雌雄不限,体重2.5～3.5 k,平均3.0 kg.将采用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)制成的兔膝关节且垒骨假体植入兔膝关节.32只动物随机分为四组,关节置换术后1周分别向膝关节内注入无菌生理盐水、1×10~4 CFU、1×10~6 CFU和1×10~8 CFU的ATCC35984葡萄球菌菌液,模拟膝关节置换假体感染.1 周后取材,进行感染率和炎症程度评定、影像学和病理学检查、细菌学评定.结果 接种1×10~6 CFU的细菌足以致所有动物关节感染,超过此剂量则会引起败血症,细菌接种量在0～1×10~8 CFU时感染率和接种细菌量呈正相关(R~2=0.9939).大体观察感染膝关节充满脓液,关节滑膜红肿.激光共聚焦显微镜观察:假体表面黏附大量细菌,并有片状胞外黏质物.病理学检查为急性炎症反应.细菌定量分析发现关节液内细菌量明显高于假体表面和组织内细菌量.结论 制作的兔膝关节置换假体感染模型较好地模拟了临床膝关节感染情况,是一种较为成功的膝关节置换假体感染模型,可用于人工关节假体感染预防、诊断和治疗的研究.     

Low Risk of Acute Iatrogenic Periprosthetic Joint Infection After Prosthetic Joint Aspiration

BackgroundSynovial fluid analysis is an essential tool in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, concern exists that aspiration may introduce infection into a noninfected joint. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of iatrogenic PJI following diagnostic knee aspiration done within 6 months of the primary TKA.MethodsBetween 2017 and 2021, the senior surgeon performed over 4,000 primary TKAs and aspirated 155 knees in 137 patients for whom there was a suspicion for PJI within 6 months of their primary TKA. There were 22 knees diagnosed as infected from the initial aspiration and therefore were excluded from the study. The remaining 133 aspirates in 115 patients who were negative for infection were followed for 6 months for signs and symptoms of PJI to elucidate whether aspiration introduced infection into an initially noninfected joint.ResultsThere were 70 of 133 knees (52.6%) aspirated between 0 and 6 weeks after index TKA, 40 of 133 (30.1%) between 6 weeks and 3 months, and 23 of 133 (17.3%) between 3 and 6 months. At final follow-up, none of the 133 initially noninfected knees exhibited evidence of subsequent iatrogenic PJI or had subsequent surgery for infection.ConclusionWhile joint aspiration is a procedure with inherent risks, this study shows that the rate of iatrogenic PJI is extremely low (0%). Therefore, if infection is suspected, the surgeon should consider joint aspiration, even in the initial postoperative period, as the risk for introducing infection is far outweighed by the risk of missing an infection.     

1.5-Stage Exchange Arthroplasty for Total Knee Arthroplasty Periprosthetic Joint Infections

BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a challenging problem. The purpose of this study was to outline a novel technique to treat TKA PJI. We define 1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty as placing an articulating spacer with the intent to last for a prolonged time.MethodsA retrospective review was performed from 2007 to 2019 to evaluate patients treated with 1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty for TKA PJI. Inclusion criteria included: articulating knee spacer(s) remaining in situ for 12 months and the patient deferring a second-stage reimplantation because the patient had acceptable function with the spacer (28 knees) or not being a surgical candidate (three knees). Thirty-one knees were included with a mean age of 63 years, mean BMI 34.4 kg/m², 12 were female, with a mean clinical follow-up of 2.7 years. Cobalt-chrome femoral and polyethylene tibial components were used. We evaluated progression to second-stage reimplantation, reinfection, and radiographic outcomes.ResultsAt a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, 25 initial spacers were in situ (81%). Five knees retained their spacer(s) for some time (mean 1.5 years) and then underwent a second-stage reimplantation; one of the five had progressive radiolucent lines but no evidence of component migration. Three knees (10%) had PJI reoccurrence. Four had progressive radiolucent lines, but there was no evidence of component migration in any knees.Conclusions1.5-stage exchange arthroplasty may be a reasonable method to treat TKA PJI. At a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, there was an acceptable rate of infection recurrence and implant durability.     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗膝关节伸直位强直畸形

目的探讨膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术的手术要点和术后效果。方法1996年1月至2006年6月,对8例（9膝）膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术。术前膝关节活动度均为0°,KSS膝关节评分平均为44分（10～68分）,功能评分平均为17分（-10～55分）。结果8例患者（9膝）围手术期出现的并发症包括髌腱止点撕脱1膝,髌骨下极部分撕脱骨折1膝,术后早期关节血肿1膝,皮肤浅表性感染1膝,经对症治疗后所有患者均治愈出院。术后平均随访40．4个月（7．0～120．0个月）,术后膝关节平均活动度89°（50°～120°）,术后KSS膝关节评分平均为81分（55～93分）,功能评分平均为79分（50～90分）。2例2膝分别存在5°和25°的伸展滞缺。1例1膝因为关节不稳于术后1年行翻修术,更换加厚的胫骨平台垫片。结论膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术难度大,并发症发生率较高,但如能恰当处理,仍可以取得较满意的临床效果。术中膝关节的充分暴露,保留足够的髌骨床厚度,保护髌腱和膝关节的血液供应以及正确的软组织平衡技术是手术的关键。     

Outcomes of total hip and knee arthroplasty after cardiac transplantation

The outcomes of 18 primary or revision total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasties (TKA) in 9 patients with cardiac transplants were reviewed. Primary total joint arthroplasties were performed for osteonecrosis (5 hips) or osteoarthritis (5 hips, 4 knees). There were no infections in any of these patients. Final Harris Hip Scores were 71.8 for patients with osteonecrosis and 88.6 for osteoarthritis. Eight of 10 hips were pain-free at final follow-up. Two of the 10 primary THAs required late revision at 7 and 10 years after the index arthroplasty. One patient (2 hips and 1 knee) had chronic bilateral lower extremity pain. Total knee arthroplasty range of motion averaged from 7.5° to 118°. Average final Knee Society function score was 79, and objective score was 88. One of 4 patients with primary TKA required a manipulation under anesthesia. No reoperations were required in this group. Overall, patients with heart transplantations on immunosuppression had generally good pain relief after THA and TKA. There were no infections in this small cohort; however, there were many complications.     

A long-term follow-up study of high tibial osteotomy for medial compartment osteoarthrosis

Objective : To observe the long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) in treating medial compartment osteoarthrosis of knees. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 194 patients (215 knees) treated with HTO for medial compartment osteoarthritis at the Orthopaedic Hospital of Kiel University between 1985 and 1996. Resnits: One hundred and sixty-one knees (144 patients) were followed up for 1.5-12 years with an average of 7.5 years and their data were reviewed. The proportion of excellent outcome were 97.3 %, 93.6 % and 78.2 % two, five and over five years after HTO, respectively. The revision rate of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was 11.8% (19 knees retreated with TKA for HTO failure ). The survivorship analysis of the 19 knees retreated with TKA showed an expected survival rate of 98.7%, 95.0% and 84.1% 2, 5 and 10 years after HTO, respectively. There were 5.6% complications ( 12 /161 ), including five superficial wound infections, one deep infection, five delayed bone healing, and one peroneal nerve palsy. Fifty patients (54 knees ) missed follow-up, among them 10 patients (11 knees) died. Conclusions: HTO is an effective method in treating medial compartment osteoarthritis with a varus knee. Appropriate overcorrection of femorotibial alignment is the key for the success of the operation. But as the long-term effect is concerned, there is a trend of deterioration and some of the patients may have a second operation of revision with TKA.     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗类风湿性关节炎的疗效分析

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术治疗类风湿性关节炎的临床效果。方法对35例类风湿性关节炎患者(64膝)进行全膝关节置换。根据软组织平衡情况采用后稳定型膝关节非限制性假体(58膝)或者限制性假体(6膝)。根据HSS评分系统对患者手术前后的膝关节功能进行评分。结果 35例均获随访,时间6个月~7年。关节功能明显改善,尤其是在畸形矫正方面效果显著。HSS评分:优27例,良4例,可4例,优良率达88.5%。无感染发生及深静脉血栓形成。结论类风湿性关节炎病理改变复杂,手术难度大,需要很好的软组织平衡技术,韧带损伤严重者需要采用限制性假体才能取得满意的疗效。     

活动期类风湿关节炎行膝关节置换的安全性与有效性

目的探讨活动期类风湿性关节炎进行膝关节置换手术(TKA)的安全性与有效性。 方法2010年10月至2015年3月兰州军区总医院对35例(45膝)活动期类风湿性膝关节炎的患者进行人工膝关节置换手术,男10例(10膝),女25例(35膝);平均年龄(55±9)岁。排除全身发热、不耐受手术者。分别在手术治疗前、治疗后1年和2年检测类风湿因子、红细胞沉降率和C－反应蛋白水平,膝关节功能评定采用美国膝关节协会(KSS)关节功能评分标准。记录膝关节置换术后关节疼痛肿胀以及术后并发症情况。应用SPSS 21. 0统计学软件对数据进行统计学分析,采用配对样本t检验比较手术治疗前后膝关节功能和生化指标变化情况。 结果本组35例(45膝)均获得随访,随访时间(4.2±1.6)年。膝关节置换术后2年类风湿因子、红细胞沉降率和C－反应蛋白水平与手术前相比有明显下降,差异有统计学意义。膝关节活动度由术前(53±13)°(42°～67°)术后提高至末次随访时的(93±11)°(82°～104°),差异有统计学意义(t＝27.461,P<0.01);膝关节KSS评分从术前平均(56±10)分提高至末次随访时平均(88±8)分,差异有统计学意义(t＝68.731,P<0.01)。术后受累关节类风湿关节炎症状均显著改善,主要表现在疼痛、肿胀和主观感受等方面。随访期间无伤口裂开、延期愈合、感染以及假体松动的发生,1例术后第3天进行膝关节屈伸功能锻炼时发生股骨远端假体周围骨折,行切开复位钢板内固定。 结论活动期类风湿性关节炎行TKA手术安全可靠,正确的围手术期评估与干预、有效的膝关节病变滑膜切除、精准的手术操作可有效降低TKA外科治疗风险。     

Inadequate evaluation and management of suspected ­infections after TKA surgery in Lithuania: a retrospective study of 2,769 patients with 2-year follow-up

Background and purpose — The evidence-based algorithms for treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) recommend surgical intervention in combination with the use of systemic antibiotics. However, still it is not unusual to treat total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients with suspected infection using only antibiotics. We investigated treatment pathways for TKA patients with suspected infection in Lithuania.

Patients and methods — Of the 4,069 TKA patients (4,269 knees) registered in the Lithuanian Arthroplasty Register (2013–2015) 2,769 patients (2,825 knees) were interviewed 2 years after the surgery. The patients were asked if they had been subject to antibiotic treatment after the TKA surgery and/or if any additional surgical interventions on the operated knee had been performed. The number of patients treated with antibiotics due to problems in the operated knee was identified and cumulative revision rates (CRR) were calculated.

Results — 180 (7%) patients of the total 2,769 reported that they had been prescribed antibiotics after the primary TKA; 132 of these patients (70%) said they had received antibiotics due to problems with the operated knee. The 2-year CRR after TKA in patients not treated with antibiotics was 0.7% (95% CI 0.4–1), as compared with 24% (95% CI 17–32) in those who had used antibiotics due to the problems in the operated knee for more than 1 week.

Interpretation — In Lithuania there seems to be a lack of adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines when infection is suspected after primary TKA.     

Evaluation of joint laxity against distal traction force upon flexion in cruciate-retaining and posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty

Background  Several studies have reported varus-valgus stability in the extension position after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, few studies have evaluated joint laxity in the flexion position postoperatively. The purpose of the study was to evaluate joint laxity against distal traction force on flexion after cruciate-retaining and posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasties. Methods  A total of 44 knees (22 knees cruciate-retaining, 22 knees posterior-stabilized) in 40 patients with osteoarthritis were tested in this study. The subjects were seated at a table and their knee joints were fixed at 80° of flexion to avoid overlapping images of condyles and the femoral shaft. Tibial shafts were adjusted to be parallel to the radiographic films, and posteroanterior radiographs were obtained. Flexion stress tests were performed with a distal traction of 100 N at a neutral foot position. Radiographs were obtained at neutral and traction positions. The distance from the perpendicular line of the top of the polyethylene insert to the midpoint on the tangential line of the femoral condyle was measured (joint space distance) at each side. Results  In the flexion-neutral position, average joint space distances were 0.1 ± 0.2 mm in cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA knees and 0.2 ± 0.3 mm in posterior-stabilized (PS) TKA knees. With flexion-traction stress tests, the average joint space distances were 0.5 ± 0. 5 mm in CR TKA knees 2.4 ± 1.2 mm in PS TKA knees. Average changes of joint space distances between the two positions were 0.3 ± 0.4 mm (CR TKA) and 2.2 ± 1.5 mm (PS TKA). The changes in joint space distances between neutral and traction positions of PS TKA knees were significantly larger than those of CR TKA knees in flexion stress tests (P < 0.01). Conclusion  The posterior cruciate ligament acted as a stabilizer against distal traction force in the CR-TKA knees. However, the laxity of PS-TKA knees against distal force differed among individual cases.     

膝关节侧方移位失稳的膝关节置换

目的探讨膝关节侧方移位失稳患者行全膝关节置换(TKA)方法和疗效。 方法回顾性分析解放军兰州总医院全军骨科中心关节外科2010年1月至2017年6月期间,收治17例(20膝)成人膝关节骨关节炎或类风湿关节炎合并膝关节侧方移位失稳患者,进行人工膝关节置换的临床疗效。其中男6例(8膝),女11例(12膝)。纳入标准：晚期膝关节骨关节炎或类风湿性关节炎,合并膝关节水平移位不稳进行初次TKA手术患者,获完整随访者。排除标准：单纯膝关节内、外翻畸形患者,膝关节有反屈不稳者。本组骨关节炎9例(10膝),类风湿性关节炎8例(10膝)。17例(20膝)均表现为股骨远端关节面相对胫骨平台关节面向内侧水平移位,侧方移位距离平均(12.0±2.3 )mm,其中5例(5膝)侧位X线片上还呈现股骨远端关节面向胫骨平台后方移位。采用美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)及膝关节活动度(ROM)对术前及末次随访时膝关节功能进行评估。数据采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行统计学分析,术前、术后数据均值比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间平均(31.5±0.3)个月。KSS临床评分从术前平均(33±12)分提高至末次随访时平均(89±7)分,KSS功能评分从术前平均(36±9)提高至末次随访时平均(86±6)分。膝关节活动度由术前平均(69±29)°提高至末次随访时平均(103±13)°。本组病例无深部感染、血栓形成、膝关节不稳、假体松动及脱位等并发症发生。 结论侧方移位失稳的膝关节行初次行人工全膝关节置换手术时应对膝关节侧副韧带结构与功能状况进行准确评估;有针对性的软组织平衡技术以及正确选择假体限制级别是手术成功的关键。     

Are Patients With a History of Septic Arthritis Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty at Higher Risk for Revision Surgery? A Single-Center Study

BackgroundThe decision to perform a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on a previously infected knee is made complicated by the higher risk for both a periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and early failure. There is currently no standard in the treatment strategy for this group of patients. We here report the outcomes of performing a primary TKA on patients with a prior septic knee arthritis. The aim of our study is to analyze the survival rates of patients with a history of septic arthritis undergoing TKA.MethodsFrom 2010 to 2018, all patients treated in our institution with a minimum follow-up of 1 year, who have previous histories of knee joint infections and underwent a primary TKA were included in the study. All patients underwent the same surgical protocol and were given systemic and local antibiotic treatment.ResultsOf the 68 knees, there were 4 surgical revisions (5.9%). These included 2 septic revisions due to PJI (2.9%), 1 open arthrolysis for arthrofibrosis (1.5%), and 1 aseptic revision for implant loosening (1.5%). Sixty-four (64) knees (94%) had survived without any surgical interventions and the Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an overall survivorship free from PJI of 97.1% at a mean of 5 years (range 1-9, standard deviation ±2.5 years).ConclusionTKA is a suitable option for patients with a prior septic arthritis of the knee, provided that proper surgical technique and the utilization of systemic and local antibiotics are employed.Level of EvidenceLevel III, therapeutic study.     

Charcot关节病全膝关节置换手术疗效及文献分析

目的探讨膝关节Charcot关节病行全膝关节置换术（TKA）手术疗效及注意事项。方法对本中心5例Charcot关节病患者8个膝关节行TKA的手术疗效进行回顾分析。5例患者,男2例,女3例,手术平均年龄60岁（54～68岁）。2例行单侧TKA,3例行双侧分次TKA。采用KSS评分标准对手术疗效进行评价。另外,计算机检索Pubmed、Medline、Embase、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中文科技期刊数据库近十年（2000—2011）公开发表的文献,同时配合手工检索已发表的骨科论文,并查阅相关文章所附的参考文献。对所纳入的文献研究进行分析讨论。结果随访时间平均12个月（2～20个月）,8个膝关节TKA术后均无感染及松动发生。KSS评分由术前平均39．00分（13～55分）增加到术后平均93．25分（91～96分）,患者对功能及关节的稳定性满意。共有9篇文献描述了Charcot关节病TKA的疗效、假体选择、外科技术、并发症及术后处理。结论本中心膝关节Charcot关节病行TKA的近期随访结果满意,结合文献研究,选择适当的假体、良好的手术操作和术后康复,Charcot关节病患者可以通过TKA获得良好的中期结果。     

Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Infection Sequelae About the Native Knee

The aim of this study is to assess the results of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after bone or joint sepsis about the native knee and to analyze the risk factors of periprosthetic infection. Sixty-two patients (62 knees), considered to have prior sepsis history to be resolved, underwent primary TKA and were followed during a mean of 6.1 years (range, 2–10.4 years). Of the 62 patients, periprosthetic infection occurred in 6 after primary TKA (9.7%). Five of 6 patients grew the same organism as prior infection. The number of prior surgeries undertaken for deep infection was found to be an independent risk factor of periprosthetic infection.     

Long-term Survival Rate of Implants and Modes of Failure After Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty by a Single Surgeon

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the survival rate of implants and mode of failure after revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using one type of modular prosthesis by a single surgeon. From September 1990 to June 2009, 224 revision TKAs were performed in 194 patients. The 5-, 8-, and 10-year survival rates were 97.2%, 91.6%, and 86.1%, respectively. Re-revision TKAs were performed in 20 knees because of infection (seven knees), loosening (six knees), polyethylene wear (six knees), and periprosthetic fractures (one knee). The long-term survival rate of revision TKA was satisfactory, but careful attention is necessary to detect the late failure. The prevention of infection and the stable fixation of components are required at the time of revision TKA.     

The Sheehan total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective review

Sixty Sheehan total knee arthroplasties (TKA) in 44 patients were reviewed 3.5 years following surgery. Patient mobility was improved, but only 29 knees were completely free of pain. In 18 knees there was a complaint of pain localized to the patellofemoral joint, and in five knees the pain was severe enough to require further surgery. Complications included three knees with presumed deep infection and three knees with tibial stud fractures. Aseptic loosening did not occur, although sinkage of the tibial component was observed. Revision arthroplasty was not successful mainly because of poor residual bone stock. Salvage surgery included three successful arthrodeses. The high incidence of patellofemoral problems and violation of bone stock make the current surface replacements attractive alternatives for TKA.     

Soft tissue balance measurement in anterior cruciate ligament-resected knee joint: cadaveric study as a model for cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty

Background The soft tissue balancing procedure remains a difficult issue during total knee arthroplasty, as much depends on the surgeon's “feel.” Although computer-assisted navigation technology has been attempting to evaluate the joint stability, we have no definitive answer to an ideal soft tissue balance of the knee joint. The purpose of the present study was to determine the soft tissue balance in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-resected normal knee joint throughout the range of knee flexion, which may provide reference data for cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods We investigated joint stability in 10 ACL-resected normal cadaver knees throughout the range of flexion under consistent joint distraction force using a specially developed tensioning device for TKA. We measured both medial and lateral joint gaps as the separation distance between the articular surfaces with 40 lb (18.7 kg) of joint distraction force. Results Both medial and lateral joint gaps at 0° of flexion were significantly smaller than those at other flexion angles. The medial joint gap was almost consistent during knee flexion; however, the lateral joint gap increased with knee flexion and showed a significantly larger value at 60°–120° of flexion than the medial joint gap. Conclusions These characteristics of joint stability in the ACL-resected normal knee need to be taken into consideration in soft tissue balancing during cruciate-retaining TKA.