高校大学生死亡态度及其影响因素的相关研究

[目的]分析大学生死亡态度的现状和相关影响因素。[方法]采用死亡态度描绘量表、艾森克人格问卷、青少年生活事件量表对河南省8所高校的1295名大学生进行问卷调查。[结果]①大学生在自然接受维度上的总均分最高,逃离接受的得分最低;②宗教信仰、参与葬礼次数对大学生的死亡态度有重要影响(P﹤0.05～0.001);③EPQ的精神质、内外向、神经质、掩饰性的得分与与死亡态度的相关因子存在相关关系(P﹤0.05～0.001);④个人生活事件各因子均与死亡恐惧、趋近接受和逃离接受呈正相关,与自然接受呈负相关(P﹤0.001)。[结论]①应加强对大学生进行唯物主义教育,适时开展生命教育;②通过各种途径塑造学生良好人格;③对大学生生活中出现的负性事件,应及时进行心理疏导和教育。     

医学生人格、社会支持与信赖他人的相关研究

[目的]研究医学专业大学生人格、领悟社会支持与信赖他人的现状及相互作用特征。[方法]使用艾森克人格问卷、领悟社会支持评价量表和信赖他人量表对767名医学专业大学生施测。[结果]①人格测试显示,在精神质、神经质得分上存在性别差异,男女生精神质和内外向得分均高于全国常模,神经质和掩饰得分低于全国常模;领悟社会支持测试显示,社会支持总分及其各维度均存在性别差异,差异有统计学意义。②人格、社会支持及信赖他人相互间均有相关,相关有统计学意义。③神经质、朋友支持和精神质对信赖他人回归效果显著。[结论]人格、社会支持能对信赖他人具有预测,教育者应在考虑学生性别、年级和生源地的前提下,有针对性地采取多样化的教育方式提高大学生信赖他人程度,仅为促进和改善其人际交往环境。     

大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持关系

目的 探讨大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的关系.方法 用领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对1 100名大学生进行分层整群抽样调查,并分析大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及社会支持的相关性.结果 新乡市大学生总的抑郁情绪检出率为81.04％;家庭内支持、朋友支持、其他支持及领悟社会支持和抑郁呈负相关(r=-0.163、-0.202、-0.214、-0.219,P=0.000);EPQ中的神经质、精神质对抑郁具有正预测作用(r=0.398、0.247),内外向、掩饰性对抑郁具有负预测作用(r=-0.172、-0.120);PSSS各个维度与人格特质中的内外向(E)、掩饰性(L)呈正相关,与神经质(N)、精神质(P)呈负相关.结论 大学生抑郁情绪与社会支持、人格特征密切相关,社会支持状况与人格特征有关.     

原发性肾病综合征患儿家长人格特征、应对方式对其心理健康状况的影响

目的探讨原发性肾病综合征患儿家长人格特征、应对方式、心理健康水平,并分析人格特征、应对方式对其心理健康的影响。方法 2017年6月—2018年6月,采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、应对方式问卷(CSQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对北京市协和医院124例原发性肾病综合征患儿家长进行评定,并进行相关性分析。结果原发性肾病综合征患儿家长的神经质和掩饰性得分为5.86±3.11和7.48±2.65,明显高于全国常模(P0.05);积极应对得分为30.32±5.28,高于正常人群常模(P0.05);消极应对得分为24.12±4.67,低于正常人群常模(P0.05);躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性等维度得分及SCL-90总分高于全国常模(P0.05)。不同学历、居住地、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入的原发性肾病综合征患儿家长SCL-90得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。原发性肾病综合征患儿家长精神质、神经质、消极应对与SCL-90各因子及总分呈正相关(P0.01),内外向、掩饰性、积极应对与SCL-90各因子及总分呈负相关(P0.05);学历、居住地、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、精神质、内外向、神经质、掩饰性、积极应对、消极应对是原发性肾病综合征患儿家长心理健康的重要影响因素(均P0.05)。结论原发性肾病综合征患儿家长人格特征和应对方式可以影响其心理健康状况,改变家长悲观、内向、敏感人格及消极应对方式可能对改善其心理健康状况具有效果。     

高等护理专业男生心理健康状况及影响因素的分析

[目的]探讨护理专业男生心理健康状况及其影响因素。[方法]采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、特质应对问卷(TCSQ)及社会支持评定量表对132名男护生进行测评并与男医学生相比较。[结果]①男护生SCL-90总分及各因子得分均高于男医学生,尤其在偏执、人际敏感、焦虑、抑郁及精神病性因子上尤为显著(P﹤0.001),②男护生SCL-90各因子分与神经质、精神质维度呈正相关,与内外向、掩饰性维度负相关。③男护生SCL-90各因子与积极应对呈负相关(P﹤0.05),与消极应对呈显著正相关(P﹤0.01)。④男护生社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子呈负相关。[结论]人格特征、应对方式和社会支持影响护理专业男生心理健康,高等护理院校应重视男护生心理健康,有针对性地开展心理健康教育,着重塑造其健全的人格,培养积极应对方式,加强社会支持,促进身心健康发。     

大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及应对方式的关系研究

目的探讨大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及应对方式的关系,分析应对方式在人格特征与抑郁症状间的中介效应。方法采取分层整群抽样的方法抽取河北省某高校2015级本科生960名作为本研究的对象,使用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾森克人格简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)测试抑郁症状、人格特征和应对方式,分析大学生抑郁症状、人格特征、应对方式之间的关系。结果 960名大学生中,SDS评分(42.47±9.85)分,抑郁症状检出率15.83%(152/960);抑郁组学生内外向人格特征、掩饰性人格特征、积极应对方式评分明显低于无抑郁组(8.75±1.24vs10.52±1.36, 7.45±1.24vs9.68±1.54, 20.65±3.25vs23.45±4. 12; t值分别为14. 920、16. 852和7.927, P0.01),神经质人格特征、精神质人格特征、消极应对方式评分明显高于无抑郁组(9.65±1.34 vs 6.78±1. 12, 8.86±1. 15 vs 7.65±1. 12,12. 36±2. 12 vs 8. 96±1.24; t值分别为20. 046、12. 168和27. 168, P 0.01);神经质人格特征、消极应对方式与抑郁症状呈显著正相关性(r值分别为0.68和0.68,均P0.01);消极应对方式在神经质人格特征与抑郁症状间发挥的中介效应占总效应的20.54%。结论大学生群体抑郁症状发生率较高,与神经质人格特征、消极应对方式显著相关,消极应对方式在神经质与抑郁症状之间发挥一定的中介效应。     

贫困大学生孤独感特点及相关因素研究

[目的]探讨贫困大学生孤独感的特点及影响因素,为高师院校心理健康教育提供依据. [方法]采用UCLA孤独量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对204名贫困大学生和196名非贫困大学生进行测查. [结果] (1)贫困大学生的孤独感与非贫困大学生差异无统计学意义. (2)贫困大学生的孤独感不存在性别差异,年级差异显著,大一学生的孤独感显著低于大二、大三学生. (3)孤独感与精神质、神经质显著正相关,与内外向、社会支持显著负相关. (4)回归分析显示,神经质能正向预测孤独感,内外向、主观支持、支持利用能负向预测孤独感. [结论]贫困大学生孤独感的年级差异显著,人格、社会支持对其孤独感有显著影响.     

在岗农民工主观幸福感与心理健康、人格的相关研究

[目的]探究在岗农民工的主观幸福感与心理健康、人格的关系. [方法]采用SWLS量表、SCL-90量表和EPQ进行随机抽样调查. [结果]在岗农民工的SWLS与SCL-90的总分和各因子分之间存在显著的负相关;在岗农民工的SWLS的总分和各因子分与EPQ的内外向因子、社会掩饰因子存在显著正相关,与EPQ的神经质因子、精神质因子存在显著负相关,外向不稳定型和外向稳定型两种人格类型的在岗农民工的主观幸福感显著高于内向稳定型和内向不稳定型两种人格类型的在岗农民工. [结论]在岗农民工的心理健康状况与主观幸福感存在正相关,内外倾性和神经质是影响在岗农民工主观幸福感的重要人格特质.     

留守初中生心理适应性及其与人格特征的关系

目的研究留守初中生心理适应性及其与人格特征的关系,为针对性的心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法采用青少年心理适应性量表(APAS)和艾森克人格问卷EPQ(儿童版)对332名留守初中生进行问卷调查。结果不同年级、安置方式在心理适应性总分以及陌生情境与学习情境适应、考试焦虑情境2个因子上得分的差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。多元回归分析结果显示,神经质、内外向、掩饰性对心理适应性有预测作用。结论安置方式、人格特征对心理适应性有影响。     

临沂市部分农村中小学教师生存质量及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解临沂市农村中小学教师的生存质量状况及其影响因素,为制定提高农村中小学教师生存质量的措施提供依据。[方法]2005年6月,采用生存质量测定量表简表、艾森克个性问卷、生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷,对临沂市189名农村中小学教师进行测试。[结果]测试对象的生理、心理、社会关系、环境4个领域得分(分)分别为(15.63±1.92)(、14.66±2.21)、(14.52±2.84)、(13.08±2.27),人格的内外向和神经质维度、负性生活事件、社会支持、积极应对和消极应对因子得分(分)分别为(7.29±2.63)、(6.93±2.75)、(6.51±2.92)、(47.75±15.56)、(1.95±0.52)(、1.05±0.50),除消极应对因子得分外其他因子得分与生存质量各领域得分均有相关关系。人格的内外向和神经质维度、社会支持、生活事件、消极应对因子得分分别进入生存质量4个领域的多元逐步回归方程。[结论]农村中小学教师的生存质量状况较好,人格的内外向和神经质维度、社会支持、生活事件、消极应对因子在一定程度上影响生存质量。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.