小儿支原体肺炎228例临床分析

支原体肺炎是儿童时期肺炎和其它呼吸道感染的重要病因之一。近年来,国内外小儿支原体肺炎的发病率逐年有所增加,特别是其肺外临床表现如脑炎、心肌炎、肝炎以及与小儿哮喘发病的关系已引起临床上的重视。为了加强对本病的防治,现将我院儿科1997年11月～1999年1月治疗的228例支原体肺炎病儿临床资料进行分析。     

儿童支原体肺炎短期应用小剂量糖皮质激素的临床研究

目的 探讨儿童支原体肺炎治疗方法.方法选择儿童支原体肺炎患者60例,采用随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例,治疗组常规应用阿奇霉素加用静脉甲基强的松龙2mg/(kg·d),对照组单用阿奇霉素.两组均给予退热、平喘、雾化等对症治疗.结果 治疗组较对照组发热时间、住院时间明显缩短(P<0.05).结论 儿童支原体肺炎短期应用小剂量糖皮质激素治疗可取得较好疗效     

儿童肺炎肺炎支原体及肺炎衣原体联合基因诊断研究

目的：探讨我国肺炎儿童中肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Mpn）和肺炎衣原体（Chlamydia pneumoniae,Cpn）的感染状况和Mpn和Cpn合并感染状况。方法：收集80例健康儿童和134例肺炎儿童之咽拭子标本,应用套式PCR（nested PCR）技术进行检测,并随机抽取Mpn和Cpn和3例套式PCR阳性产物进行全自动荧光DNA测序确诊。结果：肺炎儿童Mpn和Cpn套式PCR阳性检出率分别高达30.0%和35.0%,明显高于健康儿童的2.5%和2 .5%（P均＜0.01）,肺炎儿童中Mpn、Cpn双重阳性者为27例,达20.1%。结论：Mpn和Cpn是我国儿童肺炎的重要病原体,并存在较高比例的Mpn、Cpn双重感染者。     

聚合酶链反应在小儿支原体肺炎诊断中的应用价值

为探讨ＰＣＲ在小儿支原体肺炎诊断中的实际应用价值，对４７例临床疑诊支原体肺炎的病儿做了咽拭子ＰＣＲ－ＭＰ测定，同时做了血冷凝集试验（ＣＡＴ）。结果：ＰＣＲ－ＭＰ阳性２１例，真阳性１５例，假阴性１例，敏感度为９３．８％。假阳性６例，占检测标本的１２．８％，占检测报告阳性总数的２８．６％，ＣＡＴ阳性１２例。确诊支原体肺炎１６例，其中１５例经ＰＣＲ早期确诊。结论：ＰＣＲ－ＭＰ测定有利于支原体肺炎的早期诊     

PCR检测肺炎患儿咽拭子肺炎支原体

本文应用ＰＣＲ技术检测了２７５例肺炎患儿之咽拭子标本中的肺炎支原体特异性ＤＮＡ，结果为７１例患儿之咽拭子阳性，阳性率２５．８％，与国内其他作者的报道相近。本文并就肺炎支原体感染的特异性诊断方法作了复习与讨论。     

深入分析小儿下呼吸道肺炎支原体感染治疗的临床效果

目的：观察研究小儿下呼吸道肺炎支原体感染的治疗方法,为临床治疗提供更多的参考依据。方法选取110例检出肺炎支原体感染的儿童患者,诊断方法是临床血清检测,利用大环内酯类药物治疗,最后对其治疗的临床效果进行深入分析。结果诊断显示,患病早期,患者的主要临床表现症状是发热,在持续性发热的同时伴有剧烈的咳嗽现象;在治疗肺炎支原体感染中使用大环内酯类抗生素具有良好的效果。结论临床上必须采用血清学检测的手段对小儿下呼吸道肺炎支原体感染进行检测。治疗多采用阿奇霉素等大环内酯类药物。在临床诊断中会出现多种不典型病例,因此要加强诊断的力度。     

肺炎支原体特异性抗体检测在小儿呼吸道感染中的应用

目的对小儿呼吸道感染患者进行肺炎支原体(Mp)检测,以期协助临床早诊断、早治疗.方法对680例小儿呼吸道感染者利用颗粒凝集反应法检测抗-Mp-特异性抗体.结果680例小儿呼吸道感染者,检出Mp特异性抗体阳性132例,阳性率19.4%.＜3岁、～6岁、～14岁、＞14岁4个年龄组Mp特异性抗体阳性率分别为9.4%、23.1%、29.6%、5.7%.结论颗粒凝集反应法检测血清Mp抗体可作为早期诊断Mp感染的指标之一.     

血清CRP在小儿支原体肺炎诊治中的价值

目的 探讨血清CRP在小儿支原体肺炎诊治中的应用价值。方法 选择2017年1月~2018年12月我院收治的200例肺炎患儿作为观察组,根据疾病严重程度进一步分为轻症组和重症组,各100例,同期纳入健康体检儿童100例作为对照组,比较三组血清CRP水平,分析血清CRP与疾病严重程度的关系。结果 观察组血清CRP为（22.96±1.86）mg/L,高于对照组的（2.19±0.42）mg/L,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后,轻症组与重症组血清CRP均低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;重症组血清CRP水平为（9.03±1.12）mg/L,高于轻症组的（5.02±0.47）mg/L,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 支原体肺炎患儿在接受治疗过程中进行检测血清CRP对评估病情严重程度有一定的意义,可用于指导临床制定治疗措施。     

68例小儿难治性肺炎支原体肺炎临床分析

目的 通过分析68例儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎（RMPP）病例特点,总结RMPP早期识别和综合治疗的方法.方法 2008年1月至2010年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院国际部收治的资料完整的难治性肺炎支原体肺炎（RMPP）病例68例.搜集总结患者支原体抗体、C-反应蛋白、白细胞、血沉、胸片等多项实验室和影像学证据.结果 100%RMPP出现高热并逐渐出现肺部体征,部分患者出现心电图异常、肝功受损、皮疹等肺外表现.诊断RMPP后应用大环内酯类治疗2-4疗程,加用甲基泼尼松龙.重症或激素无效的给予免疫球蛋白治疗.合并细菌感染的联合应用敏感抗生素.纤维支气管镜在RMPP治疗中有一定作用.结论 早期识别对RMPP的诊断尤为重要,采取综合措施才能保证RMPP治疗效果.     

阿奇霉素治疗小儿呼吸道肺炎支原体感染的临床效果研究

目的探讨阿奇霉素治疗小儿呼吸道肺炎支原体感染的疗效。方法选取82例呼吸道肺炎支原体感染患儿,根据治疗药物不同分为对照组(红霉素)和实验组(阿奇霉素),比较两组疗效。结果与对照组相比,实验组呈现出明显更高的临床有效率(P0.05),更短的各临床症状、肺部体征消失时间(P0.05),更低的治疗期间药物不良反应发生率(P0.05)。结论采取阿奇霉素治疗小儿呼吸道肺炎支原体感染,可及时有效控制患儿病情,减轻其痛苦,且具有较高安全性和推广价值。     

122例重症肺炎患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液的病毒检测分析

目的 了解湖南长沙地区重症肺炎患儿中呼吸道病毒的感染状况.方法 2011年1月至2011年12月,收集重症肺炎儿童的肺泡灌洗液标本122份,采用巢氏或普通逆转录聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR或RT-PCR)对腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV)及副流感病毒1、2和4(PIV1、2、3、4)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、流感病毒A、B(IFVA-B)、人偏肺病毒(HMPV)、冠状病毒HKU1及NL63(HCoV-HKU1、HCoV-NL63)进行检测.结果 122份重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液标本中,60份病毒阳性(49.1％),其中ADV检出率最高(40.98％,50/122),其次为RSV (7.37％,9/122),HBoV(7.37％,9/122).2种病毒混合感染有21例,占35％ (21/60),40％(20/50)的ADV阳性存在混合感染.结论 2011年,腺病毒感染是长沙地区重症肺炎的重要病因,其中腺病毒的混合感染在重症肺炎中常见.     

小儿艾滋病合并肺炎诊治93例报告

目的　探讨小儿艾滋病与肺炎之间的发病关系及诊治措施。方法　回顾性分析了中非某地区 93例小儿艾滋病合并肺炎的综合治疗过程。结果　 93例中 ,治愈 81例 ,治愈率 87 1% ,死亡 12例 ,死亡率 12 9%。结论　合理应用普通药物治疗小儿艾滋病合并肺炎效果显著     

儿童病毒性肺炎外周血细胞凋亡的研究

目的　通过对病毒性肺炎外周血细胞凋亡的研究 ,探讨病毒感染的致病机理和机体的免疫反应。方法　采集病毒性肺炎患儿急性期、恢复期新鲜外周抗凝血 ,用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪收获细胞并用CellQuest软件分析结果 ,分别得到外周血之中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞中的活细胞、早期凋亡细胞、晚期凋亡细胞、死亡细胞的百分数。肺炎组共 2 8例 ,平均年龄 (1 30± 1 16 )岁。对照组 2 4例 ,平均年龄 (1 82± 0 97)岁。计量资料以 x±s表示 ,肺炎组和对照组间做方差分析 ,肺炎急性期与恢复期间用配对t检验。结果　病毒性肺炎患儿急性期、恢复期外周血中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞中活细胞百分率较对照组明显低 ,二者之间差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。早期凋亡细胞百分率均较对照组明显高 ,二者之间差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。而患儿急性期、恢复期比较仅淋巴细胞中活细胞、晚期凋亡细胞、死亡细胞百分率差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其余各项差异均无统计学意义。结论　病毒性肺炎时外周血中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞凋亡增加 ,存活细胞减少 ,所以适当增加细胞凋亡的药物可能缩短病程。     

A potent antibody-secreting B cell response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with pneumonia

BackgroundMycoplasma pneumoniae is a major pathogen for community-acquired pneumonia and frequently causes outbreaks in children. M. pneumoniae-specific antibody response is detected upon acute infection and the serology is widely used in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, the cellular basis for antigen-specific antibody response to acute M. pneumoniae infection is largely undetermined in children.MethodsHospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia were enrolled and the infection with M. pneumoniae was confirmed with positive PCR result and negative findings for other pathogens. The M. pneumoniae P1-specific antibody-secreting B cell (ASC) response was examined with the ex vivo enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay and the relationships between the ASC frequency and serological level and clinical parameters within M. pneumoniae patients were studied.ResultsA robust M. pneumoniae P1-specific ASC response was detected in the peripheral blood among M. pneumoniae-positive patients. By contrast, no M. pneumoniae-specific ASCs were detected among M. pneumoniae-negative patients. The IgM-secreting B cells are the predominant class and account for over 60% of total circulating M. pneumoniae-specific ASCs in the acute phase of illness. The M. pneumoniae P1-specific ASC frequency significantly correlated with the fever duration, and the IgG ASC frequency significantly correlated with serological titer among patients.ConclusionA rapid and potent elicitation of peripheral M. pneumoniae-specific ASC response to acute infection provides the cellular basis of antigen-specific humoral response and indicates the potential of cell-based diagnostic tool for acute M. pneumoniae infection. Our findings warrant further investigations into functional and molecular aspects of antibody immunity to M. pneumoniae.     

Partially-desulfated heparin improves survival in Pseudomonas pneumonia by enhancing bacterial clearance and ameliorating lung injury

Abstract

Nosocomial pneumonia (NP, or hospital-acquired pneumonia) is associated with infections originating from hospital-borne pathogens. Persistent microbial presence and acute lung injury are common features of these infections, contributing to the high mortality rates and excessive financial burden for these patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, is one of the prominent pathogens associated with NP. PA pneumonia is characterized by excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltration, and subsequent lung damage. The persistent presence of PA along with overwhelming inflammatory response is suggestive of impairment in innate immunity. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a recently discovered potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in PA lung infections by compromising innate immunity via impairing phagocyte function through toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR2 and TLR4. ODSH (2-O, 3-O-desulfated heparin), a heparin derivative with significant anti-inflammatory properties but minimal anti-coagulatory effects, has been shown to reduce neutrophilic lung injury in the absence of active microbial infections. This study examined the effects of ODSH on PA pneumonia. This study demonstrates that ODSH not only reduced PA-induced lung injury, but also significantly increased bacterial clearance. The ameliorated lung injury, together with the increased bacterial clearance, resulted in marked improvement in the survival of these animals. The resulting attenuation in lung injury and improvement in bacterial clearance were associated with decreased levels of airway HMGB1. Furthermore, binding of HMGB1 to its receptors TLR2 and TLR4 was blunted in the presence of ODSH. These data suggest that ODSH provides a potential novel approach in the adjunctive treatment of PA pneumonia.     

Th17/Treg失衡在肺炎支原体肺炎患儿中的作用及其机制

目的：探讨Th17/Treg失衡在肺炎支原体肺炎患儿中的作用及其机制。方法：纳入2013年6月至2015年1月我院收治的60例肺炎支原体肺炎急性期患儿和30例同期体检的健康儿童为研究对象。流式细胞术分析两组儿童外周血Th17和Treg的百分率,ELISA分析Th17和Treg特异性细胞因子IL-17和IL-10的分泌水平,定量PCR测定Th17和Treg特异性转录因子RORγt和Foxp3 mRNA的表达水平,以及Notch信号分子(Notch1,Hes1和Hey1)的表达水平。结果：与健康儿童相比,肺炎支原体肺炎急性期患儿外周血的Th17的百分率,IL-17分泌水平以及特异性转录因子RORγt的表达水平均明显增高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而急性期患儿外周血的Treg的百分率,IL-10分泌水平以及特异性转录因子Foxp3的表达水平均较健康儿童明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步分析显示急性期患儿Notch1、Hes1和Hey1的表达水平均明显高于健康儿童,其差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：Th17/Treg失衡参与儿童支原体肺炎的发生发展,Notch信号通路可能通过调节免疫细胞分化和细胞因子分泌参与Th17/Treg失衡。     

CD64的表达在成人麻疹并发细菌性肺炎患者中的诊断价值

目的 探讨中性粒细胞CD64的表达在麻疹并发细菌性肺炎患者的临床价值.方法 选取成人麻疹肺炎患者106例,按临床表现和细菌学检测结果 分为麻疹合并细菌性肺炎组及麻疹合并病毒肺炎组,应用流式细胞术测定中性粒细胞CD64,同时测外周血C反应蛋白（CRP）和白细胞.结果 麻疹合并细菌性肺炎组出疹期CD64水平为（32.15±11.07）MFI,明显高于恢复期（10.6±3.23）MFI（P＜0.01）和麻疹合并病毒性肺炎组（9.55±3.48）MFI（P＜0.01）,以CD64≥8.50MFI、CRP≥10.00 mg/L、WBC≥9.05×109/L阳性标准,三种指标的敏感度分别为78.12%、80.48%、59.37%,特异度分别为76.19、67.67%、64.28%,准确度为77.35%、74.52%、61.32%;CD64与CRP呈正相关.结论 与CRP比较,中性粒细胞CD64的表达可作为麻疹合并细菌性肺炎患者的早期诊断、并可用于判断病情程度的可靠指标之一.     

Prophylactic low-dose heparin or prostaglandin E1 may prevent severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Korean children

Studies investigating the effect of prophylactic drugs on hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) development are rare in children that have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study examined risk factors for VOD, the effect of prophylactic low-dose heparin or lipo-prostaglandin E1 (lipo-PGE1) and the survival rate at day +100 in children undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Eighty five children underwent HSCT between June 1997 and September 2004. Patients were diagnosed and classified as having mild, moderate or severe VOD according to Seattle clinical criteria. Among 85 patients, 25 (29%) developed VOD. VOD occurred more frequently in patients receiving busulfan-based conditioning (24/65, 37%) than in those receiving TBI-based (1/10, 10%) or other (0/10, 0%) regimens (p<0.05). The incidence of VOD was lower in patients with non-malignant disease compared to those with malignant disease (p<0.05). Survival at day +100 for non-VOD patients was better than that for VOD patients (92% vs. 76%, p<0.05). No patients receiving prophylactic heparin or lipo-PGE1 were found to develop severe VOD, whereas 5 of 35 patients not receiving such prophylaxis developed severe VOD. Given severe VOD is associated with a high mortality rate, this study indicates that prophylactic heparin or lipo-PGE1 may decrease mortality in children undergoing HSCT.