1例肝素诱导血小板减少症患者的用药分析

目的 为临床药师参与肝素诱导血小板减少症（HIT）治疗提供参考。 方法 临床药师参与治疗1例急性心肌梗死并发HIT患者,并提供个体化药学监护。结果 临床药师协助医生排除导致患者血小板减少可能的药物因素并最终判定HIT,提供合理的替代抗凝治疗方案,提出临床药师对于此类患者的药学监护要点。结论 临床药师发挥药学专长,积极参与临床实践,有利于患者的用药安全有效。     

肝素诱导的血小板减少症患者体外循环抗凝管理

肝素诱导的血小板减少症患者预后差,病死率高,大大增加了体外循环手术的风险。对其早期诊断和选择一种安全有效的药物替代肝素抗凝是这类患者接受体外循环手术的关键。我们对肝素诱导的血小板减少症发病机制、实验室检查、诊断以及体外循环抗凝管理进行综述。     

风湿性心脏病机械瓣膜置换术后华法林抗凝治疗的健康指导

目的:心脏瓣膜机械瓣置换术后,因为人造瓣膜作为异物置入心脏,易形成血栓引起栓塞,需要掌握适当的华法林抗凝治疗是巩固术后疗效与病人安全的保证.我科通过对<例机械瓣膜置换术后抗凝治疗的健康指导,发现合适的抗凝治疗,对机械瓣膜置换术后避免并发症的发生有重要的意义.     

心脏病患者接受泌尿外科手术围手术期抗栓药物管理经验

心脏病患者接受泌尿外科手术的临床案例愈发普遍, 对专科医生准确判断围手术期心脏病血栓风险的工作要求也越来越高。为进一步提高围手术期的安全性, 本文结合近年来不断更新的临床研究和指南共识, 从抗栓药物基本特性、泌尿外科手术出血风险等级、动静脉血栓风险识别标准以及围手术期抗栓药物的停药桥接、重启治疗等环节, 进行系统性综述。     

肝素导致血小板减少症的病人体外循环抗凝策略

肝素是体外循环手术(CPB)中必不可少的抗凝剂。然而，自从1937年肝素用于外科临床至今，发现其有许多副作用，如出血倾向、肝素抵抗、过敏反应、骨质疏松、脱发等，其中最严重的是血小板减少。     

肝移植术后肝素-血小板减少-血栓形成综合征一例

肝移植后抗凝治疗是防治早期血管并发症的重要措施，最常用的抗凝药物是肝素制剂。近年来，随着肝素的广泛应用，肝素-血小板减少-血栓形成综合征（HIT，也称肝素诱导血小板减少症）已逐渐引起人们的关注。现将我院诊治的1例HIT的情况报告如下。     

3例特发性血小板减少性紫癜病人行心脏瓣膜置换术

1994年 3月至 2 0 0 0年 6月 ,我们共行心脏直视手术 72 4例 ,其中 3例特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ＩＴＰ)病人行心脏瓣膜置换术 ,现报道如下。例 1　女 ,41例。术前诊断为二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全 ,主动脉瓣关闭不全、钙化。入院时血小板计数 46× 10 9/Ｌ[正常值 ( 10 0～ 30 0 )× 10 9/Ｌ],骨髓穿刺无特殊原发性血液病发现 ,肝炎系列、抗核抗体等均为阴性 ,无脾肿大 ,血小板表面相关抗体Ｇ(ＰＡＩｇＧ)阳性 ( 90ｎｇ 10～ 7ＰＬ) ,诊为ＩＴＰ。术前输入同类血小板 10单位后血小板计数为 6 7× 10 9/Ｌ。遂行常规体外循环下双瓣膜置换。术中血…     

系统健康教育对风湿性心脏病手术患者的影响

目的 探讨系统健康教育对风湿性心脏病手术患者康复的影响.方法 将102例风湿性心脏病行心脏瓣膜置换术的患者按住院号奇偶数分为观察组和对照组,各51例.对照组采用常规健康教育,观察组采用系统健康教育,即遵循系统化、互动化、全程化、个体化、重点化原则,分住院一、二、三阶段及出院前4阶段教育,并根据患者反馈及时调整教育内容及形式.教育形式有口授式讲解、谈心式调查、一对一个别宣教、召开患者座谈会及口试反馈等.结果 与对熙组比较,观察组遵医行为改善更为显著(P＜0.01);肺部并发症发生率显著降低(P＜0.05);住院患者满意度显著提高(P＜0.01);出院后3个月PT延长率显著下降(P＜0.01).结论 系统健康教育能提高患者对疾病的认知水平,改善患者的遵医行为;提高患者的自我保健意识和能力,降低并发症的发生率;密切护患关系,提高患者的满意度.     

系统健康教育对风湿性心脏病手术患者的影响

目的探讨系统健康教育对风湿性心脏病手术患者康复的影响。方法将102例风湿性心脏病行心脏瓣膜置换术的患者按住院号奇偶数分为观察组和对照组，各51例。对照组采用常规健康教育，观察组采用系统健康教育，即遵循系统化、互动化、全程化、个体化、重点化原则，分住院一、二、三阶段及出院前4阶段教育，并根据患者反馈及时调整教育内容及形式。教育形式有口授式讲解、谈心式调查、一对一个别宣教、召开患者座谈会及口试反馈等。结果与对．照组比较，观察组遵医行为改善更为显著（P〈0.01）；肺部并发症发生率显著降低（P〈0.05）；住院患者满意度显著提高（P〈0.01）；出院后3个月PT延长率显著下降（P〈0．01）。结论系统健康教育能提高患者对疾病的认知水平，改善患者的遵医行为；提高患者的自我保健意识和能力，降低并发症的发生率；密切护患关系，提高患者的满意度。     

风湿性心脏病与非风湿性心脏病患者三尖瓣置换的病例对照研究

目的分析三尖瓣置换患者的流行病学特征、治疗及随访情况,探讨提高三尖瓣置换疗效的策略。方法回顾性分析2009年8月至2016年10月20例在我院行三尖瓣置换患者的临床资料。男4例、女16例,年龄31~73(54.4±2.2)岁。根据病因学分为风湿性心脏病组(14例)及非风湿性心脏病组(6例),比较两组患者术前情况、治疗方法、治疗结果及随访情况的差异。结果本组围手术期死亡3例,住院病死率15.0%。死亡原因均为多器官功能衰竭。术后对17例出院患者进行了随访,随访率100.0%,随访时间1~84个月,随访期间共有2例死亡。风湿性疾病组与非风湿性疾病组术前存在心房颤动/心房扑动心律(P=0.001)、术前有心脏手术史(P=0.017)、手术中是否进行主动脉阻断(P=0.032)差异有统计学意义。结论尽管风险较大,三尖瓣置换仍是针对器质性三尖瓣病变的有效手段,但需严格掌握手术指征及手术时机。风湿性三尖瓣疾病具有更多的危险因素,尤其是既往有左心瓣膜手术史继发三尖瓣关闭不全的患者。     

心脏瓣膜病患者行腹腔镜手术的麻醉处理

目的：总结心脏瓣膜病患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的麻醉处理。方法：回顾分析18例心脏瓣膜病患者临床资料,及术前准备、术中术后的麻醉及手术处理。结果：18例患者麻醉诱导期、术中及拔管期血液动力学基本稳定。气腹后HR、SBP、DBP明显上升。PaCO2气腹后虽上升,但尚在正常范围内。结论：对合并有心脏瓣膜病的患者,术前充分准备,术中加强监测和管理,以及手术医师与麻醉师密切配合,可安全的完成LC。     

心脏病人普通外科手术的危险因素判断

心脏病人进行普通外科手术之前，必须明确下列问题:①病人能否耐受将要进行的普外手术；②病人在手术过程中可能会发生什么危险；③手术后可能发生哪些并发症，这些并发症对心脏情况有何影响；④手术前需采取哪些治疗措施，以保证手术顺利完成。上述各问题解决得好，手术才能顺利进行并达到预期效果，否则就会发生心源性意外甚至造成病人死亡。     

新生儿危重先天性心脏病心内直视手术

目的　总结连续 12例新生儿危重复杂先天性心脏病体外循环外科治疗结果和经验 ,探讨新生儿心脏手术围术期处理措施。　方法　 2 0 0 1年 5月至 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,手术治疗 12例新生儿危重复杂先天性心脏病 (手术年龄 6～30天 ,体重 2 .8～ 4 .5 kg) ,包括完全型大动脉转位 4例 ,室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损 5例 ,完全型房室隔缺损、梗阻性心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流、心脏多发性横纹肌瘤各 1例。 12例均在体外循环下行心脏大血管畸形解剖矫治。结果　术后呼吸机支持 10小时～ 9天 ,在 ICU监护 2～ 11天 ,术后 7～ 19天出院 ;术后并发症有低心排血量、纵隔感染、呼吸窘迫综合征、渗漏综合征和急性肾功能衰竭 ;12例患者全部治愈 ,随访 6个月～ 2年 ,生长发育正常。　结论　良好的体外循环管理和恰当的围术期处理是提高手术成功率的关键 ,积极使用腹膜透析治疗术后低心排血量、急性肾功能衰竭所致的少尿、水肿是有效和安全的。     

Outcome of previous tricuspid valve operation and arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease

Background. Tricuspid valve operation or replacement has been associated with high perioperative mortality and poor long-term results. The prevalence of atrial arrhythmias before and after operation in these patients is undefined.

Methods. We retrospectively examined the outcome and frequency of atrial arrhythmias in 85 adult patients (46% men) with congenital heart defects who underwent tricuspid valve operation between 1961 and 1995.

Results. The majority had either Ebstein’s anomaly (22%), congenitally corrected transposition (19%), tetralogy of Fallot (15%), atrial (13%), or ventricular (11%) septal defects. Forty-two (49%) patients had sustained arrhythmias within 1 year before operation. After tricuspid valve operation, 21 patients (50%) had recurrence of atrial arrhythmias, and 7 in preoperative sinus rhythm developed late rhythm disturbances. Multivariate analysis identified age at operation and preoperative arrhythmias as independent predictors of late arrhythmias. Perioperative mortality was 5%, and there were seven late deaths. Survival was 91% at 5 years, and 83% at 10 years.

Conclusions. Surgical intervention does not prevent recurrence of atrial arrhythmias. Tricuspid valve operation in patients with congenital heart disease can be performed with a low risk of perioperative mortality and good long-term outcome.     

Heterotopic heart transplantation and recipient heart operation in ischemic heart disease.

The role of heterotopic heart transplantation in coronary heart disease has not been defined. Between 1983 and 1988, 28 patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease were managed by heterotopic heart transplantation and adjunctive operation on the recipient heart: coronary artery bypass grafts and aneurysmectomy, 20; coronary artery bypass grafts, 5; and aneurysmectomy, 3. Indications were feasibility of operative procedures to the recipient heart and small donor size (61% of the donors were less than 15 years). The 1-year and 5-year actuarial survival was 79% and 63%. Of the 22 patients who survived to 2-year follow-up, all of whom had been severely limited (New York Heart Association grade III/IV) preoperatively, 20 were in grades I or II at 2-year follow-up (p less than 0.001). In 14 of 22 patients (64%), the recipient heart augmented the donor cardiac output substantially, and in 4 the recipient heart supported the patient when the donor heart failed to eject. In conclusion, this series demonstrates the efficacy of heterotopic transplantation combined with operation to the recipient heart in the management of patients with end-stage ischemic heart disease.     

Efficacy of anticoagulation therapy in end-stage renal disease patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS) remain at high risk for the development of renal thrombosis without the benefit of anticoagulation therapy. This study examines the efficacy of anticoagulation therapy in this high-risk patient population. METHOD: Of nine APAS renal-transplant patients, seven were treated with coumadin, whereas two were treated with heparin. RESULTS: Of the two patients treated with heparin, one had early allograft loss, whereas the other patient is doing fine at 5 years posttransplant. Of the seven 7 patients treated with coumadin, two patients are doing well at 2 and 3 years posttransplant, two had early allograft loss, the remaining three patients returned to dialysis after they were taken off of the coumadin at 6, 12, and 20 months posttransplant because of bleeding complications. CONCLUSIONS: Anticoagulation therapy is beneficial to some but not all APAS patients. In addition, bleeding complications are a serious side effect of this therapy.     

术中静脉输注美托洛尔对心脏病患者非心脏手术后心脏并发症的影响

目的 评价术中静脉输注美托洛尔对心脏病患者非心脏手术后心脏并发症的影响.方法 拟行胸部手术或腹部手术的心脏病患者87例,年龄55～78岁,随机分为对照组(n=42)和试验组(n=45).试验组切皮前5 min静脉注射美托洛尔20 μg/kg负荷量,随后以0.1～1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1速率静脉输注至术毕,控制HR较术前降低15%～20%,但维持HR≥50次/min、平均动脉压≥60 mm Hg.分别于术前24 h内(术前)及术后24 h内(术后)持续监测心电图,记录平均HR、早搏次数、异位心律失常及心肌缺血的发生情况;记录术后7 d内心脏事件的发生情况.结果 与术前比较,术后对照组平均HR增快(P<0.05),而试验组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组比较,术后试验组早搏次数、异位心律失常发生率和心肌缺血发生率降低(P<0.05),术后心脏事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 术中静脉输注美托洛尔(静脉注射负荷量20 μg/kg后以0.1～1.0 μg·kg-1·min-1的速率静脉输注)可降低心脏病患者非心脏手术后心脏并发症的发生.     

Changes in plasma free and sulfoconjugated dopamine in patients with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac operation

It has been suggested that plasma sulfoconjugated dopamine (DA) may serve as a source or reservoir for free DA in plasma. Moreover, it has also been reported that the plasma levels of conjugated DA may be used as an index predicting heart failure in patients with heart disease. Therefore, in the present study, we have measured the plasma levels of free and sulfoconjugated DA in patients with congenital heart disease who underwent total corrective operations. The patients were divided into two groups with (6 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, TOF) or without (5 patients with ventricular septal defect without pulmonary hypertension, VSD) cyanosis (mean age of 2.11 years). Blood samples were collected before and after operation from the patients, and plasma free and sulfoconjugated DA levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Preoperative levels of free DA in patients in both groups were higher than the level in age matched control subjects. The plasma level of conjugated DA in TOF was higher than that in the controls and was the highest in VSD before operation. DA infusion early after operation caused a rise in plasma free and conjugated DA, however, the levels of increased free DA were lower in the VSD than in the TOF group. After discontinuing DA infusion, the plasma levels of free DA remained higher, while those of conjugated DA decreased to a level lower than the preoperative values in both groups. As the plasma levels of free and sulfoconjugated DA vary with hemodynamics, it was assumed that the difference in the plasma sulfoconjugated DA level between the groups before operation was due to the influence of pulminary blood flow on catecholamine homeostasis. Since the decrease in conjugated DA has been postulated to be an index of sustained heart failure, it is conceivable that it takes a long time for patients who underwent cardiac operations in infancy to recover from heart failure.