定制肿瘤型人工膝关节置换治疗膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤

【摘要】　目的　探讨应用定制肿瘤型人工膝关节置换治疗股骨远端、胫骨近端恶性骨肿瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2001年6月～2008年10月膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤29例。男19例，女10例；年龄17～65岁，平均38.5岁。股骨远端22例，胫骨近端7例。骨肉瘤16例，骨巨细胞瘤（II～III级）7例，软骨肉瘤3例，孤立性骨转移瘤1例，纤维肉瘤、尤文氏瘤各1例。对肿瘤进行广泛切除或根治性切除后，采用定制肿瘤型人工膝关节置换重建；根据病理类型同时采用辅助化学、放射治疗。结果　所有患者均获随访，平均随访4.6年，3年生存率为79.8％，5年生存率为63％；2例假体断裂，1例假体松动，2例软组织肿瘤复发接受截肢手术。MSTS评分显示肢体功能优8例，良15例，中5例，差1例，优良率为79.3％。结论 对膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤肿瘤型假体能保留良好的关节功能，是有效的保肢方法。     

儿童膝关节骨肉瘤半膝关节置换15例

为观察半关节假体置换用于儿童膝关节周围骨肉瘤的效果。于1998-10/2006-07对15 例膝关节周围骨肉瘤患儿行瘤段切除并半膝关节假体置换。影像学提示瘤灶位于股骨远端9例，胫骨近端6例，病变范围9~11 cm。术前经病理检查确诊为骨肉瘤。按Enneking分期，均在Ⅱa期。术前均行一两个疗程的化疗。术前根据X射线平片、CT 或MRI 测量设计匹配的假体，假体略长于截骨段1.0~2.0 cm。髌韧带及侧副韧带重建于人工半膝关节假体上。15例患儿均成功完成半膝关节假体置换。随访2~6年，患儿身高增加了4~6 cm，患肢短缩1~3 cm ，均能进行日常生活学习。按Enneking肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建膝关节置换后功能评估：优7例，良5例，中2例，差1例。说明将半关节假体应用于儿童膝关节周围骨肉瘤的治疗，具有重建膝关节功能，保留正常端骨骺，最大限度减少膝关节置换后患肢缩短，并为成年后行全关节置换创造了条件。     

国产肿瘤型膝关节假体临床应用45例分析

回顾性分析1994-01/2002-12解放军济南军区总医院骨病科收治的膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤患者45例，男28例，女17例，年龄13~57岁；股骨远端32例，胫骨近端13例；骨肉瘤27例，骨巨细胞瘤14例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，骨转移瘤1例，韧带样纤维瘤1例，软骨肉瘤1例。均采用国产肿瘤型膝关节假体置换，铰链式膝关节假体24例，旋转铰链式膝关节假体21例。参照骨肿瘤保肢术后肢体功能评价标准(MSTS93)，对生存患者的肿瘤型膝关节假体功能进行评分。45例患者平均随访64.9个月(12~156个月)，末次随访30例患者生存，15例患者死亡，其中骨肉瘤14例，骨转移瘤1例。8例发生与假体相关并发症，7例行翻修术，1例截肢。30例无瘤生存患者国产肿瘤型膝关节假体的1年生存率为96.67%，5年生存率为86.40%，10年生存率为62.7%；膝关节周围肿瘤型假体的总体平均评分为20.23分(7~27分)，优9例，良14例，中5例，差2例，患者肢体功能总的优良率为76.7%。提示采用国产肿瘤型膝关节假体治疗膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤能获得满意的肢体功能和假体长期生存率。     

人工假体置换在股骨下段骨肉瘤合并病理性骨折保肢治疗中的应用

背景：骨肉瘤的传统治疗以截肢手术为首选,随着化疗方案的不断改进,以及人工关节假体制作工艺和材料学的进步使保留肢体功能成为可能。 目的：观察人工肿瘤假体在股骨下端骨肉瘤合并病理性骨折者保肢术中的临床应用效果。 方法：对9例股骨下端骨肉瘤合并病理性骨折患者行肿瘤段广泛性切除或根治性切除,然后进行人工膝关节假体置换重建膝关节,置换前后均行新辅助化疗。 结果与结论：9例均获得随访, 随访6~72个月。无瘤3年生存者8例,无瘤5年生存者6例,5年总生存率为66.7%。其中6例患肢屈伸活动均可达到0°~100°,3例患肢屈伸活动为0°~70°。根据Enneking功能评定标准进行功能评估：优6例,良2例, 可1例。随访未见与材料有关的炎症和排异反应。结果说明该人工肿瘤假体置换后能重建膝关节结构,使膝关节功能达到较好的恢复,取得较好的治疗效果。     

肿瘤型髋关节假体治疗股骨近端转移性肿瘤37例：同一机构1年病例回顾

背景：人工关节假体重建不依赖于骨的愈合而达到恢复关节功能、减轻疼痛、以及尽早地重塑关节稳定的作用。对于股骨近端的转移性肿瘤而言,人工关节假体重建可能是最好的外科治疗方式。 目的：分析肿瘤型髋关节假体置换治疗股骨近端转移性肿瘤的疗效。 方法：对37例股骨近端转移性肿瘤患者采取瘤段广泛切除+肿瘤型髋关节假体置换。其中20例患者因病理性骨折而进行人工关节置换,其余患者因髋部疼痛和行走困难,通过关节置换来切除转移性病灶。 结果与结论：术后存活时间2周~9年,平均11个月。术后2个月存活32例,术后1年存活14例,MSTS评分平均为21.68分,术后2年存活8例。37例患者中,出现1例深部感染,2例股骨假体松动,1例术后早期假体脱位,2例由于外展肌力不全出现行走步态异常,2例远期出现患肢短缩畸形,1例出现明显的异位骨化。结果表明对于股骨近端转移性肿瘤的患者,采用肿瘤性髋关节假体置换治疗可以尽快获得牢靠地固定,恢复患者患肢功能。     

计算机辅助设计人工假体治疗髋臼周围肿瘤

背景：骨盆恶性肿瘤保肢和重建在其肿瘤学和再造学观点上仍存在争议。 目的：观察计算机辅助设计人工假体重建髋臼周围肿瘤切除后骨盆稳定性的效果，以期最大限度保留肢体功能，减少复发。 方法：纳入2002-04/2008-06解放军第二军医大学第一附属医院骨科收治的髋臼周围肿瘤患者33例，均行肿瘤切除及计算机辅助设计人工假体置换，其中18例(软骨肉瘤8例，尤文肉瘤2例，骨肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤6例)配合抗肿瘤药物治疗。人工假体置换后进行骨盆功能评定，治疗效果分为优、良、可、差4级。 结果及结论：2例患者分别于人工假体置换后4，6个月死亡；31例置换后随访8~32个月，平均12.5个月，其中7例软骨肉瘤复发，其他病例功能恢复情况为：优18例，良4例，可2例，差0例。均能保留患肢大部分功能和骨盆稳定性。结果提示，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、Ewing肉瘤抗肿瘤药物治疗有效者保肢率高，局部复发率低；软骨肉瘤复发率高；髋臼周围肿瘤手术切除及计算机辅助设计人工假体置换可最大限度地保留肢体功能，提高生活质量。     

应用人工假体及复合大段异体骨移植治疗不同位置胫骨恶性骨肿瘤

目的：回顾性分析39例胫骨恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料，探讨不同部位的胫骨恶性骨肿瘤采用适合的保肢术式。 方法：选择1999-01/2007-03云南省肿瘤医院骨科收治的胫骨恶性肿瘤手术患者39例，按肿瘤分布上、中、下段不同部位采用瘤段切除+异体骨关节移植，旋转轴心式铰链型人工膝关节置换，大段异体骨关节移植+旋转轴心式铰链型人工膝关节复合移植，大段骨灭活再植术，半膝关节移植术等术式治疗。术后随访≥ 2年，记录5年生存率，观察并发症，材料宿主反应，并按Mankin标准评价功能结局。 结果：39例胫骨恶性肿瘤患者中10例术后6个月~2.2年内因肿瘤全身性转移而死亡，28例存活，5年存活率为74%。存活者中，4例因局部复发而截肢，1 例复发者行瘤段截除大段异体骨植骨融合术后治愈。功能结局为优者20例，良8例，中6例，差5例，患者术后满意率72%。 结论：对胫骨恶性骨肿瘤应当根据肿瘤类型、部位等采用最佳的保肢术式，才能达到最好的临床效果。应用人工假体以及复合大段异体骨移植术效果优于自体骨灭活再植。     

导航技术辅助髋臼区肿瘤保肢手术治疗的初步应用

摘要 背景：下肢的不等长可以影响肢体保肢手术的疗效。即便是在手术中可以通过术中透视监测,如何做到手术后肢体的等长仍是一个难以把握的问题,尤其是髋臼区域恶性肿瘤的保肢术,。计算机辅助下,导航技术的发展,使手术中在导航的指导下,精确截骨,准确安放假体,减少髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术后下肢的不等长有了可能。 目的：回顾总结在计算机导航系统的指导下髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术的疗效。 方法：从2001年1月至2009年6月,有11例骨盆髋臼区的恶性肿瘤病人,肿瘤切除后用定制型的假体重建。其中,8例病人（5例男性,3例女性）平均年龄33岁（24－56岁）,进行常规的保肢手术。在此8例病人中,有6例病理诊断为软骨肉瘤,还有两例为骨肉瘤。另外的3例病人（1例男性,2例女性）平均年龄42岁（35－49岁）,在计算机导航技术辅助下手术治疗。在此3例病人中,有2例病理诊断为软骨肉瘤,还有1例为骨肉瘤。所有的骨盆恶性肿瘤的切除范围位于髋臼周围区（骨盆II 区）。所有病人手术后予以临床、影像学检查并予以下肢保肢功能的MSTS 评分。平均随访期32月（12－60月）。 结果：经常规手术的8例病人,平均手术时间7.6小时（6－10小时）,平均失血量2400ml（1500－3500ml）。有1例病人因肺部转移而在手术后3年死亡,1例病人因局部复发而行截肢术。除去这2例病人,术后有3例病人的髋臼假体的移位超过2cm而形成下肢不等长。MSTS评分平均20.3分（68％）。在计算机导航技术辅助下手术治疗的3例病人,平均手术时间8.3小时（7－10小时）,平均失血量2100ml（1000－3200ml）。术后没有病人的髋臼假体的移位超过2cm而形成下肢不等长。MSTS评分平均21.7分（72％）。 结论：在计算机导航系统的指导下,进行髋臼区恶性肿瘤的保肢手术,可以精确截骨,准确安放假体,减少髋臼区恶性肿瘤保肢术后下肢的不等长, 提高患肢的功能。     

半膝关节假体置换与半膝骨关节移植保肢治疗膝关节恶性骨肿瘤的12例2组对照比较

2001-07/2007-06昆明医学院第三附属医院（云南省肿瘤医院）骨科纳入膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤患者12例，骨巨细胞瘤2例，肺癌骨转移癌1例，骨肉瘤9例。根据治疗方案分为2组，同种异体半膝骨关节移植保肢组6例，移植骨段长度12~18 cm，平均14.8 cm；移植后随访1.3~5.7年，平均4.2年；疗效优良率为50%。个体化人工半膝关节假体置换保肢组6例，假体体部长度12~15 cm，平均13.6 cm；1例患者失访，其余5例患者置换后随访0.4~5.5年，平均3.9年；疗效优良率为80%。两组患膝关节国际保肢学会功能评分差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）。半膝同种异体骨关节移植组患者的术后并发症发生率明显高于人工半膝关节假体置换组（66.7%，20.0%，P < 0.05）。提示同种异体半膝关节移植和人工半膝关节假体置换是治疗膝关节周围恶性肿瘤的两种较为满意的保肢方法，其中个体化人工半膝关节假体置换优于同种异体半膝关节移植。     

胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损★

选择2003-02/2007-02于福州总医院骨科应用胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损的患者16例，在解剖学基础上，设计胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣，轴线在胫骨内侧髁后与内踝、跟腱间中点的连线，旋转点在最邻近创面、其蒂部在有胫后动脉穿支的轴线上。根据术前超声多普勒血流仪穿支探测，要求皮瓣、蒂部及穿支表面有良好的皮肤。顺行设计皮瓣修复小腿上段，逆行设计修复小腿中下段，其中小腿下段9例，小腿中段3例，小腿上段4例。皮肤软组织缺损范围为2.0 cm×1.5 cm~12.5 cm×7.5 cm，胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣最大面积为15.0 cm×10.0 cm，最小为4.0 cm×2.5 cm。观察其修复效果。术后皮瓣均成活。有2例远端部分皮肤坏死，但其皮下有肉芽生长，其中1例经换药愈合，1例用中厚皮植皮愈合。所有病例均随访半年以上，患肢正常步态行走，有痛觉。应用胫后动脉穿支筋膜蒂皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损，供区在小腿内后侧，损伤后蒂部保存良好，切取便利，不损伤主要血管，血供可靠，成活率高，是修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损的首选术式之一。     

Evidence for Interventions for Young Offenders

Young offenders are an issue of global concern. Despite a greater understanding of the aetiology of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency, the research on treatments and the use of evidence-based methods of interventions has not kept pace. This review critically and selectively examined interventions for young offenders, and organises them based on levels of care. The challenge is to intervene using empirical strategies that are implemented based on our emerging understanding of aggression.     

Lower threshold for referral for psychiatric treatment for adopted adolescents.

Epidemiological data on a national sample of 3,698 adolescents, of whom 145 were adopted, indicate that adoption significantly increases the likelihood of referral for psychiatric treatment even after controlling for the fact that adoptees display more behavior problems and come from more educated families. This is accounted for by the fact that adoptees are significantly more likely to be referred when they display few problems. Thus, contrary to popular myth and clinical lore, the overrepresentation of young adoptees in clinical settings is not attributable solely to the fact that adoptees are more troubled. Rather, adoptees do display more problems but they are also referred more readily even after controlling for extent of problems.     

The need for regulatable vectors for gene therapy for Parkinson's disease

Gene therapy is now a very promising approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, for which there are currently few treatment options. However, gene therapy is invasive and irreversible, and its long-term effects are not yet known. Regulatable vectors allow the expression of the introduced gene to be adjusted or stopped by changing the dose of an oral inducer drug, thus adding an important safety mechanism as well as the ability to tailor the dose to an individual patient's needs. Although the use of conventional gene therapy should not be delayed until regulatable systems are available, clinical trials of regulatable gene therapies are imminent. Regulatable systems provide the best hope for safely delivering effective, flexible treatments over the long course of Parkinson's disease, and their development should be actively supported.     

Growing Evidence for Psychodynamic Therapy for Depression

Psychodynamic therapy (PT) for depression is the least examined treatment method for depression, compared to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy. This article, consisting of five randomized clinical trials of short psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy (SPSP) conducted over the last 25 years in Amsterdam, will review the trial results to provide answers to the question about which role SPSP can play in the treatment of depression. The researchers conclude that it is justified to qualify SPSP an empirically supported therapy form of PT for depression. In particular, adding SPSP to pharmacotherapy yields better results than pharmacotherapy by itself. Adding medication to SPSP may have a significant added value, but it is not as large as in the first comparison. The results also confirm no difference in efficacy between CBT and SPSP.     

A scale for rating suitability for insight-oriented psychotherapy

ABSTRACT– An instrument for rating patients as suitable (I) or not suitable (NI) for insight-oriented psychotherapy, is described. It is based on factors suggested by Dewald, and consists of 24 scales, each with 5 steps. Inter-rater reliability was > 0.60 in 11 of the scales in a study of 25 cases, and four subscales were significantly correlated to suitability for insight-oriented psychotherapy according to the total scale: “influence of environmental factors on the symptoms”, “variability of the symptoms during the last year”, “self-confidence”, and “possibility of psychodynamic formulation with a circumscribed focus”. Construct validity was estimated by comparing 29 pairs of I and NI patients. I patients belonged to a higher social class, scored higher on the personality trait dominance and lower on neuroticism, had a more positive experience of the therapist, had lower symptom intensities, and were given a lower global rating of the disorder. I patients were more improved than NI patients when given unspecific treatments. The differences were, however, small. Predictive validity in 38 patients was low which may be due to the fact that the rater had to consider the research points of view, the global nature of several variables and the coarse criteria for correct allocation.     

A decision-making model for pre-sentence evaluations for juveniles

Forensic mental health assessments (FMHAs) are requested by the courts to assist in the sentencing process and can have a major impact upon the life of the person evaluated. Completing these assessments is a core competency for forensic psychologists. However, some FMHAs are undertaken by psychologists who have no forensic training. Despite this, there are no formalised Australian minimum standards to ensure reports are helpful to the courts and reflect sound evaluation methodologies. Drawing upon a critical review of the literature and recent research findings, we propose a 10-step decision-making model for pre-sentence evaluations of juveniles. Our model provides a framework for decision-making and highlights the key elements of an evaluation. The model provides a basis for developing practice guidelines and professional standards. The next step is to test the model in the field to determine its impact on the quality of psychological pre-sentence reports.     

The Scope for Psychosocial Treatments for Psychosis

The recent Australian Study on Low Prevalence Disorders (Jablensky et al., 2000) found that, whilst most Australians with a psychotic illness (91%) were taking medication, few were receiving adequate psychosocial support from mental health services; fully 47% of the sample perceived the need for a particular type of service which was not able to be accessed by them, either because of it simply not being available or not being affordable (65% and 49%, respectively, of respondents identified these as barriers). This article outlines a proposed framework that will help meet some of this deficit. The program will develop, evaluate and disseminate comprehensive modular treatment packages addressing the psychosocial needs of people with psychotic disorders. It is novel in terms of the comprehensiveness of the approach, the rigour of the evaluation (using controlled experimental design), and the extent of inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary involvement in mapping needs, developing the interventions, and dissemination.     

Challenges for gene therapy for muscular dystrophy

Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy represents a promising avenue of pursuit for a disease with a limited repertoire of treatment. Recent successes in the research arena using adeno-associated viral vectors should accelerate the movement of gene-based therapeutics for muscle disorders into the clinic. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain before gene therapy can deliver on the promises avowed by early pioneers of the field. This review examines recent progress and the hurdles remaining to achieve gene-based treatment therapies for muscular dystrophy.     

Challenges for gene therapy for muscular dystrophy

Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy represents a promising avenue of pursuit for a disease with a limited repertoire of treatment. Recent successes in the research arena using adeno-associated viral vectors should accelerate the movement of gene-based therapeutics for muscle disorders into the clinic. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain before gene therapy can deliver on the promises avowed by early pioneers of the field. This review examines recent progress and the hurdles remaining to achieve gene-based treatment therapies for muscular dystrophy.