Management of patients with locally advanced breast cancer

Increased breast health awareness has led to earlier stage distribution among breast cancer patients in the United States; however, locally advanced tumors remain a major source of morbidity and mortality. Early attempts to control this high-risk pattern of disease with surgery or radiation alone were met with disappointingly high rates of treatment failure in locoregional and distant sites. Multimodality strategies represent a major advance in management of these difficult cancers. The current standard of care is neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve operability, followed by breast and axillary surgery (including lumpectomy for appropriately selected patients). Following surgery, decisions regarding the need for additional chemotherapy with or without locoregional irradiation are made based on stage at presentation, response to systemic therapy, and surgical-pathology findings. Recommendations for adjuvant endocrine therapy are based on hormone receptor status. Studies of these tumors have confirmed that primary response to induction therapy is an excellent surrogate marker of success in eradicating micrometastases, as patients experiencing a complete pathologic response have a statistically significant survival advantage. Ongoing investigations of locally advanced breast cancer include studies of systemic chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant endocrine regimens that increase the complete pathologic response rate, and correlation with outcome; integration of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy into clinical trials; and defining the optimal extent of locoregional irradiation in patients who experience a strong response to neoadjuvant treatment.     

Management of patients with locally advanced breast cancer

Increased breast health awareness has led to earlier stage distribution among breast cancer patients in the United States; however, locally advanced tumors remain a major source of morbidity and mortality. Early attempts to control this high-risk pattern of disease with surgery or radiation alone were met with disappointingly high rates of treatment failure in locoregional and distant sites. Multimodality strategies represent a major advance in management of these difficult cancers. The current standard of care is neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve operability, followed by breast and axillary surgery (including lumpectomy for appropriately selected patients). Following surgery, decisions regarding the need for additional chemotherapy with or without locoregional irradiation are made based on stage at presentation, response to systemic therapy, and surgical-pathology findings. Recommendations for adjuvant endocrine therapy are based on hormone receptor status. Studies of these tumors have confirmed that primary response to induction therapy is an excellent surrogate marker of success in eradicating micrometastases, as patients experiencing a complete pathologic response have a statistically significant survival advantage. Ongoing investigations of locally advanced breast cancer include studies of systemic chemotherapy with or without neoadjuvant endocrine regimens that increase the complete pathologic response rate, and correlation with outcome; integration of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy into clinical trials; and defining the optimal extent of locoregional irradiation in patients who experience a strong response to neoadjuvant treatment.     

Multimodality treatment of locally advanced breast cancer

From 1976 to 1985, 61 consecutive patients with locally advanced breast cancer were treated with multimodality therapy. Overall 5-year survival was 30% with a median survival of 36 months. 50% of patients relapsed within 13 months. Other factors such as menopausal status, side of illness (right or left breast), responses to systemic or to local treatment, survival and progression-free survival in responders and non-responders have been analyzed.     

Combination therapy of patients with locally advanced breast cancer

The investigation involved 30 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T3-4N1-2M0). Combination therapy comprised two courses: carboplatin 300 mg/m2, i.v., dropwise, on day 1; doxorubicin 30 mg/m2, i.v., bolus-flow, on days 1 and 8; 5-fluorouracil 350 mg/m2, i.v., bolus-flow, on days 1 and 8, and irradiation of the breast and regional metastasis area (single target dose--2 Gy, total target dose--40 Gy). Overall clinical response was 96.7% (29/30), mammography-wise--83.3% (25/30). All patients were found operable and radical mastectomy was performed in 25. Therapeutic effect stage III-IV was histologically confirmed in 40% (25/30), stage I-II--60% (15/25). Median overall and recurrence-free survival was not reached within 36 months in 24/30, relapse-free survival was been reported in 16/24 (66.6%), tumor progression--8/24 (33.4%). Three-year; host-mastectomy recurrence-free survival--68.8 +/- 16.0%.     

新辅助化疗联合手术治疗局部晚期乳腺癌的疗效观察

目的探讨新辅助化疗联合手术治疗局部晚期乳腺癌的临床疗效及对患者生活质量的影响。方法选取2013年12月至2014年12月间河南省内乡县人民医院收治的150例局部晚期乳腺癌住院患者作为研究对象,根据采用的治疗方法不同分为两组,手术治疗前后分别行3个周期化疗的80例患者纳入观察组,手术治疗后行6个周期化疗的70例患者纳入对照组。比较两组患者的近期疗效、远期疗效、生活质量及不良反应情况。结果入院时,两组患者的癌胚抗原(CEA)和糖类抗原153(CA-153)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。化疗后,两组患者CEA和CA-153水平均显著降低,且观察组的CEA和CA-153水平均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。观察组患者治疗总有效率为75. 0%,高于对照组患者的42. 9%,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。两组患者1年生存率、3年生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。治疗前,两组患者的总体健康和总体生活质量评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。治疗后,两组患者半年和1年的总体健康和总体生活质量评分均显著提高,且观察组半年和1年的总体健康和总体生活质量评分均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。结论新辅助化疗联合手术治疗局部晚期乳腺癌能够有效提高近期疗效,改善患者的生活质量,但对远期疗效的改善效果并不显著。     

局部晚期乳腺癌的治疗体会

目的：观察85例III期乳腺癌患者治疗的疗效,寻找提高疗效的策略。方法：2003年6月至2005年12月85例III期乳腺癌患者接受了外科手术治疗,根据是否接受新辅助化疗分为手术组（41例）和新辅助化疗组（44例）,比较两组的手术性质及治疗结果。结果：新辅助化疗组的无病生存期为59.1个月,明显高于手术组的43.1个月（P〈0.05）,新辅助化疗组的5年无病生存率为36.16%,手术组为34.14%（P〉0.05）。结论：局部晚期乳腺癌患者接受新辅助化疗后手术可提高无病生存时间,值得临床推广。     

The role of surgery in the combined treatment of locally advanced breast cancer

Sixty patients with stage IIIA and IIIB breast cancer have been treated with a combined modality approach including induction chemotherapy, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy: 74.5% of patients achieved an objective response after 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy, and 98.3% of patients were rendered disease-free after induction chemotherapy and surgery or radiotherapy; at 4 years, actuarial survival and disease-free survival are 71.5% and 43%, respectively. These results are significantly better than our historical control, and locally advanced breast cancer must now be considered a curable disease when treated with an aggressive multimodal approach.     

局部晚期乳腺癌的治疗进展

新辅助化疗后再手术和（或）放疗已成为治疗局部晚期乳腺癌的治疗模式。本文综述新辅助化疗的依据、疗程方案、影响疗效及预后相关因素及其优缺点，同时介绍了局部晚期乳腺癌诊断，局部治疗及内分泌治疗等方面的进展。     

局部晚期乳腺癌的治疗体会

目的:观察85例III期乳腺癌患者治疗的疗效,寻找提高疗效的策略。方法:2003年6月至2005年12月85例III期乳腺癌患者接受了外科手术治疗,根据是否接受新辅助化疗分为手术组(41例)和新辅助化疗组(44例),比较两组的手术性质及治疗结果。结果:新辅助化疗组的无病生存期为59.1个月,明显高于手术组的43.1个月(P<0.05),新辅助化疗组的5年无病生存率为36.16%,手术组为34.14%(P>0.05)。结论:局部晚期乳腺癌患者接受新辅助化疗后手术可提高无病生存时间,值得临床推广。     

MRI and conservative treatment of locally advanced breast cancer

AIMS: The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in assessing the response of primary breast carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to conventional imaging modalities, and to see how surgical outcome was influenced as a result of these findings. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with locally advanced primary breast cancer underwent conventional imaging and DCE-MRI following six cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery. Changes in surgical management based on the post-chemotherapy DCE-MRI findings were recorded. RESULTS: Prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 22 of the 34 patients were assessed as requiring mastectomy and the remaining 12 were considered inoperable. Following chemotherapy two patients were still considered inoperable. In 11 of the 34 patients, the final decision to proceed to either mastectomy or non-surgical management was based primarily on pre-treatment disease status or patient choice. DCE-MRI findings, therefore, contributed to the operative decision in 21 of 34 patients. Two of these 21 patients were spared surgery as DCE-MRI demonstrated complete response to chemotherapy and one declined surgery. The remaining 18 were able to undergo wide local excision, with only two patients subsequently requiring mastectomy for involved margins. CONCLUSIONS: DCE-MRI is able to accurately predict those patients suitable for breast conserving surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and should be the imaging modality of choice in assessing the response of patients with primary breast carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

Range of combined treatment of locally advanced skin cancer

Due to combined use of surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy, 58.8% of patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma survived for 5 years. More organ-saving operations could be performed as a result of administering cisplatin, bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation and subsequent surgery. Greater extent of tumor excision and microsurgery involved lower incidence of relapse. Yet, the preliminary results of our combined treatment pointed to relatively high frequency of objective response matched by lower incidence of relapse which calls for further investigation.     

紫杉醇联合奈达铂用于ⅠB2~ⅡB期宫颈癌新辅助化疗疗效分析

  目的  探讨术前紫杉醇联合奈达铂化疗对ⅠB2~ⅡB期宫颈癌的近期疗效。  方法  选择2008年3月~2011年3月期间收治的局部晚期宫颈癌患者58例, 分为研究组和对照组, 两组患者经病理确诊后, 研究组给予紫杉醇联合奈达铂的化疗方案并行全麻下广泛全子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫术, 而对照组则在未化疗的情况下直接进行手术, 并对两组患者的临床疗效进行比较分析。  结果  研究组31例患者有效率为80.6%, 病理检查提示淋巴结阳性率、阴道切缘阳性率、宫旁累及率、脉管浸润率均较对照组低, 有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。  结论  紫杉醇联合奈达铂方案对宫颈癌患者进行新辅助化疗, 可缩小肿瘤体积, 降低肿瘤临床分期, 提高手术率。      

Gemcitabine combined with epirubicin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: a phase II study

This phase II study of gemcitabine and epirubicin evaluated the activity and toxicity in advanced breast cancer. Female patients with stage IIIB or IV breast cancer received gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and then epirubicin 15 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles. Thirty-five patients with stage IV disease, a median age of 59 years (range, 39-73), and a median Karnofsky performance status of 90 (range, 60-100) were enrolled. Fourteen (40.0%) patients received prior chemotherapy (12 adjuvant, 4 metastatic, 2 both). Of 35 evaluable patients, 10 had PR, for an overall RR of 28.6%, and 12 (34.3%) patients had SD. Median time to progression and overall survival were 5.8 months (95% CI, 3.4-9.5 months) and 17.1 months (95% CI, 11.2-19.9 months), respectively. WHO grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 51.5% of patients without febrile neutropenia, and grade 3 thrombocytopenia in 29.4% of patients without hemorrhage or platelet transfusions. The most common nonhematologic toxicities were grade 3 alopecia (38.2%) and nausea/vomiting (11.4%). There were no grade 4 nonhematologic toxicities. Gemcitabine plus epirubicin is active and well tolerated in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Future studies should continue to evaluate the impact of various schedules on outcome.     

绝经后局部进展期乳腺癌新辅助化疗30例报告

乳腺癌是一个需要综合治疗的系统性疾病,不同分期的乳腺癌需要合理安排治疗计划才能最大限度提高疗效。乳腺癌是对化疗比较敏感的肿瘤,对于原发灶较大或区域淋巴结转移较多的局部进展期乳腺癌,先给予新辅助化疗可以使肿瘤缩小、降期,获得外科手术的机会。2007年1月至2009年12月,本中心对30例绝经后的局部进展期乳腺癌患者进行了新辅助化疗．     

长春瑞滨联合顺铂治疗晚期乳腺癌的临床观察

目的探讨长春瑞滨联合顺铂治疗经紫杉醇＋蒽环类联合化疗失败的局部晚期乳腺癌和复发转移乳腺癌的疗效及安全性。方法10例采用紫杉醇＋蒽环类化疗耐药的局部晚期乳腺癌和31例手术后紫杉醇＋蒽环类辅助治疗的转移性乳腺癌患者,应用长春瑞滨（25mg／m^2,第1,8天,静脉滴注）、顺铂（30mg／m^2,第1—3天,静脉滴注）化疗,对其疗效及不良反应进行分析。结果全组患者完全缓解6例（14．6％）,部分缓解17例（41．5％）。不良反应以骨髓抑制、消化道反应常见。结论长春瑞滨联合顺铂方案对蒽环类和（或）紫杉醇耐药的乳腺癌疗效较好,值得临床进一步研究。     

局部晚期乳腺癌的保留乳房手术

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,局部晚期乳腺癌(LABC)的治疗是世界范围内的临床难题,影响着乳腺癌总体生存率的提高。LABC的涵盖范围伴随着TNM分期系统的修订而不断变化。已有的研究证明,新辅助化疗后可以进行保留乳房手术(BCT),但要严格掌握适应证,保留乳房手术的指征已逐渐取得共识。开始治疗之前准确记录或定位肿瘤,要保证足够的阴性切缘。对于腋窝淋巴结手术问题仍有争议,多数主张常规进行清除手术。预后上不差于早期乳腺癌作保留乳房手术后的局部复发率。     

Neoadjuvant intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with hormonal therapy for locally advanced breast cancer

To determine the efficacy of combined neoadjuvant intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for treating locally advanced breast cancer, we compared the outcomes of patients with or without this therapy, and also assessed histologic response. Ninety-four patients with locally advanced breast cancer (stage IIIa, 56; stage IIIb, 38). Nineteen stage IIIa and 17 stage IIIb patients received intra-arterial plus hormonal therapy while 37 stage IIIa and 21 stage IIIb patients with similar ages and follow-up durations did not. Treated patients received intra-arterial epirubicin plus oral medroxy-progesterone. Five-year disease-free survival rates were 77.5% for intra-arterially treated and 33.0% for other patients in stage IIIa, and 70.5% for intra-arterially treated and 38.1% for other patients in stage IIIb. Five-year overall survival rates were 94.4% for intra-arterially treated and 61.7% for other patients in stage IIIa, and 90.9% for intra-arterially treated and 56.3% for other patients in stage IIIb. Ten-year overall survival rates in stage IIIb were 90.9% for treated and 22.5% for other group patents. All differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Good histologic response to intra-arterial therapy was seen in 75% of the primary tumors and 71% of involved lymph nodes. Neoadjuvant intra-arterial therapy with hormonal therapy yielded better survival rates than no intra-arterial therapy or our previous intra-arterial regimen.