腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗

【摘要】　目的：观察腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗效果。方法：1997年1月～2006年1月收治48例腰骶段脊柱结核患者,男29例,女19例;年龄22～58岁,平均38.8岁。术前神经功能Frankel分级：B级1例,C级2例,D级13例,E级32例。腰骶角为18.0°±3.1°。术前抗结核药物治疗4周以上,待血红蛋白>100g/L、血沉及结核中毒症状改善后行手术治疗,其中一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定手术25例,一期后前联合入路手术14例,分期前后入路手术9例。结果：手术时间130～240min,平均200m     

侧前方入路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段结核

目的:探讨侧前方入路一期病灶清除植骨内固定手术治疗腰骶段结核的效果.方法:2005年1月～2007年1月采用侧前方入路行一期病灶清除、减压及植骨融合内固定术治疗腰骶段结核患者24例,男17例,女7例,年龄17～58岁.平均35.8岁.L4～L5 8例,L5 5例,L5～S1 8例,L4～S1 3例.神经功能按Frankel分级.B级1例,C级3例,D级2例,E级18例.术前腰骶角为19°±3.5°.结果:所有患者均能耐受手术,术中显露清楚,病灶清除彻底.手术时间120～180rain,平均150min;术中出血量500～900ml,平均700ml.无血管、神经及输尿管损伤等手术并发症发生.术后2周患者即可佩戴支具站立及下地行走.随访24～36个月,平均29个月,椎间植骨均获骨性融合,融合平均时间为7.8个月.末次随访时,6例术前合并神经功能损害患者中,1例B级恢复到D级,1例C级恢复到D级,2例C级恢复到E级,2例D级恢复到E级;腰骶角为26°±6.5°;结核病灶无复发,无断钉及内固定松动发生.结论:经侧前方入路一期病灶清除植骨内固定手术是治疗腰骶段结核的有效方法,具有矫正畸形、稳定脊柱、预防植骨块移位、术后患者可早期下地活动等优点.     

腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗

目的：探讨腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗策略,及其疗效。方法：回顾性分析我科1997～2006年收治的48例腰骶段脊柱结核的病例资料,其中男29例,女19例;年龄22～58岁,平均38．8岁。术前神经功能按Frankel分级：B级1例,C级2例,D级13例,E级32例。腰骶角为18°±3．1°。根据病情采取不同的手术方式,所有患者术前给予4周以上的抗结核化疗,待血红蛋≥100gL,血沉及结核中毒症状改善后行手术治疗,其中一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定手术25例,一期后前联合入路手术14例,分期前后入路手术9例。结果：手术时间为130～240min,平均200min。失血量900～2000ml,平均1350ml。术中无大血管、硬膜损伤。术后并发症：慢性窦道形成1例,肠梗阻1例,逆行性射精1例,生殖股神经激惹1例。所有患者均获得随访,平均75．3个月（45-182个月）,术后6个月的植骨融合率为95．8％,术后1年融合率为100％。末次随访时,16例神经损伤者均获得一定好转,术后恢复为：D级2例,E级14例：腰骶角为24°±8．0°;无内固定松动,断裂。参见脊柱结核愈合标准,均获得治愈,无再发。结论：腰骶段脊柱结核因其特殊解剖结构,手术难度较大,只要术前充分准备,以正规抗结核化疗为基础,制定个体化手术方案,完全可取得很好的疗效。     

一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定矫形治疗成人腰骶段结核

目的:探讨一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定矫形治疗成人腰骶段结核的临床疗效.方法:回顾性研究2004年3月～2010年10月收治的17例腰骶段结核患者,男9例,女8例;年龄23～68岁,平均46.4±16.0岁.17例患者中有16例出现不完全瘫痪,神经功能Frankel分级:B级4例,C级5例,D级7例.入院时血沉(ESR)33～95mm/h,平均57.4±16.8mm/h.术前腰骶角18°～23°,平均20.5°±1.7°.均采用一期后路病灶清除、内固定矫形、植骨融合治疗,应用腰骶角测量、血沉检测和神经功能Frankel分级评定来评论临床疗效,随访观察治疗结果.结果:全部病例手术均安全完成,手术平均用时145min(130～200min),术中平均出血约700ml (500～850ml);无脊髓及血管损伤及其他严重并发症.全部患者随访17～71个月,平均47.5±17.1个月.末次随访腰骶角为25.9°～30.3°,平均28.3°±1.5°,术后ESR恢复正常(9.2±3.1mm/h),均较术前明显改善(P＜0.05).术后6～8个月,复查X线、MRI提示所有患者植骨融合,神经压迫完全解除.除2例术前Frankel分级为B级的患者术后恢复至D级,其余患者术后Frankel分级均为E级.结论:一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定矫形治疗成人腰骶段结核疗效确切,安全可靠.     

脊柱结核的外科治疗与术后疗效评估

目的 采用一期病灶清除植骨、坚强内固定术治疗脊柱结核,术后对多项疗效指标进行观察和评估.方法 74例脊柱结核选自2003年10月至2006年10月手术的患者,其中有17例合并脊髓功能障碍,Frankel分级D级12例,C级5例.结核病灶位于颈椎12例、胸椎37例、腰椎25例.CT或MRI显示病灶有明显的死骨和脓肿,并有不同程度的后凸畸形.术前给予4周以上的抗结核化疗,术后动态观察结核中毒症状和脊髓功能的改善情况、畸形矫正和病灶愈合情况.结果 入院时红细胞沉降率平均为81.5 mm/1 h,C反应蛋白平均为41.6 mg/L,其中51例(68.9%)脊柱结核处于活动期.抗结核化疗4周后红细胞沉降率降至43.8 mm/1 h,C反应蛋白降至27.4 mg/L,结核中毒症状明显改善.术后第8～12周红细胞沉降率和CRP检测结果正常,结核症状及病椎疼痛消失.病椎植骨单节段融合时间平均4.3个月,双节段融合时间平均6.7个月,后凸畸形平均矫正74.9%,结核病灶治愈率为97.3%.术后12个月有3例患者仍扶拐行走(Frankel D级),其余患者脊髓功能恢复正常.结论 脊柱结核的外科治疗旨在彻底清除病灶和重建脊柱稳定性,进而提高治疗效果和缩短化疗时间.规范的抗结核化疗与充分的术前准备是手术成功和病灶治愈的重要保障.动态观察和全面评估疗效指标,对于判断手术疗效和病灶预后具有重要意义.     

前路病灶清除椎体间植骨结合后路椎弓根内固定治疗腰骶椎结核

目的：探讨前路病灶清除椎体间植骨结合后路椎弓根内固定治疗腰骶段结核的临床疗效.方法：对2005年1月至2012年6月收治的18例腰骶椎结核患者进行回顾性分析,男12例,女6例;年龄35～67岁,平均44岁;病程4～17个月,平均9个月.其中单纯腰痛2例,腰痛伴下肢放射痛3例,下肢肌力感觉减退者13例.神经功能Frankel分级：C级3例,D级10例,E级5例.病灶部位：L4.58例,L54例,LS16例.术前腰骶角15°～27°,血沉45～93 mm/h.均采用前路病灶清除椎体间植骨结合后路椎弓根内固定治疗,应用腰骶角测量、血沉检测和神经功能Frankel分级来评估临床疗效.结果：18例均获随访,时间14 ～22个月,手术时间平均180 min;出血量400～800 ml,术中1例发生髂静脉损伤,术后4例出现不同程度腹胀,无脊髓损伤及其他严重并发症,腰腿痛症状均消失,Frankel分级有不同程度提高,X线、CT检查显示18例患者于术后9～13个月植骨融合,腰骶角和血沉末次随访时与术前比较均显著改善（P＜0.05）.结论：前路病灶清除椎体间植骨结合后路椎弓根内固定是治疗腰骶椎结核的一种有效手术方法.     

一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗腰骶椎结核

目的 探讨一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗腰骶椎结核的可行性及临床疗效.方法 21例腰骶椎结核患者经正规抗结核治疗2～4周,行一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术,联合术后规范化抗结核治疗12～18个月.结果 手术时间150～240(180±32)min;术中出血量400～800(600±84)ml;术中无神经、硬膜、大血管损伤.术后1例切口出现窦道形成二期愈合,其余切口均一期愈合.患者均获随访,时间24～54(36.5±2.3)个月.术后1年均植骨融合.末次随访时腰骶角为24.5°±5.3°;患者脊柱结核均治愈,无复发;8例神经功能障碍者均恢复至Frankel E级.结论 在规范化抗结核治疗基础上行一期后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗腰骶椎结核安全、有效,但应严格掌握适应证.     

CT引导经皮穿刺置管局部给药在高龄脊柱结核中的应用

脊柱结核占骨与关节结核的50%～75%[1]。有效的全身化疗联合传统的病灶清除及内固定术治疗脊柱结核可取得较好效果,但对于高龄患者全身抗结核药物化疗的副作用及手术创伤是一个不容忽视的问题。我们于2009年1月～2010年6月对29例年龄70岁以上的脊柱结核患者在全身化疗的同时采用CT引导下经皮穿刺置管局部给药治疗,取得了较满意效果,报道如下。     

一期后路病灶清除腰骶骨盆重建内固定治疗腰骶段结核

目的探讨一期后路病灶清除腰骶骨盆重建内固定治疗腰骶段结核的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2014年12月收治的21例腰骶段结核患者,其中男15例,女6例;年龄25~61岁,平均42.5岁。术前神经功能按Frankel分级,B级1例,C级7例,D级11例,E级2例。术前腰骶角15°~28°,平均(19.5±2.1)°。行一期后路病灶清除,植骨融合,腰骶骨盆重建术,采用腰骶角测量,神经功能Frankel分级评定来评论临床疗效。结果末次随访时,1例术前神经功能Frankel B级的患者,恢复至D级,其余的患者末次随访时神经功能Frankel分级都恢复至E级。腰骶角术后为(28.9±1.6)°,末次随访时为(28.4±1.5)°,没有出现加重神经损伤、脑脊液漏、血管损伤及内固定松动、断裂等并发症,植骨均全部融合。结论一期后路病灶清除腰骶骨盆重建内固定是一种安全、有效的腰骶段结核治疗方法。     

病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段结核

目的探讨病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段结核的临床效果。方法2006年1月～2009年6月,行病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段结核的患者共38例。其中一期侧前路病灶清除植骨并后路内固定26例,经腹直肌旁人路病灶清除植骨内固定3例,后路病灶清除内固定9例。结果患者术后随访12～24个月,平均14个月。患者视觉模拟量表（visual analog scale,VAS）评分显著降低,由术前平均7．2分降至1．8分（P〈0．05）。末次随访神经功能均恢复至FrankelE级,术后1年植骨融合率为100％,未见内固定松动、断裂情况。抗结核药物治疗结束后3～6个月,复查血沉、C-反应蛋白均在正常范围内,术后脊柱结核无复发。1例患者术后出现根性麻木,2例患者出现窦道。结论以正规抗结核化疗为基础,病灶清除植骨内固定治疗腰骶段结核的临床疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.