HPLC法测定风寒感冒冲剂中葛根素的含量

目的建立高效液相法测定风寒感冒冲剂中葛根素的含量。方法采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75);1.0mL/min流速;检测波长为250nm;柱温35oC;10μL进样量。结果葛根素进样量0.14552～1.30968μg范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为99.7%,(RSD为1.8%)。结论在该色谱条件下测定风寒感冒冲剂中葛根素的含量,方法灵敏简便、专属性高,结果准确可靠。     

鼻炎冲剂的制备及质量标准

目的:建立鼻炎冲剂的质量控制标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别,用HPLC法对黄芩苷进行含量测定。结果:薄层定性条件适合,斑点清晰,HPLC定量方法分离效果好,线性范围10~50mg.L-1(r=0.9998),平均回收率99.13%,RSD=1.12%。结论:该法简便、快速、准确,可作为鼻炎冲剂的质量控制方法。     

百变药箱

药箱所需药物 防治感冒药 冬季风寒感冒者多．有风寒感冒冲剂、感冒清等.治疗风热感冒有银翘解毒片（丸）．维C银翘片．桑菊感冒片等。     

HPLC法测定止痛透骨膏中欧前胡素的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定止痛透骨膏中欧前胡素的含量.方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(50∶ 50),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长248 nm,柱温为室温.结果:欧前胡素进样量在0.0499～0.5988 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5),平均回收率99.9%(n=9),RSD为0.49%.结论:该方法简便快速准确,重现性好,可作为止痛透骨膏中欧前胡素质量控制方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定苦甘冲剂中绿原酸的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法测定苦甘冲剂中绿原酸含量。方法:采用Irregular-HC18柱(4.6mm×250mm,10μm),以乙腈-0.4%磷酸(13∶87)为流动相,紫外检测波长为327nm。结果:线性范围为5～50μg/mL(r=0.9995),平均回收率为98.9%(RSD=1.0%,n=5)。结论:方法简单、快速,结构准确。     

风寒感冒冲剂质量标准探讨

对风寒感冒冲剂中干姜、葛根、甘草、白芷、桂枝进行定性鉴定,用酸碱法对其中的麻黄碱的含量进行了测定,方法简便,结果准确,且重复性好.     

鸢都感冒冲剂中绿原酸含量测定方法研究

目的探讨鸢都感冒冲剂质量标准。采用高效液相色谱法对鸢都感冒冲剂中的绿原酸进行含量测定。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(10:90)为流动相;流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长327 nm。结果绿原酸的进样量在0.12~0.42μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为97.60%,RSD为0.70%(n=6)。结论方法简便、准确,可用于鸢都感冒冲剂中绿原酸的含量测定。     

元胡止痛片中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的HPLC测定

目的:采用 HPLC 法测定元胡止痛片中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量。方法:采用 C_(18)柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(70∶30),流速0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长254nm。结果:欧前胡素的线性范围为0.15～0.75μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.8%,RSD 为2.0%;异欧前胡素的线性范围为0.10～0.50μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.1%,RSD 为2.4%。结论:本法操作简便,结果准确可靠,重复性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方头痛片中欧前胡素的含量

目的:高效液相色谱法测定白芷中有效成份欧前胡素的含量。方法:流动相为甲醇-水(65:35);色谱柱为C_(18)柱;紫外检测波长为248 nm。结果:欧前胡素在0.3～2.62μg范围内有良好的线性关系。平均回收率=99.4%,n=9,RSD=0.36%。结论:该方法灵敏度、专属性高、重现性好,快速简便。     

白芷饮片质量研究

目的:白芷饮片的质量研究。方法:建立薄层鉴别方法和HPLC法测定白芷中2种成分的含量。结果:TLC色谱能同时检出欧前胡素和异欧前胡素;HPIC法测定欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的线性范围分别为0.02495～0.22455μg和0.01521～0.13689μg,平均回收率分别为99.72%(RSD为1.59%,n=6),97.69%(RSD为2.06%,n=6)。结论:定性、定量方法简便、准确,重现性好,能有效控制白芷饮片的内在质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.