Differential responsiveness against mechanical stress between osteoblastic cells and periodontal ligament cells

Using the human osteosarcoma-derived osteoblastic cell line, HOS cells, and the human periodontal ligament-derived fibroblast-like cells (Periodontal ligament cells; PDL cells), we examined the responsiveness against mechanical stress (continuously applied compressive force) in HOS and PDL cellsin vitro. SDS-PAGE revealed that loading of mechanical stress (10 g/cm²) promoted intracellular protein production (approx. 30–35 kDa, 40kDa, 55kDa, 65–70kDa) in HOS cells, which are different sizes from those in PDL cells reported previously. Mechanical stress also enhanced heat shock protein (HSP) production in HOS cells and PDL cells: however, the responsiveness was different between HOS cells and PDL cells. In PDL cells, mechanical stress enhanced HSP 60 production more efficiently, in contrast that HSP 70 production was promoted more efficiently in HOS cells. These data suggest that differential responsiveness against mechanical stress between osteoblasts and PDL cells might have important role during orthodontic tooth movement.

     

T-helper 17 cells mediate the osteo/odontoclastogenesis induced by excessive orthodontic forces

Oral Diseases (2012) 18 , 375–388 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how T‐helper 17 cells (Th17 cells), interleukin (IL)‐17, and interleukin‐6 contribute to root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male 6‐week‐old Wistar rats were subjected to orthodontic force of 10 or 50 g to induce a mesially tipping movement of the upper first molars for 7 days. The expression levels of TRAP, IL‐17, the IL‐17 receptor (IL‐17R), and IL‐6 proteins were determined in periodontal ligament (PDL) by immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the fluorescent localization immunoassay was performed to detect Th17 cells. Furthermore, the effects of IL‐17 on IL‐6 release were investigated using human PDL cells in vitro. The effect of IL‐17 on osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by TRAP staining, actin ring staining, and the pit formation assay. Results: The immunoreactivity for Th17, IL‐17, IL‐17R, and IL‐6 was detected in PDL tissue subjected to the orthodontic force on day 7. IL‐17 increased the release of IL‐6 from human periodontal ligament cells in a time‐dependent manner. Moreover, IL‐17 stimulated osteoclastogenesis from human osteoclast precursor cells, and these effects were partially suppressed by an anti‐IL‐6 antibody. Conclusion: These results suggest that Th17 cells may aggravate the process of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption.     

Enhanced adipogenic differentiation and reduced collagen synthesis induced by human periodontal ligament stem cells might underlie the negative effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on periodontal regeneration

Song D‐S, Park J‐C, Jung I‐H, Choi S‐H, Cho K‐S, Kim C‐K, Kim C‐S. Enhanced adipogenic differentiation and reduced collagen synthesis induced by human periodontal ligament stem cells might underlie the negative effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 on periodontal regeneration. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 193–203. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) is a potent inducer for the regeneration of mineralized tissue, but has a limited effect on the regeneration of cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of rhBMP‐2 on the in vitro and in vivo biologic activity of well‐characterized human PDL stem cells (hPDLSCs) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of minimal periodontal regeneration by rhBMP‐2. Material and Methods: hPDLSCs were isolated and cultured, and then transplanted into an ectopic subcutaneous mouse model using a carrier treated either with or without rhBMP‐2. Comprehensive histologic, histometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed after an 8‐wk healing period. The effects of rhBMP‐2 on the adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs were also evaluated. The effect of rhBMP‐2 on both soluble and insoluble collagen synthesis was analyzed, and the expression of mRNA and protein for collagen types I, II, III and V was assessed. Results: In the present study, rhBMP‐2 promoted both adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in vitro, and the in vivo potential of hPDLSCs to form mineralized cementum and organized PDL tissue was down‐regulated following treatment with rhBMP‐2. Collagen synthesis, which plays a crucial role in the regeneration of cementum and the periodontal attachment, was significantly reduced, with associated modification of the relevant mRNA and protein expression profiles. Conclusion: In summary, the findings of the present study suggest that enhanced adipogenic differentiation and inhibition of collagen synthesis by hPDLSCs appear to be partly responsible for the minimal effect of rhBMP‐2 on cementum and PDL tissue regeneration by hPDLSCs.     

Aspirin Enhances Osteogenic Potential of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs) and Modulates the Expression Profile of Growth Factor–Associated Genes in PDLSCs

Background: This study investigates the effects of aspirin (ASA) on the proliferative capacity, osteogenic potential, and expression of growth factor–associated genes in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from PDL tissue were isolated from human premolars (n = 3). The MSCs’ identity was confirmed by immunophenotyping and trilineage differentiation assays. Cell proliferation activity was assessed through 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Polymerase chain reaction array was used to profile the expression of 84 growth factor–associated genes. Pathway analysis was used to identify the biologic functions and canonic pathways activated by ASA treatment. The osteogenic potential was evaluated through mineralization assay. Results: ASA at 1,000 μM enhances osteogenic potential of PDLSCs. Using a fold change (FC) of 2.0 as a threshold value, the gene expression analyses indicated that 19 genes were differentially expressed, which includes 12 upregulated and seven downregulated genes. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), interleukin‐2, bone morphogenetic protein‐10, VEGFC, and 2 (FGF2) were markedly upregulated (FC range, 6 to 15), whereas pleotropin, FGF5, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 were markedly downregulated (FC 32). Of the 84 growth factor–associated genes screened, 35 showed high cycle threshold values (≥35). Conclusions: ASA modulates the expression of growth factor–associated genes and enhances osteogenic potential in PDLSCs. ASA upregulated the expression of genes that could activate biologic functions and canonic pathways related to cell proliferation, human embryonic stem cell pluripotency, tissue regeneration, and differentiation. These findings suggest that ASA enhances PDLSC function and may be useful in regenerative dentistry applications, particularly in the areas of periodontal health and regeneration.     

Mechanical stimuli enhances the expression of RGD-CAP/betaig-h3 in the periodontal ligament

RGD-CAP, a member of the fasciclin family, is expressed in the periodontal ligament (PDL). Since the PDL is continually subjected to mechanical forces from such orofacial functions as mastication, biting, speech and swallowing, the mechanical stimuli is thought to be associated with the expression of RGD-CAP. Furthermore, the adhesive functions of RGD-CAP may contribute to the maintenance or regeneration of PDL architecture. The objective of this study was to examine whether mechanical stimuli modulate the expression of RGD-CAP in the human PDL, and to examine the effects of recombinant RGD-CAP on the adhesion of PDL cells. During experimental tooth movement, the expression of RGD-CAP was significantly enhanced in the PDL. In vitro experiments with cultured PDL cells showed that the expression of RGD-CAP mRNA was significantly enhanced by mechanical tensile force of 15.4kPa for 48h. The induction of RGD-CAP mRNA, meanwhile, was completely inhibited by cycloheximide which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Furthermore, neutralising antibody against TGF-beta also suppressed the mechanical induction of RGD-CAP. The adhesion of cultured PDL cells onto plates coated with recombinant RGD-CAP increased significantly compared with the controls. These findings suggest that RGD-CAP, induced by TGF-beta expressed in response to mechanical stimuli, plays an important role in modulating the homeostasis of PDL.     

Effects of adenoviral‐mediated coexpression of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 on human periodontal ligament cells

Yang L, Zhang Y, Dong R, Peng L, Liu X, Wang Y, Cheng X. Effects of adenoviral‐mediated coexpression of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 on human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 532–540. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) are important in periodontal reconstruction. However, their synergistic effect in periodontal regeneration by gene delivery has not been reported. In this study, gene delivery of these two growth factors to human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) was examined for its effects on cell proliferation and differentiation. Material and Methods: Recombinant adenoviruses containing both human BMP‐7 and IGF‐1 cDNA created by introducing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence were used to transfer the genes into hPDLCs. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell cycle analysis were used to observe their effects on cell proliferation, while alkaline phosphatase activity measurement, RT‐PCR and in vivo tests were conducted to investigate their effects on cell differentiation. Results: The proliferation of hPDLCs transduced by adenoviruses coexpressing BMP‐7 and IGF‐1 was suppressed while their differentiation ability was enhanced. There was a synergism of BMP‐7 and IGF‐1 in up‐regulating alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA levels of collagen type I and Runx2. Implantation in vivo with scaffolds illustrated that the transduced cells exhibited osteogenic differentiation and formed bone‐like structures. Conclusion: The combined delivery of BMP‐7 and IGF‐1 genes using an IRES‐based strategy synergistically enhanced differentiation of hPDLCs. It is suggested that this could be a new potential method in gene therapy for periodontal reconstruction.     

牵张力促进BMSCs与VECs共培养体系成骨分化的体外研究

目的：研究牵张力对骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）与血管内皮细胞（VECs）共培养体系成骨分化的作用及相关机制。方法分离培养大鼠原代BMSCs与VECs。应用Flexcell 5000加力系统,分别对BMSCs与VECs共培养组、BMSCs单独培养组和VECs单独培养组施加6%等轴循环牵张力。加力6、12、24和48 h后,利用实时定量PCR检测Runx2和血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)mRNA的表达量,ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液中VEGF的含量,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）半定量检测ALP活性。通过加入VEGF受体抑制剂Tivozanib,观察VEGF的旁分泌作用。采用SAS 8.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果①加力6 h时,共培养体系Runx2 mRNA的表达量上调4.3倍(P<0.05);加力48 h时,ALP活性升高1.5倍(P<0.05)。②加力12 h时,共培养体系VEGF mRNA的表达量上调2倍(P<0.05),上清液中VEGF的含量增加10倍(P<0.05),BMSCs分泌大量VEGF,而VECs分泌极少量VEGF。③加入Tivozanib后,共培养组Runx2的表达量下调90%(P<0.05),ALP活性下调48%(P<0.05);而 BMSCs单独培养组Runx2的表达量和ALP活性分别下降30%和18%。结论牵张力促进BMSCs与VECs共培养体系中BMSCs的成骨分化,这种作用可能通过牵张应力诱导BMSCs分泌的VEGF以旁分泌方式由VECs作用于BMSCs来实现。     

Neuropilin Controls Endothelial Differentiation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells From the Periodontal Ligament

Background: Periodontal ligament (PDL) has been reported to be a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).New vascular networks from undifferentiated cells are essential for repair/regeneration of specialized tissues, including PDL. The current study aims to determine potential of CD105⁺‐enriched cell subsets of periodontal ligament cells (PDLSCs) to differentiate into endothelial cell (EC)‐like cells and to give insights into the mechanism involved. Methods: CD105⁺‐enriched PDLSCs were induced to EC differentiation by endothelial growth medium 2 (EGM‐2) for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, with mRNA/protein levels and functional activity assessed by: 1) real‐time polymerase chain reaction; 2) Western blotting; 3) fluorescence‐activated cell sorting; 4) immunohistochemistry; 5) immunofluorescence; 6) matrigel; and 7) small interfering RNA assays. Results: Data analyses demonstrated that EGM‐2 treated PDLSCs presented increased expression of EC markers, including: 1) CD105; 2) kinase domain‐containing receptor; and 3) Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, and were able to form cord/tube‐like structures. Gene and protein expression analysis showed that neuropilin 2 (NRP2), a key factor for vascular development, was significantly downregulated during EC differentiation. NRP2 was constitutively expressed in mouse PDL tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis, and NRP2 knockdown in CD105⁺‐enriched PDLSCs resulted in increased cord/tube‐like structures in a matrigel assay. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated the potential of CD105⁺‐enriched PDLSCs to support angiogenesis, and NRP2 as a pivotal factor regulating this process.