Bonding durability of using self-etching primer with 4-META/ MMA-TBB resin cement to bond orthodontic brackets

This study determines the bonding durability when a self-etching primer is used with Superbond C&B (a 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride/methyl methacrylate-tri-n-butyl borane resin) to bond orthodontic brackets to enamel. Thermocycling test was used to assess bonding durability. Metal brackets were bonded to the phosphoric acid-etched or Megabond self-etching primer-treated enamel surface of human premolars using Superbond C&B. The shear bond strengths were measured after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours or after 2000 or 5000 cycles of thermocycling between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference test for multiple comparisons. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength between phosphoric acid and Megabond self-etching primer treatment before the thermocycling test. After 2000 and 5000 thermal cycles, significant decreases in shear bond strength were observed with phosphoric acid etching. On the contrary, no significant differences in shear bond strength were observed after 2000 and 5000 thermal cycles with Megabond self-etching primer. The adhesive remnant indices were not significantly different between phosphoric acid etching and Megabond self-etching primer treatment either before or after thermal cycles. This study suggested that when used with Superbond C&B in bonding orthodontic brackets, Megabond self-etching primer is superior to phosphoric acid as an enamel preparation agent in providing durable bond strength.     

Bonding durability between orthodontic brackets and human enamel treated with megabond self-etching primer using 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cement

The purpose of this study was to determine the bonding durability when a Megabond self-etching primer is used with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to bond metal orthodontic brackets to human premolar enamel. Three conditions of enamel were prepared: Megabond self-etching primer without saliva contamination, Megabond self-etching primer with saliva contamination, and repeat Megabond self-etching priming after saliva contamination. Shear bond strengths were measured after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, or after 2000 or 5000 cycles of thermal cycling between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength among the three groups not only before thermal cycling, but also after thermal cycling. FE-SEM observation revealed the presence of saliva and reduced amount of resin tag formation after saliva contamination. The present study provided the evidence in human teeth that when using 4-META/MMA-TBB resin, Megabond self-etching primer treatment produced tight bonding even when surface was contaminated with saliva.     

Tensile bond strength of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to ground bovine enamel using a self-etching primer

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of self-etching primer in adhering 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to bovine enamel. In this study, we designed an original self-etching primer which contained an aqueous mixture of 4-MET, 35 wt% HEMA, and ferric chloride. The polished bovine enamel surface was treated with self-etching primer for 30 seconds. Tensile bond strength of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to enamel was measured after 1-day immersion in water at 37 degrees C. The self-etching primer containing 30 wt% 4-MET and 35 wt% HEMA (4MET30) gave a significantly higher bond strength of 11.2+/-2.8 MPa than other self-etching primers. The addition of ferric chloride into 4MET30 primer significantly decreased tensile bond strength. SEM observation revealed that 4MET30 treatment produced no distinct dissolution on enamel. When compared with phosphoric acid etching, the self-etching primer containing 30 wt% 4-MET and 35 wt% HEMA was more superior in adhering 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to enamel.     

唾液污染对运用自酸蚀粘接系统托槽/牙面剪切强度的影响

目的 :评价唾液污染对运用自酸蚀粘接系统托槽 /牙面剪切强度的影响。方法 :根据牙面不同污染情况分为 4组 :A组 :牙面清洁干燥 ;B组 :牙面在涂布酸性封闭剂之前受唾液污染 ;C组 :牙面在涂布封闭剂之后受唾液污染 ;D组 :牙面在封闭剂涂布前后均受唾液污染。所有样本均用光固化粘接剂 (TransbondXT 3M )粘接托槽。粘接 0 .5h后比较 4组的剪切强度及粘接剂残留指数 (ARI)。结果 :4组剪切强度存在显著性差异 (F =11.89,P <0 .0 5 )。D组剪切强度 (4 .62 86± 1.6883MPa)明显低于A组 (8.75 48± 1.915 3MPa) ,B组 (7.895 1± 1.9692MPa)和C组 (6.90 10± 1.5 162MPa)。B组和C组虽有所下降 ,但仍在临床可接受范围之内。 4组粘接剂残留指数比较无显著性差异。结论 :即使在轻微污染的环境中 (牙面在封闭剂涂布之前或之后受唾液污染 ) ,自酸蚀封闭剂也能进行有效的粘接。     

Bonding and debonding characteristics of orthodontic brackets to human enamel using modified 4-META/MMA-TBB resin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified 4-META/MMA-TBB resin for debonding orthodontic brackets to enamel in terms of easy and safe debonding without loss of adequate bracket bond strength. A mixture of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and calcium fluoride (CaF₂) (1:1, w/w) was added to the polymer powder of 4-META/MMA-TBB resin. Human enamel was etched with phosphoric acid or treated with self-etching primer, and then the modified resin was applied to the treated enamel for bonding with orthodontic brackets. The shear bond strength was measured before and after the specimens were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles between 5 °C and 55 °C. Using TCP/CaF₂-modified resins, the shear bond strength decreased significantly after thermal cycling in phosphoric acid etched specimens but did not change significantly after thermal cycling in self-etching primed specimens. Moreover, in the self-etching primed specimens, no significant differences in shear bond strength were detected among the different TCP/CaF₂-modified resins after thermal cycling. Phosphoric acid etched specimens showed enamel fracture upon debonding of orthodontic bracket. On the contrary, no enamel fracture was recognized in self-etching primed specimens. The addition of TCP/CaF₂ tended to be associated with more residual resin on the tooth surface after debonding, which suggests a lower risk of enamel fracture. TCP/CaF₂-modified resin used with self-etching primer appears to allow easy and safe debonding of orthodontic brackets without loss of adequate bracket bond strength.     

The effect of saliva contamination on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets when using a self-etch primer

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of saliva contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, at various stages of the bonding procedure using a new self-etch primer. Brackets were bonded to 52 extracted human molars according to one of the following four protocols. Group I (uncontaminated control): A self-etch acidic primer, Angel I (3M/ESPE Minneapolis, Minn) was placed on the enamel for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. Precoated brackets APC II (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were then placed on the teeth and light cured for 20 seconds. Group II: The enamel surface was first contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The bonding procedure was then repeated as in group I. Group III: The self-etch primer was applied for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. The surface was then contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I and II. Group IV: The enamel surface was contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The self-etch primer was applied. The surface was then re-contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air-syringe for five seconds. The precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I, II, and III. The results of the analysis of variance (F = 4.79) indicated that the shear bond strengths of the four groups were significantly different (P = .005). Tukey HSD tests indicated that contamination both before and after the application of the acid-etch primer resulted in a significantly lower (=1.7+/-1.4 MPa) shear bond strength than either the control group (=6.0+/-3.5 MPa) or the groups where contamination occurred either before (=4.8+/-3.3 MPa) or after (=4.8+/-3.3 MPa) the application of the primer. The new acid-etch primer can maintain adequate shear bond strength if contamination occurs either before or after the application of the primer. On the other hand, contamination both before and after the application of the primer significantly reduced the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.     

Effect of a self-etching primer containing 4-META and sodium sulfite after phosphoric acid etching on bonding strength of MMA-TBB resin to human enamel

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength and durability of MMA-TBB resin to human enamel applied a self-etching primer with phosphoric acid etching.

Effect of thermal cycling on shear bond strength with different types of self-etching primer for bonding orthodontic brackets using a MMA-based resin

The purpose of this study was to determine the bonding durability when orthodontic bracket was bonded to human enamel using a MMA-based resin (Multibond) with two types of commercially available self-etching primer - Multibond and Megabond. Multibond primer contained a polymerization initiator, but Megabond primer did not. No significant differences in shear bond strength were observed between Multibond and Megabond primers after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours (before thermal cycling). Multibond primer produced no significant decrease in shear bond strength after 2000 and 5000 thermo-cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. On the contrary, Megabond primer showed significant decrease in shear bond strength after thermal cycling. The present study suggested that if Multibond resin were to be used for bonding orthodontic brackets, difference in self-etching primer's components would influence shear bond strength after thermal cycling.     

Effect of saliva contamiination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with a self-etching primer

This study evaluates the effect of saliva contamination at different stages of the bonding brackets procedure using the self-etching primer Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M ESPE, Minneapolis, Minn) and the resin orthodontic adhesive system Transbond XT (3M). A total of 70 brackets were bonded to human extracted premolars, which were divided into four groups: group 1, uncontaminated (control); group 2, saliva application before priming; group 3, saliva application after priming; and group 4, saliva application before and after priming. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal test machine. The adhesive remnant on the tooth after debonding was determined using image analysis equipment. Significant differences were only observed between group 1 (12.42 +/- 3.27) and groups 2 (9.93 +/- 4.50) and 4 (9.59 +/- 2.92) (P < .05). Concerning the adhesive remnant, no significant differences were found between the groups evaluated (P > .05).     

Bonding ability of 4-META self-etching primer used with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to enamel and dentine: Primary vs permanent teeth

Objectives

The present study compared the efficacies of the self-etching Teeth Primer (TP: 4-META), and the etchants Red Activator (RA; 65% phosphoric acid) and Green Activator (GA; 10% citric acid with 3% ferric chloride), for bonding to enamel and dentine of human primary and permanent teeth, when used with 4-META/MMA-TBB resin (Bondfill SB).

Methods

Forty-eight non-carious primary canines and third molars were used. Eight groups were prepared: Group 1 (primary enamel with RA), Group 2 (permanent enamel with RA), Group 3 (primary enamel with TP), Group 4 (permanent enamel with TP), Group 5 (primary dentine with GA), Group 6 (permanent dentine with GA), Group 7 (primary dentine with TP) and Group 8 (permanent dentine with TP). Micro-tensile bond strengths (MTBS) were measured and analyzed statistically using ANOVAs and Tukey HSD tests at α = 0.05. Efficacy of etching/priming and the morphology of bonded interfaces were observed with SEM.

Results

Etching/priming efficacy of TP on enamel was low. The MTBS of Group 2 was significantly higher than the other groups (Groups 1, 3 and 4). For dentine, significant differences in MTBS were observed, in the order of Groups 6 > 8 > 7 = 5 (p < 0.05). The MTBSs of permanent dentine were significantly higher than primary dentine. For primary teeth, there was no significant difference in the MTBSs between enamel and dentine, irrespective of primer or etchant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

TP primer/Bondfill SB may be used as an alternative to other adhesive/resin composite systems for bonding to enamel and dentine of primary teeth.     

Assessing the performance of a methyl methacrylate-based resin cement with self-etching primer for bonding orthodontic brackets

Questions over the usefulness of a self-etching primer with resin adhesive in the bonding of orthodontic brackets remain unsolved. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of using Multibond, a new methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based resin cement with self-etching primer, on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets compared with Superbond C&B, which is a well-known MMA-based resin cement containing phosphoric acid etching. Metal or plastic brackets were bonded to etched or self-etching primed bovine teeth using Superbond C&B or Multibond. The shear bond strengths were measured after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's test. The surface appearances of the teeth after phosphoric acid etching or self-etching priming were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Metal brackets bonded with Multibond had a significantly lower shear bond strength than metal brackets bonded with Superbond C&B. No significant differences in shear bond strength were observed between Multibond and Superbond C&B when plastic brackets were bonded to the enamel. The shear bond strength of metal brackets bonded with Multibond was comparable with that of plastic brackets bonded with Superbond C&B. Adhesive remnant index score showed a tendency of more residual resin cement remaining on the teeth when metal brackets were bonded with Multibond. FE-SEM observation revealed less dissolution of the enamel surface resulting from treatment with Multibond self-etching primer as compared with phosphoric acid. Thus, the Multibond system may be a candidate for bonding orthodontic brackets with the advantage of minimizing enamel loss.     

自酸蚀偶联剂不同作用时间对托槽与牙面剪切粘接强度影响的研究

目的测量自酸蚀偶联剂不同作用时间下托槽与牙面间剪切粘接强度,以探讨正畸临床上运用自酸蚀偶联剂粘接托槽的最佳作用时间.方法选择48颗正畸减数的恒双尖牙,随机分为四组,自酸蚀偶联剂作用时间分别为5秒、15秒、30秒和60秒.所有样本均用光固化粘接剂粘接托槽.半小时后测量四组的剪切粘接强度(Shear bond strength,SBS)及粘接剂残留指数(Adhesive remnant index,ARI),并通过扫描电子显微镜观察树脂-牙釉质界面形态学改变.结果四组托槽与牙面平均剪切粘接强度范围5.1609 Mpa～5.5146 Mpa,组间剪切粘接强度无显著性差异(p＞0.05);ARI评分表明自酸蚀偶联剂作用时间为60秒时,牙面上残留的粘接剂明显多于其他三组;电镜观察结果显示随着自酸蚀偶联剂作用时间的延长,树脂突的形态更规则,结构更致密.结论自酸蚀偶联剂作用时间在5～60秒范围内较厂家推荐时间延长或缩短均不会影响其剪切粘接强度.     

Effect of using self-etching primer for bonding orthodontic brackets

Questions over the use of self-etching primers with composite resin adhesives in the bonding of orthodontic brackets remain unsolved. In addition, there are no previous reports on the efficacy of self-etching primers with resin-modified glass ionomer cements for bonding orthodontic brackets in orthodontic dentistry. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of four protocols: (1) a composite resin adhesive used with 40% phosphoric acid, (2) the same composite resin used with Megabond self-etching primer, (3) a resin-modified glass ionomer cement adhesive used with 10% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner, and (4) the same resin-modified glass ionomer cement used with Megabond self-etching primer. The appearance of the tooth surfaces after acid etching or priming was observed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). When used with resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Megabond self-etching primer gave no significantly different shear bond strength compared with polyacrylic acid etching. But when used with composite resin adhesive, Megabond self-etching primer gave significantly lower shear bond strength than phosphoric acid etching. However, the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with composite resin adhesive after Megabond priming was almost the same as that of brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement after polyacrylic acid etching. FE-SEM observation revealed that Megabond self-etching primer produced less dissolution of enamel surface than did phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid etching. Megabond self-etching primer may be a candidate for bonding orthodontic brackets using the resin-modified glass ionomer cement for minimizing the amount of enamel loss.     

Fluoride-releasing adhesive and antimicrobial self-etching primer effects on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the combination of a new antimicrobial primer and a fluoride-releasing adhesive will affect the shear bond strength (SBS) and the bracket/adhesive failure mode. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 extracted human teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 40 specimens each (20 incisors, 20 premolars). Transbond XT was used in group 1, a fluoride-releasing adhesive (Kurasper F) was used in group 2, and a new antimicrobial self-etching primer (Clearfil Protect Bond) was applied in combination with Kurasper F in group 3. A universal testing machine was used to determine the SBS, and the adhesive remaining after debonding was assessed. RESULTS: No enamel fractures were detected in any of the specimens. SBS values for incisors and premolars were 11.40 +/- 4.65 MPa and 10.37 +/- 3.36 MPa in group 1, 14.50 +/- 4.22 MPa and 13.06 +/- 5.13 MPa in group 2, and 14.79 +/- 4.10 MPa and 14.60 +/- 3.55 MPa in group 3. Statistically significant difference (P = .001) was found in the premolars in group 3 revealing the highest mean SBS. Significantly lower adhesive remnant index (ARI) values (median ARI value of 1) were detected in group 3 when compared with groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the acceptable bond strength and the mode of failure, the combination of the new antimicrobial primer with the fluoride-releasing adhesive is recommended for clinical use.     

Effects of self-etching primer on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets at different debond times

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a self-etching primer on shear bond strengths (SBS) at the different debond times of 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes and 24 hours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Brackets were bonded to human premolars with different etching protocols. In the control group (conventional method [CM]) teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. In the study group, a self-etching primer (SEP; Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) was applied as recommended by the manufacturer. Brackets were bonded with light-cure adhesive paste (Transbond XT; 3M Unitek) and light-cured for 20 seconds in both groups. The shear bond test was performed at the different debond times of 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes and 24 hours. RESULTS: Lowest SBS was attained with a debond time of 5 minutes for the CM group (9.51 MPa) and the SEP group (8.97 MPa). Highest SBS was obtained with a debond time of 24 hours for the CM group (16.82 MPa) and the SEP group (19.11 MPa). Statistically significant differences between the two groups were not observed for debond times of 5, 15, 30, or 60 minutes. However, the SBS values obtained at 24 hours were significantly different (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Adequate SBS was obtained with self-etching primer during the first 60 minutes (5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes) when compared with the conventional method. It is reliable to load the bracket 5 minutes after bonding using self-etching primer (Transbond Plus) with the light-cure adhesive (Transbond XT).     

The effect of several dentin desensitizers on shear bond strength of adhesive resin luting cement using self-etching primer

Objectives

Dentin desensitizers can inhibit the bonding between dentin and resin cements. This study examined the effect of the previous application of desensitizers on the shear bond strength of one resin cement using self-etching primer to dentin.

Materials and methods

One hundred and twenty-five dentin exposed teeth were randomly assigned to four experimental groups and one control group of 25 teeth each. Four dentin desensitizers were applied to the four experimental groups, respectively. The dentin desensitizers used were SuperSeal^® (Phoenix Dental, Inc., USA), MS-Coat^® (Sun Medical Co. Ltd, Japan), Gluma^® (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), and Copalite Varnish^® (Cooley &; Cooley Ltd, USA). Panavia F (Kuraray Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was attached to the top of each experimental and control group teeth using an Ultradent testing jig (Ultradent Product, Inc., Utah, USA), and the shear bond strength was measured using a Universal testing machine (Model 6022, Instron Co., Canton, MA, USA). The tooth surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JSM-T2000, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).

Results

The control group showed the greatest shear bond strength (14.74 MPa) followed by SuperSeal^® (12.33 MPa), Gluma^® (5.28 MPa), MS-Coat^® (4.44 MPa) and Copalite Varnish™ (3.14 MPa). There was no significant difference in shear bond strength between the control group and the experimental group treated with Superseal^®. The shear bond strength in the other experimental groups treated with Gluma^®, Varnish^®, and MS-Coat^® was similar to each other but significantly lower than control or Superseal^®. SEM showed revealed resin tags in most of the dentinal tubules in the experimental group treated with the Superseal^®.

Conclusion

Among the four dentin desensitizers, Superseal^® was the only one that did not interfere with the process of resin bonding. The other dentin desensitizers that contained a resin ingredient interfered with resin retention.