2009年青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果,为防治工作提供依据。方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样方法选择6个监测县,每个县根据历史资料将病区村分成轻、中、重3个类型,每个类型抽取1个病区村作为监测村。在已改水病区村采集出厂水1份和末梢水3份,在未改水病区村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750--2006)。对监测村全部8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法。对监测村全部16岁以上常住人口进行临床氟骨症检查,选择其中2个村,对有临床氟骨症症状的成人进行X线氟骨症检查,氟骨症诊断采用地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2008)。每个监测村采集儿童尿样30份、成人尿样20份,采用尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-2006)检测尿氟。结果 6个县18个病区村中,14个村已落实改水项目,改水率为77.78％(14/18),其中5个改水工程供水正常、9个间歇供水;共检测水样75份,水氟均值为0.48 mg/L。8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为31.95％(285/892);16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为36.55％(1570/4295),X线氟骨症检出率为25.64％(20/78)。共检测儿童尿样571份,尿氟几何均数为1.04 mg/L;共检测成人尿样370份,尿氟几何均数为1.52 mg/L。结论 青海省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,改水防氟措施应进一步加强和完善。     

青海省贵德县饮水型氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 掌握青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒防治现状及改水降氟工程修建、使用情况,为深入开展氟中毒的防治提供科学依据.方法 在2005年,对贵德县未改水病区村进行普查,并对病区村及周边非病区村进行高氟水源筛查,每个村按东、西、南、北、中五个方位采集居民户家中饮用水水样;对已改水病村,进行工程运转状况调查、采集全部水源水、末梢水进行改水工程质量监测,水氟测定采用<地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法>.在2008年,按改水前水含氟量,将贵德县氟中毒病区村按轻、中、重分类,分别抽取其中1、1、3个村作为调查村,采用Dean法对调查村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,每个年龄段抽检尿样6份,尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;对调查村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,在中、重病区村,每村按年龄抽取20人(男女各半)进行X线氟骨症检查.结果 共对85个村进行了高氟水源筛查,其中有3个村饮水含氟量超过国家饮用水标准(<1.0 mg/L);在16个改水降氟工程中,有8个间歇供水,3个报废,工程正常使用率仅为31.25%.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为41.13%(116/282);尿氟中位数为1.06 mg/L,范围为0.20～9.44 mg/L;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为47.95%(969/2021),X线氟骨症检出率为20.73%(17/82).结论 青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病区大部分改水工程供水不正常,病情有回升趋势,地方性氟中毒防治的重点应放在保证改水降氟工程的正常使用上.     

2008年福建省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区监测结果分析

目的了解福建省地方性氟中毒轻、中病区现状。方法按照分层整群抽样的原则,抽取轻病区村6个,中病区村4个作为调查点,每个调查点测定饮用水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和尿氟、对16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查和X线检查。结果10个病区村饮水氟均值均低于1.0 mg/L,9个村儿童氟斑牙低于30%,10个病区村儿童尿氟几何均数均未超过1.4 mg/L。临床氟骨症检出率4.42%,X线氟骨症检出率19.82%。结论饮水型氟中毒实施改水措施效果显著,临床与X线氟骨症诊断标准的衔接还有待于进一步探讨。     

2007年青海省地方性氟中毒国家监测点监测报告

目的 掌握青海省地方性氟中毒病区改水降氟措施落实进度和病情现状及发展趋势,为政府部门制订防治措施提供依据.方法 在青海省互助县普查改水防氟工程使用情况,同时以互助县蔡家堡乡岩崖村作为监测点,检测该村生活饮用水,8-12岁儿童及16岁以上成人氟斑牙和尿氟,成人临床及X线氟骨症.水氟和尿氟测定采用氟离子电极法,氟斑牙诊断用Dean法,氟骨症诊断按国标(GB 16396-1996,WS 192-1999)进行.结果 互助县有60个病区村,其中有36个村实施了改水,改水率为60%.监测点岩崖村水氟均值为1.25 mg/L(国家标准＜0.05 mg/L),儿童氟斑牙检出率为90.20%(46/51),成人为88.89%(48/54),儿童氟斑牙指数为1.77,成人为2.95,儿童尿氟几何均数为2.27 mg/L,成人为2.00 mg/L,成人氟骨症临床检出53例,检出率为98.15%(53/54),X线检出10例,检出率为18.87%(10/53).结论 青海省地方性氟中毒病情重,降氟措施落实缓慢.     

辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区病情调查

目的掌握辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行现况,评价改水措施的防病效果。方法按病区分层抽取的85个病区村进行8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、16岁以上成人临床氟骨症的普查,采集饮用水和儿童尿样进行氟含量的检测。结果抽样病区8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.74%,尿氟几何均值0.97 mg/L。8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率重病区高于中病区,中病区高于轻病区,未改水病区儿童尿氟水平明显高于改水病区。16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为4.98%,随着年龄的增长氟骨症检出率逐渐升高。结论地方性氟中毒病情随着病区水氟含量的增高而逐渐加重。     

2006年广西地方性氟中毒防治项目调查结果分析

目的 了解广西地方性氟中毒病区分布和改水降氟工程现状,掌握广西地方性氟中毒病情状况.方法 2006年按照国家(2005年中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金地方病防治项目技术实施方案>,对广西地方性氟中毒分布地区和改水降氟工程进行水氟监测和病情调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙采用Dean诊断分度法检查,氟骨症按全国氟骨症临床分度诊断标准判定.结果 共筛查了61个村屯305份水样,超标71份,超标率为23.28%.检测了8处降氟改水工程,除1处工程报废外,其余工程水氟均未超标.调查了8～12岁儿童2627人,检出氟斑牙356人,检出率为13.55%;调查16岁以上成人1615人,检出Ⅱ度以上氟骨症患者65人,检出率为4.02%.结论 广西地方性氟中毒防治形势仍然十分严峻,须进一步加强改水降氟等防治措施.     

2009年山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状调查

目的 调查山东省鲁南地区地方性氟中毒流行现状,为氟中毒防治工作提供依据.方法 2009年,根据山东省地方性氟中毒病区分布现状,按照“山东省地方性氟中毒防治项目技术方案”的要求,在山东省的鲁南地区,选择临沂市的河东、兰山,枣庄市的台儿庄,济宁市的任城、金乡、鱼台、嘉祥、梁山,菏泽市的曹县、牡丹、单县、巨野、郓城,共13个县(区)为监测县(区).在各监测县(区),按氟中毒病情分为轻、中、重三层,每层抽取1个病区村作为调查点.调查内容为饮水含氟量、儿童氟斑牙与成人临床氟骨症患病情况及人群尿氟水平.水、尿氟检测采用氟离子选择电极法;8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;成人氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008).结果 在13个县(区)的39个村,有改水后供水正常村26个,未改水或改水后水井报废村13个.检查水样172份,含氟量超过国家标准(＞ 1.0 mg/L)的有74份,其中51份来自13个未改水村,23份来自6个供水正常村,水氟超标率为43.02％.水氟＞2.0 ～ 4.0 mg/L的水样有24份,＞4.0mg/L的有3份,水氟最大值为7.76 mg/L.检测尿样1882份,其中儿童1118份,成人764份,尿氟几何均数分别为1.82、1.98 mg/L.对1908名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙检出率为45.18％(862/1908),牙齿缺损率为9.12％(174/1908),氟斑牙指数为1.07.调查25 296名成人,临床氟骨症检出率为5.96％(1509/25296),其中检出中、重度病例670例.结论 山东省鲁南地区水氟超标仍较严重,以未改水病村(包括改水后报废病村)为主;尿氟水平仍维持在较高水平,氟斑牙与氟骨症仍存在一定程度流行,高氟危害依然在一定范围存在.应尽快落实科学有效的改水降氟措施,控制氟中毒的流行.     

2010年山西省忻州市饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握忻州市饮水型氟中毒流行现况,评价改水降氟防治效果,为开展病情监测和制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 将忻州市按照水氟浓度和病区类型分层后,抽取25个病区村作为调查点.在未改水降氟调查村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,已改水降氟调查村分别抽取3份居民户末梢水样和1份水源水样,测定水氟.水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006).对调查村所有8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.对调查村所有16周岁以上人群进行临床氟骨症患病情况检查.抽取调查村中8个村,每村抽取男、女各10人,进行X线氟骨症检查.氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS/T 192-2007).抽取调查村中13个村的8～ 12岁儿童,每个年龄段采集6人份尿样,共30人份,采用氟离子选择电极法( WS/T 89-2006)测定尿氟.结果 未改水村检测水样56份,水氟均值为2.7 mg/L;已改水村检测水样52份,水氟均值为1.6 mg/L;其中水源水氟＞1.5mg/L的占46.15％(6/13).儿童氟斑牙检出率未改水村为74.75％(622/832),已改水村为23.67％(241/1018),未改水村与已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=140,P＜ 0.01).未改水村氟骨症检出率为30.02％(2803/9335),已改水村为9.44％(1230/13 022),二者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=1557.75,P＜0.01).儿童尿氟几何均数(G)为3.31mg/L,未改水村与已改水村儿童尿氟比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.27,P＜0.05).结论 忻州市饮水型氟中毒病区通过改水降氟病情得到一定控制,但局部病区病情还很严重,部分改水村水氟回升,病情也有上升趋势,须加大监测防治工作力度.     

吉林省2001～2005年地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的系统地掌握全省地方性氟中毒防治现状，为防治工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，在全省14个病区县的轻、中、重病区抽取有代表性的屯作为监测点；用氟离子电极法检测监测点居民水氟含量和8～12岁儿童尿氟；采用Dean氏法调查监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率。结果改水监测点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙平均检出率达到病区控制标准。有13个改水监测点儿童尿氟达到≤1．5mg／L的控制标准。改水病区氟骨症患病率明显低于未改水病区（X^2=119．61，P〈0．05）。结论改水病区8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙检出率、平均尿氟水平及成人氟骨症患病率均得到较好控制，未改水病区氟中毒病情仍较严重，需加大改水力度，控制氟源，预防地方性氟中毒的发生发展。     

武山县饮水型地方性氟中毒防治监测结果与分析

目的了解甘肃省武山县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样法,对抽取的病区村进行地方性氟中毒有关指标调查,8-12岁儿童氟斑牙采用Deans分度诊断;水氟测定采用生活饮用水标准检验方法（GB/T5750.6）,尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法（WS/T89-1996）;临床和X线氟骨症诊断采用地方性氟骨症诊断标准（WS 192-1999）。结果改水后84.62%水样水氟含量符合国家饮用水标准（≤1.0 mg/L）;8-12岁儿童尿氟均值0.90 mg/L,8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率平均为29.17%,氟斑牙指数0.19;临床氟骨症检出率23.65%,成人尿氟均值2.67 mg/L。结论武山县以改水为主的综合性防治措施取得了良好的防治成效,改换水源是预防饮水型地氟病最有效的方法。     

2009年青海省湟源县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省湟源县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情变化和防治措施落实效果.方法 2009年将湟源县所有地方性氟中毒病区村按改水前水含氟量分为轻、中两类,分别抽取1、2个病区村作为监测点,共抽取3个监测村;每村采集出厂水和末梢水水样进行水氟测定;对监测村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄组采集儿童尿样进行尿氟测定;对监测村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,并采集20人份的尿样,检测尿氟;在3个监测村中选择1个村进行X线氟骨症检查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996),氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS 192-2008).结果 共检测12份水样,水氟为(0.35 ±0.43)mg/L.共检查8～12岁儿童122名,氟斑牙检出率为34.43%(42/122);检测96例儿童尿样,尿氟几何均数为0.89 mg/L.对834名16岁及以上成人进行氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为47.72%(398/834):检测65例成人尿样,尿氟几何均数为1.10 mg/L;对甘沟村35名成人进行了X线氟骨症检查,检出率为31.4%(11/35).结论 湟源县的3个监测村饮用水含氟量正常,但氟中毒病情仍然很严重,应密切监测,分析原因,改进防治措施.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence change of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis and the effect of control measures implemented in Huangyuan county of Qinghai province. Methods In 2009, all the endemic fluorosis villages in Huangyuan county were divided into two degrees, light and medium, according to the water fluorosis content before implementing the improving water project, 1 to 2 villages were selected from each degree village, respectively,as monitoring sites, and a total of 3 villages were selected. Source water and tap water samples were collected from each village and water fluoride concentration was determined. Dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 of monitoring villages was examined, and urine samples were collected by age group of children for determination of urinary fluoride. Clinical skeletal fluorosis of adults over 16 years of age was examined, and 20 copies of adults urine samples were collected to determine urinary fluoride. One village was selected in the 3 villages monitored to conduct X-rays examination of skeletal fluorosis. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Non-metallic Targets Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.6-2006); urinary fluoride was tested by fluoride ion-selective electrode method (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean method;adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2008). Results Twelve water samples were assayed, water fluoride was (0.35 ± 0.43) mg/L. The detectable rate of dental fluorosis of 122 children aged 8-12 was 34.43%(42/122) and the geometric mean urinary fluoride was 0.89 mg/L of the 96 children. Of the 834 adults aged 16 and over, clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 47.72% (398/836) and geometric mean urinary fluoride was 1.10 mg/L of the 65 cases of adult urine samples assayed, detection rate of X-rays was 31.4% (11/35) in Gangou village of the 35 adults examined.Conclusions In Huangyuan county, water fluoride of the 3 surveyed villages are normal but the endemic fluorosis is still serious. It should strengthen monitoring and analyze the causes and improve prevention measures.     

2009年河北省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的 了解饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态和评价防治措施的落实效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 2009年,采用单纯随机抽样的方法,在河北省饮水型氟中毒病区县中抽取38个县(市、区),采用系统抽样方法,将各病区县所有病区村分成轻、中、重3类,从每类病区村中各抽取1个病区村,对全部病区村进行水氟监测;调查病区村全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况,从每个年龄段选择6人,检测尿氟;对各病区村全部16岁以上常住人口开展临床氟骨症检查,并检测20人份(男、女各半)尿氟.结果 共调查112个病区村,其中改水村66个,未改水村46个.采集改水工程水样236份,水氟范围为0.1～4.3 mg/L,有20个工程水氟＞1.2 mg/L,占总数的33.3%(20/60);采集未改水村水样230份,水氟范围为0.2～4.6 mg/L,水氟＞1.2 mg/L的水源数占总数的76.1%(35/46).共对5169名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙患病情况调查,氟斑牙检出率为36.43%(1883/5169),氟斑牙指数为0.81.调查16岁以上成人71 497人,临床氟骨症检出率为4.81%(3438/71 497),中度以上临床氟骨症检出率为1.56%(1114/71 497).分别测定了2876和2021份儿童和成人尿氟,几何均数分别为2.30、3.32 mg/L.结论 水氟＜1.2 mg/L的已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率均在30%以下,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症检出率随着改水时间的延长呈现逐渐下降的趋势.未改水病区,儿童氟斑牙检出率和成人临床氟骨症病情随水氟升高而上升.河北省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,应该加快改水降氟进度并提高改水工程合格率.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the status of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis and the effect of preventive measure in Hebei province, so as to provide a basis to prevent and cure the disease. Methods Thirtyeight affected counties(cities, districts) with drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis were sampled by random sampling in Hebei in 2009. All affected villages in every county were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. Dental fluorosis of children aged 8 - 12 were examined and 6 copies of urine samples were randomly collected in each age group in the above-mentioned villages. Clinical skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed among adults aged 16 and over and 20 copies of urine samples were tested for fluorosis in every village.Results A total of 112 affected villages were investigated, among which the drinking water quality of 66 villages were improved and 46 villages were not improved. A total of 236 copies of water samples from the 66 villages were measured and the fluoride content ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 mg/L, among which 20 copies of water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L, accounting for 33.3%. A total of 230 copies of water samples were collected in the 46 villages and the fluoride content ranged from 0.2 to 4.6 mg/L, among which 76.1% (35/46) of the water samples exceeded the fluorine standard of 1.2 mg/L. A total of 5169 children aged 8 - 12 were examined of dental fluorosis, the dental fluorosis rate was 36.43%(1883/5169) and the dental fluorosis index was 0.81. A sum of 71 497 adults aged over 16 years were examined, and the rate of skeletal fluorosis was 4.81%(3438/71 497), moderate or severe clinical detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 1.56%( 1114/71 497). A total of 2876 copies of children urine samples and 2021 copies of adult urine samples were tested and the geometric mean of fluoride content was 2.30,3.32 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of dental fluorosis of children in the areas with improved water is less than 30% and the rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis decline gradually with time.The rate of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis increases with the increase of water fluoride in the water quality not improved areas. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious in Hebei. The progress of improving water quality in the areas with endemic fluorosis should be accelerated and the acceptability of improved water should be enhanced.     

2008年青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病情与流行状况,进一步做好氟中毒监测防控工作.方法 2008年,选择贵德县大磨、温泉、保宁村(已改水村)和太平村(未改水村),分别采集枯水期和丰水期末梢水样各1份,按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法>(GB/T 5750.5-2006)检测水氟;对全部8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,每个年龄组抽检6人采集尿样,用氟离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟;按照<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2008),对16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,每个村抽取男女各10人,进行氟骨症X线诊断.结果 大磨、温泉、太平、保宁4个村水氟均值分别为0.58、0.38、2.28、0.57 mg/L,其中太平村水氟均值超过国家生活饮用水卫生标准(1.0 mg/L).共检查8～12岁儿童193人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为49.74%(96/193);共检测儿童尿样116份,尿氟中位数为1.49 mg/L.共检查16岁以上成人1503人,临床氟骨症检出率为51.63%(776/1503);共对82人进行X线拍片,X线氟骨症检出率为20.73%(17/82),X线表现以关节退行性改变及骨间膜骨化为主.结论 贵德县儿童氟斑牙和成人临床氟骨症检出率较高,氟中毒流行较重,防治形势刻不容缓.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence of endemic fluorosis in Guide county of Qinghai province, in order to provide appropriate measures to monitor and control the disease. Methods Damo, Wenquan, Baoning villages(water source has been changed) and Taiping village(water source has not been changed) in Guide county were involved in the study in 2008. One tap water sample was collected in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Water fluoride was tested in accordance with the "Standard Test Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.5-2006); of all the children aged 8 to 12, dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Dean criteria; 6 copies of urine samples were collected in each age group, urinary fluoride was measured using fluoride ion-selective electrode (WS/T 89-1996). According to the "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis "(WS 192-2008), clinical skeletal fluorosis was determined in adults over the age of 16 by X-ray examination for 10 people in each selected village. Results The mean water fluoride was 0.58,0.38,2.28,0.37 mg/L in Damo, Wenquan, Taiping, and Baoning villages, respectively, and that of Taiping village exceeded the national standard(1.0 mg/L). One hundred and ninety-three children aged 8-12 were checked, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 49.74% (96/193); urine samples of 116 children were tested, median urinary fluoride was 1.49 mg/L A total of 1503 adults over the age of 16 were examined, the clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 51.63%(776/1503); a total of 82 people were X-rayed, X-ray detection of skeletal fluorosis was 20.73%(17/82). The characteristic of X-rays were degeneration and ossification of interosseous membrane. Conclusions Prevalence of dental fluorosis of children and adult clinical skeletal fluorosis are higher. The endemic fluorosis is still comparatively serious. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

2008年江苏省苏北地区饮水型地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 掌握江苏省苏北地区饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病情及降氟改水工程使用情况.为进一步开展地氟病的防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2008年,在徐州、连云港、宿迁市的10个饮水型地氟病重点县(区),按照以往水氟调查资料,采用分层抽样的方法,抽取40个病区村,对所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查;对所有16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查.在40个病区村中,抽取30%的病区村,每个病区村选择20名16岁以上成人进行X线氟骨症检查,抽取50%病区村,每个村采集30名8～12岁儿童的任意一次尿样 检测尿氟.在每个市,选择1个县,对分层抽样方法抽取剑的病区村的改水工程现状、供水能力及覆盖范围等进行调查.结果 共计对3560名8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,检出率为38.51%(1371/3560).缺损率为5.34%(190/3560),氟斑牙指数为0.8;共抽取708份尿样,尿氟中位数为1.47 mg/L,范围为0.08～10.08 mg/L;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为21.3%(1294/6083),X线氟骨症检出率为39.2%(123/314).共调查了248个集中式改水设施,无经费运行或损坏的有49个,水氟>1.0 mg/L的有18个.结论 江苏省苏北地区饮水型地氟病病情尚未完全控制,并有回升趋势,须进一步加强降氟改水监管力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the state of endemic fluorosis, running status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride in Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis. Methods In 2008, in the ten key counties of endemic fluorosis (zone), in Xuzhou,Lianyungang and Suqian, a stratified sampling method was employed to select 40 diseased villages according to their past water fluoride survey data. All children aged 8 to 12 were examined dental fluorosis, and all adults over 16 years were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis. Thirty per cent of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 20 adults over the age of 16 in each selected village were examined by X-ray, respectively;50% of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 30 any time urine samples of children aged 8 to 12 in each diseased village were tested urine fluoride. In each city, select a county, the status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride, water supply capacity and coverage in the county were investigated. Results A total of 3560 children aged 8 to 12 were examined, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 38.51% (1371/3560), tooth defect rate was 5.34% (190/3560), and dental fluorosis index was 0.8. Seven hundred and eight urine samples were tested, the median urinary fluoride was 1.47 mg/L and the range was 0.08 ~ 10.08 mg/L. Clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 21.3% among adults over the age of 16, and X-ray detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 39.2% (123/314).Investigated a total of 248 facilities of centralized water improvement projects, no funds to run or damaged 49, the water fluoride > 1.0 mg/L was 18. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Northern Jiangsu province has not been controlled completely, but has a rising trend, we should further strengthen the supervision of water fluoride reduction.     

2010年山东省地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法按照国家《2009年地方病防治项目技术实施方案》和《饮水型地方性氟中毒监测方案(试行)》的要求,选择10个县,每个县选择3个村,测定饮用水含氟量,检查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和≥25岁成人氟骨症。水氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean’s法,氟骨症诊断执行地方性氟骨症诊断标准(WS 192-2008)。结果在10个县中,共调查26个已改水村和4个未改水村。在26个已改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村15个,占57.69%;>1.20 mg/L的村11个,占42.31%,水氟最大值为5.58 mg/L。在4个未改水村中,水氟均值≤1.20 mg/L的村1个,占25.00%,>1.20 mg/L的村3个,占75.00%,水氟最大值为2.92 mg/L。检查已改水村8～12岁儿童1 331人,氟斑牙检出率为59.73%,氟斑牙指数为1.17,缺损率为10.14%。检查未改水村8～12岁儿童138人,氟斑牙检出率为51.45%,氟斑牙指数为0.95,缺损率为0.72%。已改水村和未改水村≥25岁成人的氟骨症X线检出率分别为8.80%和3.05%。结论山东省改水降氟工程水氟超标严重,地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效控制,须进一步加大防制力度。     

2009年山东省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2008年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>的要求,在山东省选择34个县为项目县,各项目县将所有病区村按病情的严重程度分为轻、中、重3层,再在每一层各选择1个病区村,进行病情监测.水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,16岁以上成人临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症.结果 在34个县中,调查70个改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村54个,占77.14%(54/70);＞1.00 mg/L的村16个,占22.86%(16/70);水氟最大值为4.46 mg/L.调查32个未改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村9个,占28.12%(9/32);＞1.00mg/L的村23个,占71.88%(23/32),水氟最大值为4.09 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为45.81%(1988/4340),氟斑牙指数为0.97,缺损率为6.91%(300/4340).儿童尿氟在1.40 mg/L以上的人数占55.33%(1417/2657),最高值为18.53 mg/L.16岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为4.25%(2462/57 968)、28.40%(23/81).成人尿氟在1.60 mg/L以上的人数占55.86%(1130/2023),最高值为25.44 mg/L.结论 山东省地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防治形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防治力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", thirty-four counties were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis diagnosed by clinic and X-rays. Results The monitoring was done in 70 water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 54 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 77.14%(54/70), 16 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 22.86%(16/70), the highest water fluoride content was 4.46 mg/L. The monitoring was also carried out in 32 non-water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 9 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 28.12%(9/32), 23 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 71.88% (23/32), the highest water fluoride content was 4.09 mg/L. The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 45.81%(1988/4340), the index of dental fluorosis was 0.97 and the rate of dental damage was 6.91%(300/4340). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 55.33%(1417/2657) of children aged 8 to 12, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fluorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years were 4.25% (2462/57 968) and 28.40%(23/81 ), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found in 55.86% (1130/2023) of adults older than 16 years, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 25.44 mg/L. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province has not yet been effectively controlled,control situation is still grim. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

2006年甘肃省地方性氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 了解甘肃省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区分布和改水降氟工程运行现状.方法 2006年在甘肃省地氟病病区,对未改水村进行水源水氟检测:对已改水村进行降氟改水工程运行情况调查和水氟测定;在已查出的高氟村,对儿童进行氟斑牙和成人氟骨症患病情况调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法,氟骨症诊断执行<地方性氟骨症临床分度诊断>(GB 16396-1996)标准.结果 共调查了26个县、1997个村的不同类型饮用水源,水源水含氟量>1.0 mg/L的村占29.94%(598/1997).共调查各类改水工程1215处.能正常供水的工程占工程总数的94.90%(1153/1215),间歇供水工程和已报废工程分别占工程总数的2.96%(36/1215)和2.14%(26/1215).出厂水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的90.79%(1084/1194),末梢水水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的工程占检测工程数的91.75%(1068/1164).共检查8～12岁儿童86 390人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为22.47%(19 414/86 390).共检查16岁以上成人142 211人,临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为4.20%(5967/142 211).结论 甘肃省少部分病区高氟水源依然存在,降氟改水工程报废和超标现象普遍;部分病区儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症尚在流行,防治任务依然艰巨,应加大改水力度,提高防病改水效益.     

2009年陕西省饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省饮水型氟中毒改水工程运行情况及降氟效果,为饮水型氟中毒防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2009年对陕西省西安、宝鸡和榆林3个市16个县48个自然村进行监测.在未改水村按东、西、南、北、中采集5份水样,在已改水村采集3份末梢水和1份出厂水,用氟化物离子选择电极法(GB/I'5750-2006)检测水氟.对监测村所有在校8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,16岁以上成人全部进行临床氟骨症检查,抽取30%的项目县,每个县选择1个村,对已诊断的临床氟骨症患者进行X线拍片检查,临床和X线氟骨症诊断采用<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2007).每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份、16岁以上成人尿样20份,用<尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法)(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟.结果 22处运行正常的改水工程中,出厂水超标8处,占36.36%(8/22);工程报废5处.共检测水样202份,已改水村出厂水和末梢水水氟中位数分别为0.72、0.62mg/L,水氟超标率分别为36.36%(8/22)、31.94%(23/72);未改水村水氟中位数为1.00 mg/L,水氟超标率为39.81%(43/108).8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.06%(367/2285),氟斑牙指数为0.30,流行程度为阴性;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为5.09%(1542/30 272),共有198人拍摄X线片,阳性68人,检出率为34.34%(68/198).共检测儿童尿样1051份,尿氟几何均数为0.95mg/L;共检测16岁以上成人尿样914份,尿氟几何均数为1.16 mg/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行范围较大,病情程度较为严重,防治任务还很艰巨.进一步加大病区改水力度,加强病情监测、健康教育和改水工程的管理工作是防治地方性氟中毒的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the running conditions of the water improvement projects and the role of these projects in reducing fluoride in drinking-water type of fluorosis in Shaanxi province, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease. Methods Forty-eight villages of 16 counties in Xi'an, Baoji, and Yulin cities of Shaanxi province were monitored in 2009. Five water samples were collected randomly in water unimproved monitoring villages by the position of east, west, south, north, and center parts. In water improved monitoring villages, 3 tap water and one source water samples were collected. Water fluoride was tested using fluoride ion selective electrode method according to the "Standard Testing Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750-2006). All school children aged 8 to 12 in monitored villages were examined their dental fluorosis using Dean criteria. All people over 16 years old were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis, and 30% of the project counties were randomly selected, then randomly selected one village among these counties, clinically diagnosed patients with skeletal fluorosis were examined again by X-ray using "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2007). Urine samples of 30 children aged 8 to 12 and of 20 adults over the age of 16 were randomly collected, urinary fluoride was tested according to "the Determination of Urinary Fluoride by Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-19%). Results Of the 22 water improvement projects that in normal operation, fluoride level of 8 source waters exceeded the standard, accounting for 36.36%(8/22), and projects scrapped 5. Two hundred and two water samples were tested. In water improved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride of source water and tap water were 0.72,0.62 mg/L, respectively, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard ere 36.36%(8/22) and 31.94%(23/72), respectively. In water unimproved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride was 1.00 mg/L, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard was 39.81%(43/108). Detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 16.06% (367/2285), dental fluorosis index was 0.30, and the prevalence was negative. Detection rate of clinical skeletal fluorosis among adults over 16 years old was 5.09%(1542/30 272), a totally of 198 people had X-ray film taken, positive 68, the positive detection rate was 34.34%(68/198). One thousand and fifty-one copies of children's urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 0.95 mg/L; nine hundred and fourteen copies of adults urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.16 mg/L Conclusions Drinking-water type of fluorosis affects a large area in Shaanxi province, the disease is still serious, and the task of prevention remains very arduous. Further intensify the water improvement project in diseased areas, and strengthen disease monitoring, health education and water improvement project management is the key to prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.