薄层色谱扫描法测定三消丹胶囊中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立三消丹胶囊中黄芪甲苷的测定方法.方法:在λS=530 nm,λR=700 nm用薄层色谱扫描法测定黄芪甲苷的含量.结果:黄芪甲苷在 1.07～5.35 μg范围内线性关系良好,(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为 96.1%,RSD=1.9%.结论:该法准确、可靠、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于该制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量测定及质量控制.     

双波长薄层色谱扫描法测定蒲公英总黄酮含量

目的:建立蒲公英中总黄酮的含量测定方法。方法:应用双波长薄层色谱扫描法,以芦丁为对照品,测定波长λs=278nm,参比波长λR=356nm,测定蒲公英中总黄酮的含量。结果:回归方程为Y=873851X+80.593,r=0.999,RSD=2.6%,蒲公英总黄酮含量为4.236%。结论:用该方法测定蒲公英中总黄酮的含量,操作简便,结果可靠,重复性好。     

薄层扫描法测定抗宫炎颗粒中盐酸水苏碱的含量

目的:采用薄层扫描法对抗宫炎颗粒中的盐酸水苏碱进行含量测定.方法:以正丁醇-盐酸-醋酸乙酯(12:4.5:1.5)为展开剂,2次展开.测定波长λS=515 nm,λR=650 nm.结果:本品加样回收率为98.9%,RSD为4.2%.3批样品中盐酸水苏碱含量分别为0.224,0.222,0.265 mg·g-1.结论:方法简便、可靠、实用,可用于该品种的质量控制.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量

目的 建立测定生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素含量的反相高效液相色谱法.方法 采用Phenomenex C18-ODS(250 mmm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水(23∶77),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:275 nm,柱温:30℃.结果 岩白菜素在0.040 8～0.408 μg线性关系良好,(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为98.5％(n=9).结论 该方法操作简便、快速,适用于生地茶止咳合剂中岩白菜素的含量测定.     

薄层扫描法测定视明口服液中黄芩苷含量

目的:建立视明口服液的质量控制方法.方法:采用单波长反射法锯齿形薄层扫描,以乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水(5:3:1:1)为展开剂,检测波长λs=365nm,参比波长λR=275 nm,测定该制剂中黄芩苷含量.结果:黄芩苷线性范围为0.77～1.65μg,回归方程为Y=1 377.6 X 93.5,r=0.999 3,平均加样回收率为97.19%,RSD=1.59%(n=5).结论:该方法准确、简便,适合该制剂中黄芩苷的含量测定.     

薄层扫描法测定结代停片中丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量

应用薄层扫描法测定结代停片中丹参酮ⅡA 的含量。测定波长λs=51 5nm ,λR=60 0nm ,回收率 1 0 3 .6%(n =5) ,RSD =3 .2 % ,为该制剂提供了可行的测定方法     

双波长薄层扫描法测定舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的:建立舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷薄层扫描法测定含量方法.方法:采用双波长薄层法扫描法(λs=530 nm,λR=700nm)进行测定舒心口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量.结果:黄芪甲苷在1.01～8.08 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率=98.46%,RSD=3.89%.结论:该方法简便、结果准确、重现性好,可用于舒心口服液的质量控制.     

薄层扫描法测定视明口服液中黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立视明口服液中黄芩苷测定方法.方法:采用单波长反射法锯齿形薄层扫描,以乙酸乙酯-丁酮-甲酸-水(5∶3∶1∶1)为展开剂,检测波长λs=365nm,参比波长λR=275nm,测定该制剂中黄芩苷的含量.结果:线性范围0.77～1.65μg,Y=1377.6x+93.5,r=0.9993,平均加样回收率为97.19%,RSD=1.59%(n=5).结论:本法准确简便,适合该制剂中黄芩苷含量测定.     

薄层扫描法测定金不换药材中延胡索乙素的含量

目的:测定金不换药材中延胡索乙素的含量.方法:采用双波长薄层扫描法(λS=280nm,λR=360nm).结果:延胡索乙素在0.50μg～5.50μg间,点样量与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.9994,回收率为100.33%,RSD=2.46%(n=3).结论:该法精确、简便、重现性好.     

复方岩白菜素片中两种主要成分的含量测定

目的：用高效液相色谱法测定复方岩白菜素片含量。方法：以甲醇-水（30：70）为流动相，在264nm波长处检测。结果：复方岩白菜素片中马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为98.50%，RSD=0.66%；岩白菜素的平均回收率为99.70%，RSD=1.02%。结论：高效液相色谱法简便快速，适用于复方岩白菜素片的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.