Protective effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the cold storage solution for liver preservation in rat hepatic transplantation

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) has been reported to have a protective effect on liver injury following ischemic/reperfusion periods. FBP maintains ATP levels and thereby cellular energy metabolism, which is important to the liver during cold preservation. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of FBP on the composition of storage solutions for cold liver preservation. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Hepatic perfusion and preservation were performed with UW, UW plus 10 mmol/L FBP (UWM), and FBP 10 mmol/L (FBPS) alone solutions. Biochemical measurements of AST, ALT, and TBARS were performed on samples of the cold storage solution at 0, 12, 18, and 24 hours preservation. FBPS and UW solutions showed similar preservation grades during 18 hours. Addition of 10 mmol/L of FBP to UW solution induced liver injury and a poor preservation grade. FBP appears to protect the liver from injury caused by free radicals when the preservation time is less than 18 hours. Therefore, FBP may exert a protective effect for the preservation of livers during cold storage, and could represent an important component of new cold storage solutions.     

Storage solution containing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate inhibits the excess activation of Kupffer cells in cold liver preservation

BACKGROUND: In liver transplantation, the activation of Kupffer cells at the time of cold preservation and reperfusion is considered to play an important role. In the present study, the usefulness of cold storage solution containing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) was compared with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution in the function of Kupffer cells. METHODS: Kupffer cells were separated from rat liver stored at 4 degrees C in each storage solution. Four kinds of storage solutions were used: UW, simplified UW without FBP (0-FBP), and solutions with 10 or 20 mM FBP (10-FBP, 20-FBP). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) labeled by fluorescein was loaded after 12 or 24 hr of cold preservation in each solution. The rates of cells uptaking LPS as phagocytic ability were measured using flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, and nitric oxide (NO) were measured in the supernatant. RESULTS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha values in the 20-FBP group were significantly lower than those in the UW group. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant values at 60 min after loading LPS were significantly lower in the 20-FBP group than in the UW group. NO values at 24 hr after loading LPS were significantly lower in the 20-FBP group compared with the UW group. The 20-FBP group was highest in the rates of cells uptaking LPS after 24-hr cold preservation. CONCLUSIONS: The storage solution containing FBP controlled the secretion of cytokines and NO from Kupffer cells and maintained phagocytic ability. This solution was considered to be more useful than UW solution for Kupffer cell protection.     

Clinical evaluation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate for in situ cold perfusion in hepatic resection

In situ cold perfusion was employed in two patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a cytoprotective drug, was added to the oxygenated perfusate, resulting in reduction of the liver injury that occurs during liver perfusion and allowing hepatic resection to proceed safely. Recovery after, reperfusion of the energy charge in the hepatic tissue sampled during surgery was good in both patients. During the postoperative course, serum GOT and GPT values in the two patients were normalized 7–13 days postoperatively after a peak on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days, respectively. This finding was similar to the usual course after hepatectomy. Serum total bilirubin gradually decreased from the peak 2.3 mg/dl on the 5th postoperative day in case 1, and from 3.6 mg/dl on the 7th postoperative day in case 2. There were no serious complications in either patient.     

SWH液对大鼠肝脏保存有效时间的探讨

目的通过与UW液进行比较,探讨SWH液对SD大鼠肝脏保存的有效时间.方法应用大鼠原位肝移植模型,通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）,检测肝组织ATP、ADP、AMP,计算总腺苷酸含量（TAN）及Atkinson＇s能量转换（EC）,判断肝脏能量代谢状态;通过检测谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量,判定肝脏功能;观察移植术后7d动物存活率,判定SWH液对大鼠肝脏有效保存的时间.结果保存18 h组的ATP、TAN、EC恢复水平明显低于保存8 h组,相差显著,保存12 h组与保存8 h组比较相差不显著;保存18 h组的ALT、AST、LDH明显高于保存8h组,差异显著,保存12 h组与保存8 h组比较相差不显著;SWH液组移植术后7 d动物存活率有高于UW液组的趋势.结论无论使用SWH液还是UW液,SD大鼠肝脏有效保存的时间都不超过12 h.     

Function of transplanted human pancreatic allografts after preservation in cold storage for 6 to 26 hours

Preservation of cadaveric pancreas allografts has been a difficult problem in clinical pancreas transplantation; most institutions use Collins solution and limit preservation time to less than 6 hr. Longer preservation times have been used at the University of Minnesota. Between August 1983, and December 1985, 47 human cadaveric pancreas grafts were transplanted into Type I diabetic recipients after cold storage at 4 degrees C in a modified, hyperosmolar silica-gel filtered plasma (SGFP), a solution previously found to allow dog pancreas grafts to be successfully preserved for up to 48 hr. Ten grafts were preserved for 2-5 hr (group 1); 20 for 6-11 hr (group 2; 17 for 12-26 hr (group 3). Graft function and late outcome were compared between these groups and another group of 7 cadaveric grafts (group 4), which were transplanted immediately and without any preservation. Analysis of exocrine pancreatic function early after transplantation showed a maximum mean serum amylase (IU/L) of 557, 440, 429, and 307 in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Primary preservation failure rates of 0, 5%, 5.8%, and 0%, and endocrine graft function rates at 1 month of 80%, 80%, 76%, and 86% were obtained for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = NS). Only patients who were insulin-independent were counted as having functioning grafts. Detailed functional studies at 1 month showed that mean plasma glucose levels during 24-hr metabolic profiles were in the normal range in 71%, 68%, 72%, and 50%, while oral glucose tolerance test results were within the normal range in 38%, 81%, 76%, and 66% of groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P = NS). At 1 year, patient survival rates were 57%, 88%, 75%, and 100% (P = NS), and the graft functional survival rates were 0, 25%, 33%, and 29% (P = NS) in the respective groups. Five patients in group 2, and 6 in group 3 have currently functioning grafts at 4 to 37 months after transplantation. We conclude that cadaver pancreas grafts can be safely preserved for 12-24 hr in modified SGFP solution, thus making the sharing of these organs between different centers practical and the transplant operation less of an emergency procedure.     

Effect of cold preservation on lymphocyte adherence in the perfused rat liver

A study was designed to determine if cold preservation induces an increase in lymphocyte adherence to liver sinusoids on reperfusion. Rat livers were stored at 1 degree C in University of Wisconsin solution for 45 min, 8 hr, or 30 hr, and then reperfused for 90 min at 37 degrees C in an isolated perfused rat liver apparatus. Just prior to reperfusion, isogeneic rat lymphocytes prepared on a Ficoll-Paque gradient were added to the perfusate. In some studies lymphocytes were labeled with a fluorescent lipophilic membrane marker. There was no change in the number of circulating lymphocytes in an anhepatic circuit. When livers were present in the circuit, lymphocytes were lost from the perfusate into the liver in all studies, with the most rapid decrease occurring within 10 min of reperfusion. The length of preservation had a marked and statistically significant effect on the rate of disappearance of lymphocytes from the perfusate. Reduction by 50% of the number of lymphocytes infused did not affect the results when expressed as percent lymphocytes remaining in perfusate. To exclude the possibility that the loss of lymphocytes into the liver was due to a damaged subpopulation of lymphocytes, two livers stored 3 for 45 min were put into the circuit in sequence. The percent reduction in cells due to exposure to a second liver was not significantly different from that observed when cells were exposed only to a single liver. Histological studies showed fluorescence-labeled lymphocytes adherent in sinusoids, and the number of labeled cells was directly related to the length of preservation. Cold preservation induces an increase in lymphocyte adherence in the reperfused liver, which might be important in graft malfunction and rejection.     

Tolbutamide stimulates fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate formation in perfused rat liver

Effect of tolbutamide on liver fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2) was examined in isolated perfused rat liver in situ with a flow-through method. Tolbutamide (1 mM) gradually increased liver F-2,6-P2 level from 7.4 +/- 1.6 to 21.2 +/- 1.6 pmol/mg wet wt for 20 min perfusion. The increase of liver F-2,6-P2 induced by tolbutamide was dose dependent and was significantly observed at 10 min perfusion. The maximum plateau level of F-2,6-P2 induced by 16.7 mM glucose was further increased with 1 mM tolbutamide. Glucagon (10(-11) M) decreased the elevated level induced by 16.7 mM glucose, but this effect was completely inhibited with 2 mM tolbutamide. Cyclic AMP level of the liver throughout the perfusion with tolbutamide did not change. Carboxytolbutamide or gliclazide perfusion did not change significantly the liver F-2,6-P2 level; however, the results suggest that tolbutamide may increase the liver F-2,6-P2 level by affecting the phosphorylation state of fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, resulting in the stimulation of glycolysis and the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Thus, the extrapancreatic action and the mechanism of action of different sulfonylureas may differ.     

冷保存对大鼠部分移植肝再生的影响

目的探讨冷保存对大鼠部分肝移植术后肝再生的影响。方法健康SD大鼠分为Ⅰ组（肝切除组）、Ⅱ组（冷保存1h部分肝移植组）和Ⅲ组（冷保存8h部分肝移植组）。观察各实验组生存率，比较各组术后1、6、12、24、48、72、168h肝质量／体质量比率、肝再生率、有丝分裂指数及增殖细胞核抗原表达。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组7d存活率分别为100％、90％、40％；Ⅲ组术后2～3d大鼠肝质量／体质量比率、肝再生率、有丝分裂指数较Ⅰ、Ⅱ组明显偏低（P〈0．05）；Ⅲ组术后12h内增殖细胞核抗原表达较其余两组明显偏低（P〈0．05），48h才达高峰，至第7天阳性表达仍处高水平。结论长时间冷保存降低了部分肝移植术后的肝再生能力和大鼠术后生存率。     

Preservation of the canine liver for 24-48 hours using simple cold storage with UW solution

The results of a series of 29 orthotopic liver transplants in the dog are described. The livers were preserved in a new cold storage fluid, UW solution, and were successfully transplanted after periods of storage of 24, 30, 36, and 48 hr. All six animals transplanted after 24 hr survived beyond 5 days after transplantation and had excellent graft function. Four of six survived for at least 5 days after 30 hr of cold storage, and five of five after 36 hr. Five of six consecutive dogs that received transplants that had been cold-stored for 48 hr survived for 5 or more days. This solution represents a substantial advance over all existing cold storage solutions for liver preservation.     

Advantages of normothermic perfusion over cold storage in liver preservation

BACKGROUND: To minimize the ischemia-reperfusion injury that occurs to the liver with the current method of preservation and transplantation, we have used an extracorporeal circuit to preserve the liver with normothermic, oxygenated, sanguineous perfusion. In this study, we directly compared preservation by the standard method of simple cold storage in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution with preservation by perfusion. METHODS: Porcine livers were harvested from large white sows weighing between 30 and 50 kg by the standard procedure for human retrieval. The livers were preserved for 24 hr by either cold storage in UW solution (n=5) or by perfusion with oxygenated autologous blood at body temperature (n=5). The extracorporeal circuit used included a centrifugal pump, heat exchanger, and oxygenator. Both groups were then tested on the circuit for a 24 hr reperfusion phase, analyzing synthetic function, metabolic capacity, hemodynamics, markers of hepatocyte and reperfusion injury, and histology. RESULTS: Livers preserved with normothermic perfusion were significantly superior (P=0.05) to cold-stored livers in terms of bile production, factor V production, glucose metabolism, and galactose clearance. Cold-stored livers showed significantly higher levels of hepatocellular enzymes in the perfusate and were found to have significantly more damage by a blinded histological scoring system. CONCLUSIONS: Normothermic sanguineous oxygenated perfusion is a superior method of preservation compared with simple cold storage in UW solution. In addition, perfusion allows the possibility to assess viability of the graft before transplantation.     

SMO保存液对犬肾低温保存期间细胞凋亡和能量代谢的影响

目的研究SMO保存液对犬肾低温保存期间细胞凋亡和能量代谢的影响。方法建立犬离体肾脏单纯低温保存模型，根据保存液的不同分为3组，分别用0～4℃HTK保存液（HTK组）、UW保存液（UW组）和自制的SMO保存液（SMO组）对供肾进行灌注和保存；于犬肾保存24、48、72h后取各组的肾皮质标本，进行组织病理学、细胞凋亡和组织能量代谢的检测。结果犬肾保存48和72h时的组织病理学损害，SMO组比HTK组轻，但在各时间点与Uw组基本相似。犬肾保存24h时的细胞凋亡指数，SMO组与HTK组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），保存48和72h后，SMO组显著低于HTK组（P〈0．05）；但SMO组与Uw组在各时点比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。犬肾保存24和48h时组织中Na^＋ -LK^＋ATP酶的活性，SMO组与HTK组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），保存72h时，SMO组明显高于HTK组（P〈0．05）；而SMO组与Uw组在保存的各时点差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论SMO保存液在减轻细胞形态学改变、减缓肾脏细胞凋亡和保持Na^＋ -LK^＋ATP酶活性方面显著优于HTK保存液，与UW保存液相当。     

自制KYL液对大鼠肝脏低温保存后细胞凋亡影响的研究

目的 研究自制的KYL液对大鼠肝脏低温保存后细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠肝脏非循环离体灌注模型（noncirculated isolated perfusion of ratliver，IPRL），随机以KYL液和UW液对大鼠肝脏保存0、4、8、16、24、48h，测定灌注流出液氧自由基代谢产物（丙二醛MDA和超氧化物歧化酶SOD）的含量，检测肝细胞内钙离子浓度，检测肝细胞凋亡率和凋亡相关基因表达，观察肝脏组织形态学变化。同时设生理盐水保存阴性对照组，了解器官保存液对大鼠肝脏有无保护作用。结果 KYL液保存的大鼠肝脏肝细胞内钙离子浓度较UW液保存者低，灌注流出液MDA和SOD含量与UW液保存者相近，两者肝细胞凋亡率及凋亡基因表达情况相近，光、电镜观察两者形态学变化基本一致。两组所有指标均较生理盐水保存组好，说明两种液体对大鼠肝脏均有保护作用。结论 自制的KYL液对大鼠肝脏的保存效果在钙拮抗方面略优于UW液，在抑制细胞凋亡方面与UW液相当，而在防止细胞水肿方面较UW液稍差。     

冷保存再灌注损伤对大鼠移植肝术后早期胆盐分泌的影响

目的 探讨大鼠移植肝脏经历冷保存再灌注损伤（CPRI）后胆盐谱的变化规律。方法 建立专门用于胆汁胆盐检测的柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法（RP—HPLC）。大鼠被随机分为对照组（A组,n=6）、供肝冷保存1h组（B组,n=6）和供肝冷保存12h组（C组,n=6）。对各组大鼠术后14d的胆汁标本进行RP—HPLC分析。结果 共检出11种胆盐。CPRI可以显著影响大鼠移植肝胆盐的组成,主要表现为疏水性的牛磺胆酸和牛磺脱氧胆酸比重的持续增加以及亲水性的牛磺猪脱氧胆酸和牛磺熊脱氧胆酸比重的一过性升高。术后1～4d,胆盐疏水指数（HI）无显著变化;从术后5d开始,胆盐HI显著上升,术后7～10d达到高峰。且供肝冷保存时间越长,HI升高越显著。结论 经历CPRI后,移植肝胆汁疏水性胆盐比重的上升可能是导致胆汁细胞毒性增加的主要原因之一。     

保存不同时间的大鼠部分肝脏移植后的肝细胞再生

目的 探讨保存不同时间的大鼠部分肝脏移植后的肝细胞再生及其可能机制.方法 采用近交系雄性Lewis大鼠为供、受者,按照实验设计分别将供肝于4℃UW液中保存1 h(冷缺血1 h组)、8 h(冷缺血8 h组)和16 h(冷缺血16 h组).然后进行原位肝移植.移植肝恢复血流前,用3-0丝线结扎供肝左侧中央叶、左外叶及尾状叶,保留右侧的肝叶.即可制成大鼠50%体积肝脏(以下简称"半肝")原位移植模型.术后观察各组移植肝的存活情况和肝细胞再生情况;采用逆转录聚合酶链反应测定肝组织中自细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF_n)的表达情况;采用Western印迹法检测肝组织中信号传导与转录因子-3(STAT-3)表达情况;采用免疫组织化学染色检测移植肝组织中细胞周期素DI(Cyelin D1)的表达和肝细胞摄取溴脱氧尿核苷(BrdU)情况.结果 各组手术成功率均为100%.与冷缺血1 h组相比,冷缺血8 h组和冷缺血16 h组移植肝组织中TNF-a(F=67.45,P<0.05)和IL-6(F=287.73,P<0.05)的表达明显增加.STAT-3的表达也明显增强.肝移植后24 h.冷缺血8 h组在胞浆和细胞核内均有Cyclin D1的表达.而冷缺血16 h组移植肝组织中未见明显的Cyclin D1表达.移植后24 h.冷缺血16 h组的BrdU染色阳性的肝细胞数无明显增多,而在冷缺血8 h组可见BrdU染色阳性的肝细胞明显增多(t=19.40,P<0.05).结论冷保存一定时限的大鼠部分肝脏在移植后可获得肝细胞再生,此过程可能通过TNF-α/IL,16/sTAT-3/Cyclin D1/DNA合成的途径进行调节;当冷保存时间达16 h后,肝细胞不能对肝脏再生早期信号起反应.