动脉粥样硬化兔血管平滑肌细胞大电导钙激活钾通道NO直接激活研究

目的:研究NO是否可以直接激活VSMC BKCa以及AS时血管平滑肌细胞BKCa对NO的反应性是否发生改变,为治疗AS提供新思路.方法:3月龄新西兰兔20只,雌雄各半,随机分为实验组(AS组)和对照组(正常组),每组10只.实验组兔喂高脂饲料8周以建立AS模型,对照组兔喂普通饲料8周.以ISMN为外源性NO供体,应用单通道膜片钳技术检测NO对兔VSMC BKCa的直接激活作用及两组兔对NO的反应性差别.结果:在inside-out patches(膜电位 40 mV)下,ISMN显著增加BKCa通道开放事件数,缩短Tc,增加Po,且具有浓度依赖性.10-6 mol·L-1的ISMN(膜电位 40 mV)可分别使AS组和对照组BKCa的Po增加4.917±1.475倍和9.616±3.227倍(P＜0.01).结论:NO对VSMCBKCa有直接激活作用,但在AS时VSMC BKCa对NO的激活敏感性是降低的.     

YC-1 potentiates cAMP-induced CREB activation and nitric oxide production in alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages play significant roles in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory lung diseases. Increases in exhaled nitric oxide (NO) are well documented to reflect disease severity in the airway. In this study, we investigated the effect of 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), a known activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, on prostaglandin (PG)E₁ (a stable PGE₂ analogue) and forskolin (a adenylate cyclase activator) induced NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383). YC-1 did not directly cause NO production or iNOS expression, but drastically potentiated PGE₁- or forskolin-induced NO production and iNOS expression in NR8383 alveolar macrophages. Combination treatment with YC-1 and PGE₁ significantly increased phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), but not nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. The combined effect on NO production, iNOS expression, and CREB phosphorylation was reversed by a protein kinase (PK)A inhibitor (H89), suggesting that the potentiating functions were mediated through a cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Consistent with this, cAMP analogues, but not the cGMP analogue, caused NO release, iNOS expression, and CREB activation. YC-1 treatment induced an increase in PGE₁-induced cAMP formation, which occurred through the inhibition of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Furthermore, the combination of rolipram (an inhibitor of PDE4), but not milronone (an inhibitor of PDE3), and PGE₁ also triggered NO production and iNOS expression. In summary, YC-1 potentiates PGE₁-induced NO production and iNOS expression in alveolar macrophages through inhibition of cAMP PDE activity and activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway.     

The Influences of G Proteins, Ca2+, and K+ Channels on Electrical Field Stimulation in Cat Esophageal Smooth Muscle

NO released by myenteric neurons controls the off contraction induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in distal esophageal smooth muscle, but in the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, contraction by EFS occurs at the same time. The authors investigated the intracellular signaling pathways related with G protein and ionic channel EFS-induced contraction using cat esophageal muscles. EFS-induced contractions were significantly suppressed by tetrodotoxin (1 µM) and atropine (1 µM). Furthermore, nimodipine inhibited both on and off contractions by EFS in a concentration dependent meaner. The characteristics of ''on'' and ''off'' contraction and the effects of G-proteins, phospholipase, and K⁺ channel on EFS-induced contraction in smooth muscle were also investigated. Pertussis toxin (PTX, a G_i inactivator) attenuated both EFS-induced contractions. Cholera toxin (CTX, G_s inactivator) also decreased the amplitudes of EFS-induced off and on contractions. However, phospholipase inhibitors did not affect these contractions. Pinacidil (a K⁺ channel opener) decreased these contractions, and tetraethylammonium (TEA, K⁺_Ca channel blocker) increased them. These results suggest that EFS-induced on and off contractions can be mediated by the activations Gi or Gs proteins, and that L-type Ca²⁺ channel may be activated by G-protein α subunits. Furthermore, K⁺_Ca-channel involve in the depolarization of esophageal smooth muscle. Further studies are required to characterize the physiological regulation of Ca²⁺ channel and to investigate the effects of other K⁺ channels on EFS-induced on and off contractions.     

The blockade of cyclopiazonic acid-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry pathway by YC-1 in neutrophils

In the presence of external Ca2+, pretreatment of neutrophils with 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) inhibited the cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-induced [Ca2+](i) elevation in a concentration- but not a time-dependent manner, while YC-1 had no effect on the Ca2+ signals in a Ca2+-free medium. YC-1 failed to inhibit ATP- and interleukin-8 (IL-8)-induced [Ca2+](i) changes. Addition of YC-1 after cell activation strongly inhibited the CPA-induced [Ca2+](i) changes. In a classical Ca2+ readdition protocol, a similar extent inhibition of Ca2+ spike by YC-1 introduced either prior to or after CPA stimulation was obtained. In rat neutrophils, mRNA for endothelial differentiation gene (edg)1, edg5, edg6 and edg8, the putative targets for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), could be detected. However, S1P was found to have little effect on Ca(2+) signals. YC-1 did not inhibit but enhanced the sphingosine-induced [Ca2+](i) changes. Inhibition by YC-1 of CPA-induced [Ca2+](i) changes was not prevented by 7-nitroindazole and N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamidine (1400W), two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, by aristolochic acid, a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor, or by suspension in a Na(+)-deprived medium. YC-1 did not affect the mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, YC-1 did not alter [Ca2+](i) changes in response to ionomycin after CPA and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation in a Ca2+-free medium. YC-1 had no effect on the basal [Ca2+](i) level, the pharmacologically isolated plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity, and Ba2+ entry into CPA-activated cells. YC-1 alone resulted in the accumulation of actin filaments in neutrophils, while significantly reduced the intensity of actin filament staining in the subsequent activation with CPA. These results indicate that YC-1 inhibited CPA-activated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) probably through the direct blockade of channel activation and/or the disruption of the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton necessary for supporting Ca2+ entry pathway in neutrophils.     

脱氢表雄甾酮对COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞钙激活性钾通道的激活作用

目的:对比研究正常及慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞钙激活性钾(KCa)通道的活性,观察脱氢表雄甾酮(DHEA)对COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞KCa通道的作用。方法:38只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=20)和COPD组(n=18),在相对密闭舱内吸入纸烟建立COPD动物模型,采用急性酶分离法分离大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞,应用膜片钳技术,在对称性高钾溶液中,于急性分离的大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞的内面向外式膜片上,分离出KCa电流,比较COPD和对照组的活性,记录DHEA对COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞膜KCa通道活性的激活作用。结果:COPD组KCa活性明显比正常组低(P<0.01),DHEA可明显激活COPD组大鼠支气管平滑肌的KCa电流(P<0.01)。结论:COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌细胞KCa通道活性降低可能在COPD发病机制中起着一定作用,DHEA可以直接激活COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌KCa活性,松驰COPD大鼠支气管平滑肌。     

A Carbohydrate Fraction, AIP1, from Artemisia Iwayomogi Reduces the Action Potential Duration by Activation of Rapidly Activating Delayed Rectifier K+ Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

We investigated the effects of a hot-water extract of Artemisia iwayomogi, a plant belonging to family Compositae, on cardiac ventricular delayed rectifier K⁺ current (I_K) using the patch clamp technique. The carbohydrate fraction AIP1 dose-dependently increased the heart rate with an apparent EC₅₀ value of 56.1±5.5 µg/ml. Application of AIP1 reduced the action potential duration (APD) in concentration-dependent fashion by activating I_K without significantly altering the resting membrane potential (IC₅₀ value of APD₅₀: 54.80±2.24, IC₅₀ value of APD₉₀: 57.45±3.47 µg/ml). Based on the results, all experiments were performed with 50 µg/ml of AIP1. Pre-treatment with the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K⁺ current (I_Kr) inhibitor, E-4031 prolonged APD. However, additional application of AIP1 did not reduce APD. The inhibition of slowly activating delayed rectifier K⁺ current (I_Ks) by chromanol 293B did not change the effect of AIP1. AIP1 did not significantly affect coronary arterial tone or ion channels, even at the highest concentration of AIP1. In summary, AIP1 reduces APD by activating I_Kr but not I_Ks. These results suggest that the natural product AIP1 may provide an adjunctive therapy of long QT syndrome.     

Inhibitory mechanisms of YC-1 and PMC in the induction of iNOS expression by lipoteichoic acid in RAW 264.7 macrophages

In the present study, the signal pathways involved in NO formation and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by LTA were investigated. We also compared the relative inhibitory activities and mechanisms of PMC, a novel potent antioxidant of alpha-tocopherol derivatives, with those of YC-1, an sGC activator, on the induction of iNOS expression by LTA in cultured macrophages in vitro and LTA-induced hypotension in vivo. LTA induced concentration (0.1-50 microg/mL)- and time (4-24 hr)-dependent increases in nitrite (an indicator of NO biosynthesis) in macrophages. Both PMC (50 microM) and YC-1 (10 microM) inhibited NO production, iNOS protein, mRNA expression, and IkappaBalpha degradation upon stimulation by LTA (20 microg/mL) in macrophages. On the other hand, PMC (50 microM) almost completely suppressed JNK/SAPK activation, whereas YC-1 (10 microM) only partially inhibited its activation in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, PMC (10 mg/kg, i.v.) and YC-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited the fall in MAP stimulated by LTA (10 mg/kg, i.v.) in rats. In conclusion, we demonstrate that YC-1 shows more-potent activity than PMC at abrogating the expression of iNOS in macrophages in vitro and reversing delayed hypotension in rats with endotoxic shock stimulated by LTA. The inhibitory mechanisms of PMC may be due to its antioxidative properties, with a resulting influence on JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations. YC-1 may be mediated by increasing cyclic GMP, followed by, at least partly, inhibition of JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations, thereby leading to inhibition of iNOS expression.