樟芝多糖抑制6-OHDA诱导的多巴胺能神经元细胞炎症反应的作用机制研究

目的 探究樟芝多糖通过抑制ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1途径调节6-羟基多巴胺（6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA）诱导的多巴胺能神经元（dopaminergic neurons,DAN）细胞炎症反应的作用。方法 分离小鼠中脑DAN细胞,采用6-OHDA体外构建帕金森病细胞模型,将细胞分为正常组、模型组、对照组、实验组。正常组为常规培养的DAN细胞,模型组为6-OHDA处理的DAN细胞,对照组为ROS抑制剂乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）+6-OHDA处理的DAN细胞,实验组为6-OHDA+樟芝多糖处理的DAN细胞。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术和免疫荧光染色法检测ROS的水平,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平,Hoechst 33342染色活细胞,蛋白免疫印迹（Western-bolt）法检测细胞中NLRP3、caspase-1、pro-caspase-1的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附（Elisa）法检测上清中IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18的分泌水平。结果 模型组中6-OHDA可以诱导DAN细胞炎症反应,ROS表达增高,NLRP3-caspase-1炎性小体水平增高,细胞凋亡率增高,相比正常组具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。樟芝多糖干预后,ROS的水平下调,NLRP3-caspase-1炎性小体水平降低,细胞凋亡率下调,相比模型组具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。结论 樟芝多糖可以通过抑制ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1途径调节6-OHDA诱导DAN炎症反应,这可能是樟芝多糖在帕金森病炎症反应中的作用机制之一。     

硫酸化茯苓多糖对MPTP诱导帕金森小鼠的神经保护作用研究

目的本实验通过检测硫酸化茯苓多糖(SP)对MPTP诱导的帕金森小鼠中抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性、抗超氧阴离子活力、MDA及过氧化氢含量,探讨SP对帕金森小鼠中脑和脑皮层神经元细胞的保护作用。方法将ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、MPTP组和SP治疗组(SP 50、100、150mg·kg~(~(-1))),腹腔注射给药,取中脑和脑皮层匀浆,利用酶标仪检测小鼠中脑和脑皮层中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性、抗超氧阴离子活力、MDA及过氧化氢含量。结果 SP治疗组小鼠中脑和脑皮层3种抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的增强、抗超氧阴离子活力升高、MDA及过氧化氢含量不同程度下降。结论 SP对MPTP诱导的帕金森小鼠中脑和脑皮层神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。     

硫酸化茯苓多糖对MPTP诱导帕金森小鼠的神经保护作用研究北大核心CSCD

目的本实验通过检测硫酸化茯苓多糖(SP)对MPTP诱导的帕金森小鼠中抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px、CAT)活性、抗超氧阴离子活力、MDA及过氧化氢含量,探讨SP对帕金森小鼠中脑和脑皮层神经元细胞的保护作用。方法将ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、MPTP组和SP治疗组(SP 50、100、150mg·kg^(^(-1))),腹腔注射给药,取中脑和脑皮层匀浆,利用酶标仪检测小鼠中脑和脑皮层中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性、抗超氧阴离子活力、MDA及过氧化氢含量。结果 SP治疗组小鼠中脑和脑皮层3种抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的增强、抗超氧阴离子活力升高、MDA及过氧化氢含量不同程度下降。结论 SP对MPTP诱导的帕金森小鼠中脑和脑皮层神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。     

乙醇分级沉淀的樟芝多糖对于小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究不同浓度乙醇沉淀获得的樟芝多糖对于急性肝损伤小鼠的保肝作用。方法 采用不同浓度的乙醇沉淀获得樟芝多糖,建立D-氨基半乳糖的急性肝损伤小鼠,Elisa法检测各组血清的谷丙转氨酶（ALT）,谷草转氨酶（AST）,肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-10（IL-10）的表达以及肝组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、GSH的表达,肝脏HE染色检查组织病理,qPCR检测肝组织中Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3的mRNA的表达。确定樟芝多糖中对于小鼠急性肝损伤有效的部分。结果 樟芝多糖的各浓度的乙醇沉淀物均有一定的保肝作用,其中90%乙醇沉淀的多糖对于小鼠模型ALT、AST的含量具有显著的降低作用且优于其他组多糖（P<0.05）。4种多糖可以显著降低血清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）、和肝组织中Bax、Caspase-3mRNA的表达,提高白介素-10（IL-10）和肝组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、GSH蛋白表达以及Bcl-2mRNA的表达（P<0.05）。且PW90多糖效果较好。结论 不同浓度乙醇沉淀的樟芝多糖对于急性肝损伤有着一定的保护作用,90%乙醇沉淀获得的多糖保肝作用优于其他浓度乙醇沉淀获得的多糖。     

左卡尼汀对衰老小鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的:研究左卡尼汀(L-carnitine,LC)对老龄小鼠抗氧化能力的影响,探讨其对小鼠血浆和脑组织中SOD,GSH-PX,CAT和MDA活力的影响。方法:小鼠随机分成青年组、老年组、LC处理的衰老小鼠组,分为低、中、高(0.25,0.5,1.0 g.kg-1.d-1)3个剂量组,LC药物组连续灌服药物4周后处死,通过试剂盒测定血浆和脑组织SOD,GSH-Px,CAT活性和MDA含量。结果:与老年组比较,左卡尼汀可显著提高小鼠血浆和脑组织中的SOD,GSH-Px,CAT活性,降低MDA含量,且呈剂量依赖性。结论:左卡尼汀具有抗氧化作用。     

硫酸化茯苓多糖对帕金森模型鼠脑组织抗氧化能力的影响

目的:考察硫酸化茯苓多糖（SP）对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）诱导的帕金森小鼠脑组织抗氧化能力的影响。方法:MPTP注射ICR小鼠制备帕金森病（PD）模型。将ICR小鼠随机分为5组:对照组、MPTP组和SP治疗组（50,100,150 mg/kg）,腹腔注射给药。紫外分光光度法检测小鼠纹状体中超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性和抗超氧阴离子活力以及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量,HE染色观察小鼠脑组织形态学变化。结果:与模型组相比,在一定浓度范围内,SP治疗组小鼠纹状体GSH-Px、SOD、CAT、LDH活性及抗超氧阴离子活力有不同程度的升高,H₂O₂和MDA含量有不同程度的下降;海马区神经元排列密集有序,细胞间隙减小,神经元细胞形态结构有不同程度的恢复。结论:SP对MPTP诱导的神经元损伤具有神经保护作用,其潜在机制可能是提高脑组织抗氧化能力,减轻氧化应激反应。     

樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制研究

目的 研究樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制。方法 通过D-氨基半乳糖构建急性肝损伤小鼠,C57BL/6小鼠分为对照组、模型组、樟芝多糖高剂量组、樟芝多糖低剂量组,樟芝多糖高、低剂量组每日分别给予50,25 mg·kg^-1的樟芝多糖2次,对照组和模型组给予等体积的生理盐水。给药7 d后紫外比色法测试盒检测大鼠肝组织中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平;TBA法试剂盒检测肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）的水平;ELISA试剂盒检测肝组织中白介素-6（IL-6）的表达;Western-Blot检测肝脏组织中NLRP-3、白介素-1β（IL-1β）、pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达;HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理;RT-qPCR检测肝脏组织中Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达。结果 与模型组相比,樟芝多糖可以明显改善急性肝损小鼠的肝脏病理,降低ALT、AST的表达以及MDA和IL-6的表达（P<0.01）,肝脏组织中NLRP-3、IL-1β以及pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.05）,Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达相比模型组显著降低（P<0.01）,Bcl-2显著升高（P<0.01）。结论 樟芝多糖对于小鼠急性肝损伤有着很好的保护作用,其作用机制与炎性小体NLRP-3及其相关炎症因子的抑制有关。     

左金丸对胃热证大鼠炎症因子、氧化应激因子及凋亡因子的影响

目的:探讨左金丸干预大鼠胃热证的作用机制。方法:将大鼠随机分成正常组、模型组和左金丸组,通过灌胃辣椒煎液和无水乙醇建立大鼠胃热证模型,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和化学比色法测定各组大鼠血清中的炎症因子如白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β和髓过氧化物酶(MPO);氧化应激因子如还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)和凋亡因子如B细胞淋巴瘤因子-2(Bcl-2)的活性或含量。结果:左金丸能显著减少胃热证大鼠胃黏膜损伤面积,显著升高胃热证大鼠血清中GST、GSH-Px、CAT、SOD活性和GSH、IL-10、Bcl-2的含量,显著降低胃热证大鼠血清中MPO活性和IL-2、IL-6、IL-1β、MDA的含量。结论:左金丸可通过抗炎、抗氧化应激和抗凋亡作用干预胃热证。     

松茸多糖对D-半乳糖所致小鼠衰老模型的影响

目的通过建立D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型,研究松茸多糖的抗衰老作用。方法实验小鼠随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组、模型组、Vit E(50 mg.kg-1)阳性对照组、松茸多糖低(10 mg.kg-1)、高(20 mg.kg-1)剂量组。在给药6周后,用小鼠跳台试验和Morris水迷宫实验测试小鼠的学习记忆能力;计算脑、胸腺及脾脏指数;检测小鼠血清及脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与模型组比较,松茸多糖低、高剂量组可明显提高衰老小鼠的学习和记忆能力,降低衰老小鼠的脑、胸腺及脾指数,还可不同程度提高衰老小鼠血清和脑组织SOD和GSH-Px活性,抑制MDA水平升高。结论松茸多糖可能通过提高机体免疫和抗氧化能力而发挥抗衰老作用。     

依托咪酯通过调控MAPK/ERK信号通路对阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能和氧化应激的影响

目的　探究依托咪酯通过调控丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）/细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK）信号通路对阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能和氧化应激的影响。方法　本研究院于2020年5月至2021年9月进行。将50只APP/PS1转基因小鼠分为模型组,依托咪酯低、中、高剂量组,阳性对照组,10只SPF级C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,其中依托咪酯低、中、高剂量组分别给予1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/kg依托咪酯灌胃,阳性对照组给予10 mg/kg盐酸多奈哌齐灌胃,模型组、对照组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃,1次/ d,灌胃30 d。采用Morris水迷宫实验观察小鼠学习、记忆能力,并测定小鼠神经损伤评分、脑组织含水量;蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测小鼠脑组织肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-10、IL-1β、MAPK/ERK信号通路相关蛋白表达;酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测小鼠脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量。计量资料多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步组内间比较用LSD-t检验。结果　与对照组相比,模型组的逃避潜伏期均明显延长,跨平台次数、平台区停留距离、SOD活性、CAT活性、GSH-Px活性均降低,神经损伤评分、脑组织含水量、MDA含量均增加,上调TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1β蛋白表达,下调磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶（p-ERK）1/2、p-p38蛋白表达（均P<0.05）;与模型组比较,依托咪酯低、中、高剂量组的逃避潜伏期均明显缩短,跨平台次数、平台区停留距离、SOD活性、CAT活性、GSH-Px活性均升高,神经损伤评分、脑组织含水量、MDA含量均降低,并下调TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1β蛋白表达,上调p-ERK1/2、p-p38蛋白表达（均P<0.05）。结论　依托咪酯可能通过增加MAPK/ERK信号通路改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠认知功能,并减轻小鼠脑组织氧化应激和炎性反应。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.