深圳市2000～2004年麻疹流行特征分析

目的了解深圳市麻疹的流行特征,为进一步控制麻疹疫情提供依据。方法对深圳市2000~2004年麻疹的发病资料进行流行病学分析,并结合麻疹疫苗常规接种和强化免疫情况对麻疹发病率的影响进行分析。结果2000~2004年深圳市共报告麻疹病例3 379例,年平均发病率为15.06/10万。全市6个区均有病例发生,宝安、龙岗2区发病率较高;流动人口病例占91.83%;流行模式主要为散发;3~8月为发病高峰期,占总发病数的69.40%;8月龄至6岁和20~29岁两个年龄段为麻疹高发年龄,分别占总发病数的38.12%和25.98%;84.34%的麻疹病例无免疫史或免疫史不详。结论深圳市麻疹发病近年有上升趋势。维持高水平麻疹接种率,加强对外来人口的免疫接种工作,及时制定免疫方案是控制麻疹疫情的关键措施。     

2008-2017年石嘴山市麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的分析2008-2017年石嘴山市麻疹流行病学特征,提出有效预防控制措施,控制石嘴山市麻疹的发生和流行。方法运用Excel对数据进行分析,运用描述流行病学方法对2008-2017年石嘴山市麻疹发病情况进行综合分析。结果 2008-2017年石嘴山市共报告305例确诊麻疹例,发病例数最多的是平罗县,占60.0%;2~4月是发病高发季节,占82.6%;发病职业以农民、散居儿童为主,分别占28.9%和25.6%;发病年龄主要是20岁~39岁176人(占57.7%),<8月龄儿童41人(占13.4%),8月龄~2岁儿童37人(占12.1%),呈典型小年龄组模式和趋向大年龄组模式。结论 8月龄~2岁儿童、20~39岁成人构成石嘴山市麻疹发病年龄分布主要特征,有免疫史的病例占麻疹发病总病例的1/4,暴发疫情病例数占总病例24.0%,春节外出走亲访友引起麻疹疫情是石嘴山市麻疹发病的主要原因之一。因此,加强医疗机构疑似麻疹病例主动搜索,落实预检分诊工作;各预防接种单位做好麻疹类疫苗常规接种及查漏补种工作,提高疫苗接种及时接种率及接种质量,是降低麻疹发病率的有效措施。     

平顶山市2004-2010年麻疹流行病学分析

目的分析平顶山市2004-2010年麻疹流行状况,为加速控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法对平顶山市2004-2010年法定传染病疫情报告资料和麻疹监测资料进行流行病学分析。结果平顶山市2004-2010年共报告麻疹2 825例,年均发病率为8.12/10万,每年3～6月为发病高峰;男女发病率差异有统计学意义,发病以0～3岁组发病率最高,7岁以下儿童发病居多,占发病总数的72.92%;全市各县市区均有麻疹病例报告;麻疹监测系统报告的本地病例中无免疫史占19.61%,流动病例中无免疫史占31.82%;2004-2010年全市共报告40起麻疹、风疹暴发疫情,均经过实验室确认。结论常规免疫接种率和首针及时接种率不高是麻疹高发的主要原因,提高易感人群麻疹疫苗免疫覆盖率,是控制、消除麻疹的有效手段。     

通化市2014年麻疹疫情流行病学分析

目的调查分析2014年通化市麻疹病例发生、传播及流行特征,探讨控制措施。方法应用描述性流行病学方法对通化市2014年麻疹疫情进行统计分析。结果 2014年通化市共报告疑似麻疹病例258例,其中临床确诊5例,实验室确诊164例,风疹16例,排除73例;与2013年同比上升4 111%。1岁以下病例44例,占发病总数26.1%;20~50岁病例86例,占发病总数50.9%;有麻疹免疫史者16例,无麻疹免疫史56例,免疫史不详者占97例。结论人群麻疹免疫失败及免疫空白是导致流行的因素,在加强适龄儿童的查漏补种和强化免疫的同时,应加强20岁以上人群的麻疹疫苗免疫工作。     

2013年深圳市龙华新区麻疹流行特征分析

目的分析2013年深圳市龙华新区麻疹流行病学特征,为制定麻疹防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对《疾病监测信息报告管理系统》中2013年龙华新区麻疹病例进行统计分析。结果龙华新区共报告107例麻疹病例,年发病率为7.6/10万,较2012年同比上升了84.47%;麻疹发病3岁以下的散居儿童占71.03%(其中8月龄的占36.45%,8~11月龄的占18.69%,1~3岁的占15.89%),20~34岁的成人占22.43%;麻疹患者中,外地户籍的占93.46%,其中居住时间3个月的占23.36%;无麻疹接种史及免疫史不详的占87.85%;发病前7~21 d曾就诊医疗机构的占32.71%;发病时间主要集中在4—9月份。结论该区应加强3岁以下散居儿童麻疹疫苗的常规免疫及查漏补种,提高8~11月龄儿童麻疹疫苗的及时接种率;加强外地户籍儿童的管理,及时动态掌握新流入的外地户籍儿童接种情况;加强院内感染的防控措施;根据疫情需要对青年劳务工开展麻疹疫苗补充免疫活动。     

2013年昭通市麻疹疫情流行病学分析

目的分析2013年昭通市麻疹疫情现状和流行病学特征,为制定麻疹防控策略提供科学依据。方法通过传染病报告系统和麻疹病例专报系统,对2013年昭通市麻疹病例资料进行统计分析,探讨影响昭通市麻疹疫情流行特征有关因素。结果昭通市2013年麻疹发病数为156例,发病率为16.9/100万,发病率前3位的地区为昭阳区、镇雄县、鲁甸县;第一季度的发病率呈现一个高峰。发病年龄主要集中在8月组和8月~1岁半组,分别占53.85%和29.49%;发病以散居儿童和农民为主;免疫次数以零剂次为主。结论加强麻疹疫情监测,重点做好适龄儿童和外来务工人员的麻疹常规免疫和查漏补种,并有计划地开展麻疹疫苗强化,以提高人群免疫保护水平,从而阻断麻疹病毒的传播,降低我市麻疹发病率,实现消除麻疹的目标。     

贵阳市2013～2014年麻疹流行病学特征及防控措施分析

目的:分析贵阳市2013~2014年麻疹流行病学特征,为控制和消除麻疹提供依据。方法:通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统,收集麻疹确诊病例资料,采用描述性流行病学研究方法,描述病例的时间分布、地区分布、年龄分布、免疫史、就诊史等特征,尤其是聚集性病例的特征。结果:贵阳市2013年麻疹发病9例,发病率2.08/100万;2014年发病14例,发病率达到3.24/100万。发病主要集中在夏秋季节,4~8月为发病高峰;2013年病例呈散发,2014年出现家庭聚集性疫情,其中两起发生在母亲与6月龄以下婴幼儿之间,并有1例婴幼儿死亡,另一起发生在一家三兄妹之间;2013~2014年总共23例病例中,0岁~组、2岁~组和15岁~组病例占到病例总数的86.21%;散居儿童是麻疹高发人群;无明确麻疹类疫苗接种史和免疫史不详者占到病例总数的86.96%,2014年3起聚集性疫情中无一例按免疫程序要求接种完相应的剂次;39.13%的病例在发病前7~21天到过医院就诊,此比例在2014年3起聚集性疫情中占到71.43%。结论:贵阳市2013~2014年麻疹高发与传染源增加、易感人群积累、流动人口基础免疫薄弱和医院感染等有关,应加强麻疹疫情监测,做好适龄儿童特别是流动儿童麻疹疫苗常规免疫和成人强化免疫工作,加强医院内麻疹病例的管理。     

一起麻疹暴发疫情的流行病学调查

目的根据2009年4～6月库伦旗麻疹发病情况,分析麻疹疫情暴发的原因。方法用Excle2007软件进行统计分析。结果4月11日～6月10日共报告麻疹实验室确诊病例278例,报告发病率157.41/10万,男女比例为1.48:1,散居及托幼儿童38.13%;学生13.67%;农民42.80%:其它人群8.99%。8月龄以下儿童占9.35%,8月龄～14岁儿童占37.77%,≥15岁病例占52.88%;≥8月龄病例中免疫史不详占60.71%;无免疫史病例占5.56%:有确切免疫史的病例仅占33.73%。结论含麻疹成分疫苗接种率低是造成麻疹暴发流行的主要原因,提高麻疹疫苗常规免疫及强化免疫的接种率,是达到消除及控制麻疹的关键所在。     

2012-2013年荆门市麻疹流行病学分析

目的了解麻疹发病水平及流行特征,为制定防控对策提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对荆门市2012-2013年麻疹的流行特征进行分析。结果麻疹发病有明显的季节性,冬春为发病高峰;1-2月发病最多(56%),与春节人口流动聚集有一定关系;病例高度散发,以散居儿童为主(80.36%)。病例中<8月龄41.07%,8月龄~5岁39.29%,>20岁19.64%。有55.36%未接种麻疹疫苗;有53.57%的病例发病前7~12 d曾就诊医疗机构。结论院内感染是麻疹发病和疫情蔓延的重要危险因素,应加强麻疹类疫苗的常规免疫,提高育龄妇女抗体水平,医疗机构规范设置发热门诊,做好预检分诊工作,严格首诊医生负责制。加强查漏补种、强化免疫、麻疹风疹监测工作的督导和检查,及时发现和解决工作中的问题。     

2013年隆林各族自治县麻疹暴发疫情流行病学分析

目的了解2013年隆林各族自治县麻疹疫情的流行病学特征,为预防和控制麻疹提供依据。方法对2013年隆林各族自治县报告的麻疹疫情资料进行描述性分析。结果 2013年隆林各族自治县共报告麻疹确诊病例45例,发病率为11.56/10万;病例主要集中在散居儿童,占62.22%;15岁以下儿童含麻疹类疫苗漏种率为11.46%;45例病例中0剂次含麻疹类疫苗免疫史44.44%,1剂次的仅占24.44%。结论常规免疫接种率低、基层防保人员及村医不足是本次麻疹疫情暴发的主要原因。为有效控制麻疹疫情,应采取提高麻疹类疫苗接种率、加强麻疹疫情监测及处置等综合防控措施。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.