三苯氧胺治疗时女性血清雌激素水平的变化

三本氧胺是一非类固醇族抗雌激素制剂，已广泛应用于乳腺癌的辅助治疗，其确切机制仍未完全阐明。三苯氧胺具有双重作用，即抗雌激素和雌激素作用。作者以往曾报道绝经后乳腺癌妇女应用三苯氧胶后的脱氧雄甾酮（DHEA）、雌附（E）和雌二醇（E2）的变化。停用三苯氧胺后，DHEA、E1和E2值下降，去势手术后更进一步下降，再用三苯氧胺后又见上升，初步认为三苯氧胺可刺激肾上腺产生DHEA在周围组织再芳香化成E1和E2。为了进一步阐明长期三苯氧胺治疗对绝经前后病人的雌激素和DHEA血清值，作者选47例乳腺癌妇女进行观察，平均60岁（30～…     

三苯氧胺治疗乳腺癌对子宫内膜的影响

三苯氧胺是一种有效的广泛应用于治疗乳腺癌的辅助性内分泌药物,它的抗雌激素作用用于治疗乳腺癌,而其雌激素作用可能引起子宫内膜病变。本文对三苯氧胺的作用机制、对子宫内膜的影响及发生子宫内膜病变后的诊治情况做一综述。     

乳腺癌雌激素受体研究进展

三苯氧胺是目前乳腺癌内分泌治疗最常用的一线药物，但部分却对三苯氧治疗不起反应。本文对雌激素受体的结构，功能，研究进展等方面作一简要介绍。     

三苯氧胺预防乳腺癌

早期乳腺癌采用三苯氧胺和化疗是一种临床证实的可显著减少患者死亡的方法。现在 ,三苯氧胺和类似的物质 ,如雷诺昔芬 ,正在考虑用于预防乳腺癌的发展上。研究已显示 ,三苯氧胺治疗妇女 5年 ,乳腺癌发展总的可降低 38% ,在雌激素受体阳性的乳腺癌中 ,更可降低 4 8%。也就是说 ,     

乳腺癌雌激素受体研究进展

三苯氧胺是目前乳腺癌内分泌治疗最常用的一线药物，但部分却对三苯氧治疗不起反应。本文对雌激素受体的结构、功能、研究进展等方面作一简要介绍。     

佛波醇酯对雌激素受体阳性细胞中三苯氧胺作用的影响

目的研究雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌细胞发生三苯氧胺耐受与细胞外生长信号转导途径活性水平的关系。方法向乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7细胞中转染入含周期素D1基因调控序列的报告基因D1△-2690pXP2,用1×10-7mol/L佛波醇酯（TPA）改变细胞内蛋白激酶活性,检测三苯氧胺对报告基因表达的调控作用。结果MCF-7细胞中,1×10-6mol/L三苯氧胺抑制报告基因表达［基础表达(16.28±3.39)RLU,三苯氧胺处理(4.32±1.39)RLU］;而1×10-7mol/LTPA作用12h可明显促进表达,（88.11±15.14）RLU,并且可使三苯氧胺产生促进报告基因表达作用,［（131.12±35.83）RLU,P<0.01］。结论细胞外信号途径激酶活性改变可明显影响雌激素受体阳性乳腺癌细胞中三苯氧胺的作用,可能是三苯氧胺耐受的机制之一。     

三苯氧胺用于乳腺癌化学预防的研究

乳腺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。美国 2 0 0 0年乳腺癌新发病 1 82 80 0例 ,死亡 40 80 0例 ,女性恶性肿瘤中分别排名第一和第二位[1 ] 。　　 2 0世纪 90年代初期 ,国外许多学者开始进行乳腺癌预防试验 (ＢＣＰＴ) ,其中研究最多的是内分泌预防 ,又称化学预防 (ｃｈｅｍｏｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ ) ,代表药物为三苯氧胺。三苯氧胺的结构和作用　　三苯氧胺是种非甾类抗雌激素药物 ,属于选择性雌激素受体调制剂 (ＳＥＲＭ)类。其结构式与雌激素相似 ,作用机理是与雌二醇在靶器官内争夺雌激素受体 ,减少胞浆内雌激素受体的含量 ,从而阻断雌激素…     

乳腺癌细针穿刺液的pS2蛋白免疫组化染色是判断70岁以上病人对三苯氧胺反应的可靠指标(英)

70岁以上乳腺癌病人单用三苯氧胺治疗的效果不肯定,作者采用pS2蛋白的免疫组化染色方法来判断三苯氧胺的适用范围。由于pS2蛋白的表达与雌激素受体的表达密切相关,前者蛋白表达可预测病人对内分泌治疗的效果,作者对70岁以上乳腺癌（平均77岁）50例病人均先作肿块细针穿刺,1例有2个肿块,故共作52次穿刺,将抽吸液作pS2蛋白免疫组化染色,采用针对这一雌激素依赖性蛋白C—终端30氨基酸的鼠单克隆抗体测定。给三苯氧胺40mg/d,每隔2个月进行随访,测定乳腺肿块大小。     

三苯氧胺的临床使用

浸润性乳腺癌一旦可触知,即是潜在的致命性疾病。恶性细胞很可能由血管和淋巴途径种植,在全身各部位及区域淋巴结形成“微转移”。一旦肿瘤已全身扩散,局部治疗,不管怎样的根治性手术,疗效都不好。作者认为浸润性乳腺癌使用三苯氧胺全身治疗可获得长期治愈。早在1966年已发现其有对抗雌激素的作用。三苯氧胺用在老年乳腺癌妇女的价值现已确定。对照随机试验发现其作用类似于己烯雌酚的药理剂量,但无己烯雌酚的副作用。由于这个原因,三苯     

乳腺康对实验性雌激素水平增高和乳腺组织增生的影响

目的：了解乳腺康对雌激素引起的大白鼠性激素水平增高和乳腺组织增生的影响。方法：１０周龄雌性ＳＤ大鼠隔天注射０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重苯甲酸雌二醇，同时每天灌服三苯氧胺、乳癖消或不同剂量的乳腺康冲剂３０天。结果：注射苯甲酸雌二醇动物体重降低并且引起血清雌激素含量显著增高，经用三苯氧胺或乳癖消治疗无显著疗效，而灌服中剂量和高剂量乳腺康的动物均能显著地降低血清雌激素含量；注射苯甲酸雌二醇能引起大鼠乳房肿大，三苯氧胺能抑制苯甲酸雌二醇引起的乳房肿大，乳癖消作用不明显，而灌服不同剂量的乳腺康冲剂均能不同程度地抑制乳房肿大。结论：乳腺康能治疗雌激素引起的乳腺病，其作用优于三苯氧胺和乳癖消     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.