通里攻下法对SIRS/MODS的治疗价值——多中心临床分析

目的:观察不同病因所致的肠源性内毒素血症、SIRS及MODS的发生、发展规律,评价通里攻下法代表方剂大承气颗粒对肠源性内毒素血症、全身炎性反应综合征(SIRS)/多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的治疗作用。方法:前瞻性对照分析2002—2005年来源于4个医疗中心的符合SIRS或MODS标准的202名病人,随机分为西医治疗对照组105例(对照组)和大承气颗粒 西医治疗组97例(治疗组)。比较两组治疗后的器官损害或衰竭数、病死率、并发症发生率、体温(每日最高体温)、白细胞计数、血浆内毒素、血清细胞因子TNFα和IL-6的变化。结果:治疗组的疗效均显著优于对照组。对照组与治疗组病死率分别为15·24%和5·15%,器官受损率对照组105例中发生器官功能障碍215个,平均每例发生器官功能障碍2·05个,治疗组97例中发生器官功能障碍133个,平均每例发生器官功能障碍1·27个,两组相比较有显著性差异,P<0·05。其他指标治疗组显著优于对照组。结论:通里攻下法代表方剂大承气颗粒可以明显改善SIRS/MODS患者的临床症状,降低病死率、并发症发生率,促进脏器功能恢复,预防或减少MODS/MOF的发生,改善预后,降低病死率。     

梗阻性黄疸患者术前胆道感染与术后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床研究

探讨梗阻性黄痘胆道感染患者术后MODS的机制和防治策略.回顾分析近15年手术治疗的299例恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄痘患者的病历资料.术前因胆道感染出现SIRS者101例(33.77%).SIRS者术后易发生MODS(P＜0.01).MODS中胃肠功能衰竭最常见(53.43%).术后共发生MODS73例(24.42%),MODS患者死亡率为43.83%.SIRS至MODS是一连续过程,这一过程的本质是SIRS,降低梗阻性黄痘患者手术后MODS,需要:预防胆道感染、早期认识SIRS,手术应择期在SIRS缓解后内环境稳定时进行;降低胆红素水平,控制内毒素血症.     

谷氨酰胺双肽对严重烧伤患者内毒素血症的影响

目的　探讨谷氨酰胺双肽对烧伤患者血浆内毒素水平的影响。　方法　将 3 0例烧伤面积 3 0 %～ 70 % ,Ⅲ度面积 >2 0 %TBSA的患者随机分为对照组和研究组 ,研究组于伤后 1～ 12d口服谷氨酰胺双肽粉剂 0 .5 g·kg-1·d-1,对照组给予等量甘氨酸作安慰剂。检测两组伤后 1、12d血浆谷氨酰胺浓度及 1、3、6、12d血浆内毒素的浓度 ,记录 3 0d创面愈合率和总住院日。　结果　伤后第1天两组血浆谷氨酰胺浓度较正常值 (65 9.5± 3 5 .0 ) μmol/L明显下降 ,但两组间差异无显著性意义(P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 12天对照组谷氨酰胺仍处于低浓度 (4 0 1.67± 65 .42 ) μmol/L ,而研究组 (5 93 .47±68.5 1) μmol/L则接近正常 ,组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。血浆内毒素浓度伤后第 1天较正常值 (0 .0 3 3Eu/ml)均明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,第 3天研究组内毒素浓度为 (0 .0 47± 0 .0 17)Eu/ml低于对照组 (0 .10 7± 0 .0 3 8)Eu/ml(P <0 .0 5 )。 3 0d创面愈合率研究组 (91± 6) %明显高于对照组 (85± 8) % ;而研究组平均住院日 (5 2± 11)d明显低于对照组 (67± 2 1)d。　结论　口服谷氨酰胺双肽可以维持烧伤患者血浆谷氨酰胺浓度 ,降低血浆内毒素 ,促进创面愈合     

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目的　探讨腹部外科手术病人全血细菌DNA检测结果与血细菌培养、术后全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)及感染的关系。方法　将 2 0 0 3年 5～ 10月收治的 6 3例腹部外科病人分为 :胃肠手术组和非胃肠手术组 ;大手术组和中等手术组 ;术后发生SIRS组和未发生SIRS组。术前和术后 2h、2 4h、4 8h采集外周血 ,利用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)技术进行细菌DNA检测。结果　术前PCR均为阴性 ,术后共有 12例PCR阳性。术后 2h、2 4h和4 8hPCR阳性率差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。胃肠和非胃肠手术组PCR阳性率分别为 2 0 .6 %和 17.2 %(P >0 0 5 )。大手术组和中手术组PCR阳性率分别为 36 .0 %和 7.9% (P <0 .0 1)。术后出现SIRS的病人PCR阳性率为 4 1.7% ,高于无SIRS组的 5 .1% (P <0 .0 1)。PCR阳性组SIRS发生率为 83.3% ,阴性组为 2 7.5 %(P <0 0 1)。PCR阳性者 6 6 6 7%发生感染并发症 ,阴性者无一发生 (P <0 .0 1)。术后血细菌培养阳性率 4 .8% ,显著低于PCR的 19.0 % (P <0 .0 1) ;培养阳性者 ,PCR均呈阳性。PCR阳性结果中大肠杆菌DNA阳性占6 6 7%。结论　腹部外科术后早期 (2h)即可发生肠道细菌易位 (BT) ,以大肠杆菌为主。BT与手术时间长 (>3h)和 (或 )失血量大 (>5 0 0mL)有关 ,而与是否胃肠手术无关。术后SIRS和感染并     

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目的　阐述中性粒细胞凋亡在重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)的发生以及进展为多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)中的作用机制。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年采用流式细胞仪分别测定SAP组、轻症急性胰腺炎 (MAP)组和健康对照组各 2 0例外周血中性粒细胞凋亡 ,并分析急性胰腺炎发生系统性炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)、MODS与中性粒细胞凋亡的关系。结果　SAP组、MAP组和对照组中性粒细胞凋亡分别为 (2 2 6± 0 76 ) %、(3 0 7± 1 10 ) %、(3 88± 1 2 0 ) %。各组间比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。未发生SIRS组、SIRS组与MODS组胰腺炎病人中性粒细胞调亡分别为 (3 35± 1 0 2 ) % ,(2 6 9± 0 84 ) % ,(1 80± 0 6 7) % ,各组间差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　外周血延缓的中性粒细胞凋亡在急性胰腺炎发病机制中具有重要作用 ,是胰腺炎病人发生SIRS并进展为MODS的重要环节。     

不同微创术式治疗高龄直肠癌病人的疗效及对其免疫炎性反应及预后的影响分析

目的探讨不同微创术式治疗高龄直肠癌病人的疗效及对其免疫炎性反应及预后的影响分析。方法选取我科收治的80例直肠癌高龄病人,根据手术治疗方式的不同,分为研究组及对照组两组(各40例),研究组采用单孔腹腔镜直肠癌手术治疗,对照组采用采用传统多孔腹腔镜直肠癌手术治疗。比较两组病人的临床疗效等差异。结果研究组病人的切口长度(2. 8±0. 4) cm、住院时间(7. 9±1. 8)天、术后首次排气时间(2. 6±1. 4)天及术后VAS评分(2. 6±0. 4)分均显著少于对照组,而手术时间(180. 2±7. 2)分钟,长于对照组病人(144. 5±7. 5)分钟(P 0. 05);研究组病人的术后并发症率(7. 5%)与对照组病人(12. 5%)比较无统计学差异(P0. 05);研究组病人的免疫炎性指标均较对照组改善明显(P 0. 05);两组病人术后1年生存率(87. 5%vs 85. 0%)及复发率(5. 0%vs 7. 5%)的差异情况比较无差异(P 0. 05)。结论单孔腹腔镜下治疗高龄直肠癌病人的预后与多孔腹腔镜无差异,但可减轻术后免疫应激反应,手术适应证需严格把控。     

经皮机械性血栓清除术治疗创伤病人下肢深静脉血栓形成的安全性和早期疗效分析

目的评价经皮机械性血栓清除术(PMT)治疗创伤病人下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的安全性和早期疗效。方法急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(髂股静脉)病人45例,其中非创伤性DVT(对照组) 24例,创伤性DVT(创伤组) 21例,两组病人均首选PMT治疗,后续辅以导管接触性溶栓(CDT)或支架植入,比较两组病人手术参数,术后并发症发生率、术前术后VRI评分、Villalta评分及1年通畅率。结果对照组溶栓时间为(2. 23±0. 60)天,创伤组为(1. 60±0. 52)天,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),其中对照组术后新发2例症状性肺动脉栓塞(PE)。对照组与创伤组病人症状改善(70. 83%比76. 19%),两组术前VRI评分分别为(12. 71±1. 73)分和(12. 52±1. 33)分,术后VRI评分分别为(2. 71±2. 29)分和(3. 14±1. 56)分,Villalta评分分别为(2. 39±1. 31)分和(2. 90±1. 55),1年通畅率分别为83. 33%和95. 24%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 PMT治疗创伤性DVT病人有效且较为安全,早期疗效较好。     

急性重症胰腺炎全身炎症反应综合征的防治(附50例临床分析)

目的　探讨急性重症胰腺炎全身炎症反应综合征 (systemicinflammatoryresponsesyn drome, SIRS)的防治方法及效果。　方法　2000年 6月 ~2004年 6月我院收治 50例急性重症胰腺炎患者, 分为两组: 治疗组 29例, 采用乌司他丁 2×106 U静脉滴注, 2次 /d, 连续 6d, 病情改善后减半量给药 2d, 病情重则延长使用时间;对照组 21例,除不予乌司他丁外其余措施如禁食、胃肠减压、抗感染等与治疗组相同。对比分析两组SIRS和多器官功能障碍综合征 (multipleorgandysfuctionsyn drome,MODS)的发生率以及死亡率。　结果　治疗组SIRS和MODS的发生率分别为 75. 9% ( 22 /29 )和 44. 8% (13 /29),显著低于对照组的 95. 2% (20 /21)和 76. 2% (16 /21) (P<0. 05),两组的死亡率分别为 13. 8% (4 /29)和 19. 0% (4 /21), 无显著差别。　结论　乌司他丁能显著降低急性重症胰腺炎SIRS和MODS的发生率。     

不同手术方式治疗高龄前列腺增生的疗效及对术后前列腺功能的影响

目的分析不同手术方式治疗高龄前列腺增生对病人前列腺功能和预后的影响。方法高龄前列腺增生病人90例,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组和观察组,每组各45例。对照组采用经尿道等离子电切术治疗,观察组采用经尿道等离子剜除术治疗,分析两组病人治疗后的临床效果。结果观察组病人术中出血量为(166. 84±8. 75)ml,手术时间为(52. 13±5. 42)分钟、导尿管留置时间为(1. 59±0. 24)天;对照组分别为(198. 36±13. 85) ml、(68. 51±7. 12)分钟和(2. 39±0. 35)天,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组的切除组织重量为(48. 93±5. 42) g,对照组为(35. 52±4. 61) g,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术前,两组病人血清表皮生长因子受体(EDFR)、睾酮(T)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、前列腺特异性抗原(PAS)水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后,观察组病人EDFR(28. 16±5. 74) fmol/mg,T(13. 38±7. 68) pg/mg,TNF-α(10. 23±1. 79) pmol/L,PAS(4. 17±0. 74) ng/L,对照组分别为(35. 14±5. 74)fmol/mg、(16. 16±7. 68) pg/mg、(13. 14±2. 68) pmol/L和(6. 87±1. 68) ng/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术前,两组病人尿流动力学参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后,观察组病人最大尿流率和残余尿量分别为(24. 32±1. 31)ml/s、(23. 61±2. 15)ml,对照组分别为(20. 09±20. 16)ml/s,(28. 16±2. 34)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。手术前后,两组病人国际前列腺症状评分、生活质量评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。对照组并发症发生率为17. 78%,观察组为4. 44%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论经尿道等离子剜除术治疗高龄前列腺增生病人,能降低术中出血量,并发症较少。     

原发性肝细胞癌肺耐药蛋白基因Irp表达及其意义

目的 :研究肺耐药蛋白基因Irp在原发性肝细胞癌 (PHC)化疗中产生的多药耐药机制及其与PHC的临床病理关系 ,对甲胎蛋白 (AFP)的影响和术后预后的意义。方法 :采用S P免疫组织化学法和原位PCR技术对 5 4例未化疗的PHC、2 4例PHC癌旁和 12例肝炎后肝硬化存档石蜡包埋组织中Irp基因编码的LRP和mRNAIrp的表达进行检测 ,对术后 2 4例AFP阳性的PHC病人进行术后化疗 ,分析Irp基因表达与AFP变化关系。 结果 :LRP和mRNAIrp在 3种组织中的阳性表达率分别为6 1.1%,33.3%,16 .7%和 75 .9%,37.5 %,33.3%,PHC组织中Irp基因表达显著高于其他组织 (P <0 .0 5 )。Irp基因表达与PHC的分化程度有关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与PHC病人的年龄、性别、肿瘤大小等临床病理资料无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。Irp基因表达阳性组病人术后化疗AFP有效率显著低于Irp基因表达阴性组病人 (P <0 .0 5 )。术后随访Irp基因表达阴性组病人平均生存时间长于阳性组病人 ,但无统计学意义(P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :PHC多药耐药 (MDR)与Irp基因表达有关 ,Irp基因可作为临床化疗耐药指标 ,检测Irp基因表达有助于PHC个体化疗方案制订 ,并为MDR逆转提供依据。Irp基因表达与PHC的分化程度有关 ,可能与病人的预后无关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.