Hypothyroidism modulates renal antioxidant gene expression during postnatal development and maturation in rat

In the present study effects of 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism on renal antioxidant defence system during postnatal development (from birth to 7, 15 and 30days old) and on adult rats were reported. Hypothyroidism in rats was induced by feeding the lactating mothers (from the day of parturition till weaning, 25days old) or directly to the pups with 0.05% PTU in drinking water. The activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were increased in 30days old hypothyroid rats with respect to their respective controls, on the other hand, levels of translated products and activities of Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) were decreased in hypothyroid rats of all age groups as compared to their respective control rats. SOD1 activity remained unchanged in persistent (PTU-treatment from birth to 90days old) hypothyroid rats as compared to euthyroid. However, a decreased activity of SOD1 was recorded in transient (PTU-treatment from birth to 30days then withdrawal till 90days old) hypothyroid rats with respect to control rats. The mRNA level, protein expression and activity of SOD2 and CAT were significantly decreased in persistent hypothyroid rats as compared to euthyroid rats. The activity of GPx was significantly increased in both persistent and transient hypothyroid rats with respect to euthyroid rats. The present study indicates modulation of antioxidant defence status of rat kidney during postnatal development and maturation by hypothyroidism.     

褪黑素对糖尿病大鼠肾脏抗氧化物酶的影响

与正常大鼠比较,STZ诱发的糖尿病大鼠肾与血清的丙二醛水平升高,以及抗氧化物酶活性降低,在褪黑素治疗后均见明显改善,同时伴随出现尿白蛋白排泄率、血尿酸、血脂谱以及肾重对体重的比值等的降低。     

Markers of oxidative stress and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity in older men and women with differing physical activity

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between markers of oxidative stress and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity and physical activity in older men and women. The present study included 481 participants (233 men and 248 women) in the age group 65–69 years (127 men and 125 women) and in the age group 90 years and over (106 men and 123 women). The classification of respondents by physical activity was based on answers to the question if, in the past 12 months, they engaged in any pastimes which require physical activity. The systemic oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring plasma iso-PGF2α and protein carbonyl concentration as well as erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activity, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). The concentration of plasma iso-PGF2α and protein carbonyls (CP) was lower in groups of younger men and women compared to the respective older groups. In all examined groups, physical activity resulted in decrease of these oxidative stress markers and simultaneously caused adaptive increase in the erythrocyte SOD activity. Additionally, in active younger men CAT, GPx, and GR activities were higher than in sedentary ones. In conclusion, oxidative stress increase is age-related, but physical activity can reduce oxidative stress markers and induce adaptive increase in the erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity, especially SOD, even in old and very old men and women.     

甲状腺机能减退与脑发育

甲状腺功能减退症是以低甲状腺激素血症为特点的内分泌疾病.甲状腺激素的减少可影响机体各器官、系统的功能,其中对大脑发育的影响临床上较为常见.甲状腺功能减退可造成一系列脑发育和功能的障碍,包括细胞增殖分化的延迟和学习记忆功能的下降.     

Intracerebroventricular administration of N-acetylaspartic acid impairs antioxidant defenses and promotes protein oxidation in cerebral cortex of rats

N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) is the biochemical hallmark of Canavan Disease, an inherited metabolic disease caused by deficiency of aspartoacylase activity. NAA is an immediate precursor for the enzyme-mediated biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAG), whose concentration is also increased in urine and cerebrospinal fluid of patients affected by CD. This neurodegenerative disorder is clinically characterized by severe mental retardation, hypotonia and macrocephaly, and generalized tonic and clonic type seizures. Considering that the mechanisms of brain damage in this disease remain not fully understood, in the present study we investigated whether intracerebroventricular administration of NAA or NAAG elicits oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of 30-day-old rats. NAA significantly reduced total radical-trapping antioxidant potential, catalase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, whereas protein carbonyl content and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly enhanced. Lipid peroxidation indices and glutathione peroxidase activity were not affected by NAA. In contrast, NAAG did not alter any of the oxidative stress parameters tested. Our results indicate that intracerebroventricular administration of NAA impairs antioxidant defenses and induces oxidative damage to proteins, which could be involved in the neurotoxicity of NAA accumulation in CD patients.     

Decreased oxidant profile and increased antioxidant capacity in naturally postmenopausal women

Recent works have shown a dual side of estrogens, and research on the relationship between oxidative stress and menopausal status remains unclear and has produced controversial results. In this work, we aimed to evaluate by sensitive methods the oxidant and antioxidant changes that develop after natural menopause. Thirty premenopausal and 28 naturally postmenopausal women volunteered for this study. Blood was collected and plasma used. 17-OH estradiol levels in plasma were estimated. Plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), lipid peroxidation products (such as hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA)), and nitrites were measured, and total radical antioxidant parameter testing was performed to determine the oxidant and antioxidant profiles, respectively. Estrogen levels were significantly increased (p < 0.02) in premenopausal women (54.28 ± 9.34 pg/mL) as compared with postmenopausal women (18.10 ± 1.49 pg/mL). Postmenopausal women had lower levels of lipid hydroperoxide oxidation (p < 0.0001), lipid hydroperoxide levels evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC; 1,366,000 ± 179,400 AUC; p < 0.01), and hydroperoxides as measured by the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange method (31.48 ± 2.7 μM; p < 0.0001). The MDA levels did not differ between pre- and postmenopausal women whether measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances or high-performance liquid chromatography assays. No differences in AOPP and nitrite levels were observed between pre- and postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women also exhibited a higher total radical antioxidant level (0.89 ± 0.08 μM Trolox; p < 0.0001). Postmenopausal women demonstrated lower levels of oxidative damage and a higher antioxidant capacity than premenopausal women.     

Antioxidant Enzymes Show Adaptation to Oxidative Stress in Athletes and Increased Stress in Hemodialysis Patients

The aim of the study is to compare oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients in controls and in rowers. The patients are a model of decreased antioxidant capacity, and the athletes (rowers) are a model of the highest antioxidant capacity due to their chronic adaptation to demanding training. Thirty‐five subjects participated in the study, 9 patients with end‐stage renal disease treated by hemodialysis, 12 healthy young subjects from the normal population, and 14 rowers. The antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as non‐transferrin‐bound iron as a promoter of free radical damage, were determined. Blood analysis was taken in dialysis patients in the morning, before the dialysis procedure. There was significantly higher activity of catalase in dialysis patients (catalase 4.26 ± 0.35 mkat/g Hb) compared to the controls (catalase 2.73 ± 0.38 mkat/g Hb) and rowers (catalase 1.71 ± 0.30 mkat/g Hb). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower (10.42 ± 1.46 µkat/g Hb) than in the controls (11.94 ± 1.18 µkat/g Hb) and rowers (14.09 ± 0.92 µkat/g Hb). There was no significant differences between glutathione peroxidase activities in the three groups. Superoxide dismutase and Se were higher in rowers than in dialysis patients (P < 0.05). The concentrations of both non‐transferrin‐bound iron and ferritin were significantly higher in dialysis patients. Hemodialysis patients might have increased oxidative stress, which is characterized by significantly higher erythrocyte enzyme activity of catalase and lower activity of superoxide dismutase. Top rowers had increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, perhaps because of adaptation during training, which was not the case in dialysis patients and controls.     

L-精氨酸对糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用

目的 研究L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对糖尿病大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用及其机制. 方法 电镜下观察L-Arg对STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠睾丸的形态学改变,并测定睾丸NO、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、SOD、Ca~(2+)-ATPase、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性,RT-PCR检测睾丸内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、iNOS、醛糖还原酶(AR)、CGRP及ET-1 mRNA表达.结果糖尿病组大鼠睾丸电镜下主要见到支持细胞胞质内出现较多空泡,并有大量脂滴沉积,与生精细胞接触处出现空泡;NO、cGMP、CGRP含量及NOS、SOD、Ca~(2+)-ATPase、Na~+-K~+-ATPase活性、CGRP、eNOS mRNA表达均明显低于正常对照组(NC组)(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而ET-1、MDA含量及AR、ET-1 mRNA表达明显高于NC组(P＜0.01).经L-Arg治疗后,上述改变逆转,与模型组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),电镜下睾丸组织的形态结构接近于NC组. 结论 L-Arg对糖尿病所致的睾丸损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与改善睾丸血供及减轻氧化应激损伤有关.     

Relationship between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in children with acute hepatitis A

INTRODUCTION Acute viral hepatitis is one of the most common infectious diseases while hepatitis A is the most prevalent form of acute viral hepatitis in many parts of the world. In developing countries located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, seroprev…     

Oxidative stress in the kidney of reproductive male rats during aging

Reproduction alters the male physiology. We performed a comprehensive examination of oxidative stress in the kidneys of male rats with (experienced) or without (naïve) reproductive activity during aging. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase, and by measuring protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, nitrite and nitrate levels, vitamin C levels, and glutathione (total, reduced, and oxidized forms) levels, and metabolism was accessed by aconitase activity in kidney tissue, as well as testosterone and estradiol levels in serum. Reproductively active animals exhibited increased testosterone levels and altered metabolism. Aging affects tissues and organs and contributes to their functional decline. Elderly naïve rats showed high nitrite and nitrate levels. The experienced rats had less damage in elderly ages, probably because they had higher antioxidant amount and antioxidant enzyme activities at earlier ages, which would have avoided oxidative damage seen in naïve group, and because of the metabolism decline. Glutathione increase in naïve elder rats probably was induced for direct protection against oxidative damage and indirect protection by higher glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities. Linear regression shows that lipid peroxidation levels explained vitamin C levels (B standardized value of 0.42), indicating that vitamin C was properly produced or recruited into kidneys to combat lipid peroxidation. Catalase activity reflected the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels (B standardized values of 0.28 and 0.48). These results add comprehensive data regarding changes in oxidative stress during aging, and suggest an explanation for the costs of reproduction.     

Oxidative stress in the brain of reproductive male rats during aging

Reproduction alters the male physiology. We performed a comprehensive study to examine oxidative stress in the brains of male rats with (experienced) or without (naïve) reproductive activity during aging. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, aconitase, and aconitase reactivated, and by measuring lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nitrite and nitrate levels, vitamin C levels, and glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized forms) levels in brain tissue, as well as testosterone and estradiol levels in serum. Reproductively active animals exhibited increased testosterone levels and aconitase activity, suggesting an increased metabolism. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased levels of antioxidant compounds were observed, yet damage to biomolecules was also observed in experienced rats. During aging changes in oxidative stress were observed. We found higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, higher amounts of antioxidants, and more damage at six months of age among experienced animals than among naïve animals. Similar antioxidant activities and levels, and damage were found between the groups at twenty-four months of age. These results add comprehensive data regarding changes in oxidative stress during aging, and suggest an explanation for the costs of reproduction.     

Quercetin Prevents Oxidative Stress in Cirrhotic Rats

Our aim was to study the protective effect of quercitin on liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rats and its relationship with liver morphology. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were randomly divided into three groups: control, CCl₄, and CCl₄+ quercetin. Rats in the experimental groups were given CCl₄ (0.5 ml/kg i.p.), diluted 1:6 in vegetable oil (5 mmol/kg body wt), at 10:00 p.m. every 4 days for 17 weeks. Quercetin (500 μl/kg i.p.; 150 μmol/kg body wt) or vehicle was administered at 6:00 p.m. for the last 3 weeks of the study. Control group rats were given only olive oil for the same period. At the end of the 17 weeks, all rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum indicators (ALT, AST, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, factor V) and the livers were dissected out and divided into two parts: one was homogenized and the supernatant was used for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as lipid peroxidation. The other part was used for the histopathological study. CCl₄ caused a marked rise in serum levels of ALT, AST, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin, as well as a decrease in factor V (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased, whereas GSH, SOD, catalase, GPx, and GST levels were decreased in the liver of CCl₄-treated rats. Quercetin (50 mg/kg/day) successfully attenuated these effects of CCl₄. We conclude that quercetin has beneficial effects on liver fibrosis in rats by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing the pro-oxidant effect.     

A 7-day profile of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with acute liver failure

Purpose  Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by a rapid and massive destruction of hepatocytes. The role of oxidative stress in perpetuating the injury is undefined and may be a potential therapeutic target. Our aim was to study serial variation in oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with ALF. Methods  The study involved a prospective case–control study set in a tertiary care referral center. Thirty-two consecutive patients admitted with ALF were included with 23 healthy controls for comparison. Level of systemic oxidative stress as defined by superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive derivatives [TBARS]), and the total antioxidant capacity as the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) was measured at baseline on days 3 and 7. Results  The patients were aged 24 years (range 13–60 years) and included 20 females. Thirteen (40.6%) patients died. Patients with ALF had significantly increased systemic oxidative stress at presentation, as reflected by higher levels of SOD (P < 0.001) and TBARS (P < 0.001) than controls. Both TBARS levels and FRAP decreased progressively from admission to the end of first week among the survivors (P = 0.004 and 0.015, respectively). The antioxidant status reflected by FRAP (P = 0.001) was significantly lower in ALF patients than controls. No relation was found between the level of oxidative stress and the mortality or complications. Conclusion  A high level of systemic oxidative stress exists in ALF, with depletion of antioxidant reserves. Further studies are needed to define the clinical correlation of the large pro-oxidant burden.     

Oxidative stress in testis of animals during aging with and without reproductive activity

The free radical theory of aging postulates that an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and antioxidant defenses is important in senescence. To address this issue and gain insight into the aging process, we have evaluated the antioxidant defenses and have assessed oxidative damage in testis tissues in aging male rats. In order to relate aging and reproduction, animals with and without reproductive activity were studied. In reproductive animals the results showed a progressive increase in antioxidant enzyme activity until 12 months of age followed by an abrupt fall at 24 months. In non-reproductive animals, antioxidant activity was stable through 12 months of age, but again, fell abruptly at 24 months of age. In addition, increased aconitase activity and increased testosterone levels were found among reproductively active animals. The data demonstrate the existence of metabolic differences in testis of reproductively experienced animals and reproductively naïve animals.     

The role played by oral antioxidant therapies in preventing and treating preeclampsia: An updated meta-analysis

AimsPerforming an up-to-date meta-analysis of oral antioxidant therapies and determining whether they are effective in preventing and/or treating preeclampsia (PE).Data synthesisSearch was performed in PubMed, CENTRAL, LILACS, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases. The risk of bias was assessed based on using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A funnel plot was created, and Egger's and Peter's test was carried out to assess publication bias in the primary outcome of prevention studies. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed based on using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Developing and Evaluation (GRADE) tool; a formal protocol was published in the PROSPERO database (registration number CRD42022348992). In total, 32 studies were taken into consideration for analysis purposes; 22 studies focused on investigating preeclampsia prevention methods, whereas 10 focused on its treatment. Significant results associated with the incidence of preeclampsia were observed in prevention studies comprising 11,198 subjects and 1106 events in the control groups, as well as 11,156 subjects and 1048 events in the intervention groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.75, 0.99], P = 0.03; I² = 44%, P = 0.02). With respect to outcomes associated with treatment studies, only intrauterine growth restriction has shown significant effects. Egger's and Peter's test has evidenced publication bias. Six outcomes in prevention studies were classified as having low quality and two as having moderate quality, whereas all three outcomes assessed in treatment studies were classified as having moderate quality.ConclusionsAntioxidant therapy has shown beneficial effects on preeclampsia prevention; moreover, the positive impact of this therapy on intrauterine growth restriction was observed during the disease treatment.     

Serum biochemical responses under oxidative stress of aspartame in wistar albino rats

ObjectiveTo study whether the oral administration of aspartame (40 mg/kg body weight) for 15 d, 30 d and 90 d have any effect on marker enzymes, some selective liver and kidney function parameter, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in serum. To mimic human methanol metabolism, folate deficient animals were used.MethodAnimal weight, complete hemogram, marker enzyme in serum, some selected serum profile reflect liver and kidney function, plasma corticosterone level, and in serum, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant level was measured .ResultAfter 15 d of aspartame administration animals showed a significant change in marker enzymes, and antioxidant level. However, after repeated long term administration (30 d and 90 d) showed a significant change in some selected serum profile reflects liver and kidney function, along with marker enzymes, and antioxidant level.ConclusionsThis study concludes that oral administration of aspartame (40 mg/kg body weight) causes oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats by altering their oxidant/antioxidant balance.     

糖尿病大鼠肾脏组织中氧化应激的实验研究

目的探讨糖尿病大鼠肾脏组织中氧化应激水平在糖尿病肾病中的作用。方法采用STZ诱导糖尿病模型鼠。36只大鼠随机分为正常对照组，糖尿病Ⅰ组(给予鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素2～4U／2d)，糖尿病Ⅱ组(每日给予鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素9～12U／kg体重)。喂养至12w，测定各组血糖，血中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、尿素氮、肌酐、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)水平，尿肌酐水平和24h尿蛋白含量。运用比色法测定肾脏皮质中抗氧化酶的活性，包括总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu—Zn SOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH—Px)，以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果糖尿病Ⅱ组与正常对照组间各指标无显著性差异。糖尿病Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组或正常对照组比较，血糖、TC、TG、HbAlc明显升高；抗氧化酶中，TSOD、Cu—Zn SOD、CAT活性明显下降，GSH—Px活性则升高，Mn SOD活性在各组中无显著性差异；MDA水平明显升高。尿蛋白含量在糖尿病Ⅰ组较其他两组明显升高，而肌酐清除率则明显下降。结论糖尿病可以引起大鼠肾脏氧化应激水平的升高，在糖尿病肾病发病机制中起重要作用。     

氧化应激在 OSAHS 所致肾损害中的作用机制及抗氧化干预的研究进展

OSAHS 是一种全身性的疾病,在其引起各系统疾病的发生发展过程中,慢性间歇低氧引起的氧化应激起着广泛的作用。本文就氧化应激在 OSAHS 所致肾损害中的作用机制及抗氧化治疗研究进展加以综述。     

Oxidative stress in erythrocytes of banked ABO blood

Objective: To understand the responses of A, B, and O blood groups to oxidative stress (OS) induced through storage.

Methods: A, B, and O blood units were obtained from the blood bank at KIMS Hospital, Bangalore, and stored for 35 days at 4°C in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 solution. Every fifth day, hemoglobin (Hb) was assessed in whole blood and erythrocytes were isolated from each group. OS markers such as (i) antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase and catalase] and superoxides were assessed in hemolysate; (ii) lipid peroxidation product – malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation products [protein carbonyls, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and protein sulfhydryls] were assessed in membrane ghosts.

Results: Antioxidant enzymes and Hb were similar in all groups. Superoxides increased in blood group O. MDA and AOPP differed between the groups, where levels in blood group O were lower than blood groups A and B. Sulfhydryls were maintained throughout storage.

Discussion: The antioxidant defense in A, B, and O groups were similar as evident from our results of Hb, antioxidant enzymes and sulfhydryls. However, the response of blood group O diverged from that of A and B, substantiated by the results of MDA, AOPP, and superoxides. Thus blood group O endured oxidative insult more efficiently than A and B. This study forms the basis for future studies on erythrocyte membrane and exploring blood group O as a potential candidate for prolonging storage.