微创三孔打结法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的护理配合

目的探讨微创三孔打结法腹腔镜胆囊切除术护理配合的有效措施。方法对我院2000年10月-2006年10月间经过筛选的363例体型较瘦的胆囊息肉或无明显感染病史的胆囊结石患者在全麻下采用微创三孔打结法行LC,脐上缘戳第一孔(10mm)置入腹腔镜视管,剑突下稍偏右戳孔(5mm)为主操作孔,右锁骨中线肋缘下2cm处戳孔(2mm)为辅操作孔,应用自制的打结器结扎处理胆囊管及胆囊动脉,胆囊从脐部孔取出。结果363例患者均顺利行LC,手术时间及配合步骤无明显延长,术后恢复快,无并发症。结论对体型较瘦患者,微创三孔打结法LC安全、美观、可行,其护理配合简便、快捷,值得推广。     

微创三孔打结法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的护理配合

目的 探讨微创三孔打结法腹腔镜胆囊切除术护理配合的有效措施.方法 对我院2000年10月-2006年10月间经过筛选的363例体型较瘦的胆囊息肉或无明显感染病史的胆囊结石患者在全麻下采用微创三孔打结法行LC,脐上缘戳第一孔(10 mm)置入腹腔镜视管,剑突下稍偏右戳孔(5 mm)为主操作孔,右锁骨中线肋缘下2 cm处戳孔(2 mm)为辅操作孔,应用自制的打结器结扎处理胆囊管及胆囊动脉,胆囊从脐部孔取出.结果 363例患者均顺利行LC,手术时间及配合步骤无明显延长,术后恢复快,无并发症.结论 对体型较瘦患者,微创三孔打结法LC安全、美观、可行,其护理配合简便、快捷,值得推广.     

三孔缝扎法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的探讨

目的：探讨三孔缝扎法腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术方法和适应证。方法：全麻下采用三孔缝扎法行逆行法LC，脐下缘皮肤戳第一孔（10mm）置入腹腔镜，剑突下2－5cm戳孔（10mm)为主操作孔，右锁骨中线肋缘下2cm偏外2－5cm处戳孔（5mm)为辅助操作孔，借助腹腔镜弯钳和腹腔镜持针器1－0可吸收缝线腹腔内打外科结结扎和3－0可吸收缝针线缝扎双重处理胆囊管，打外科结结扎和／或缝扎单重或双重处理胆囊动脉前后分支，胆囊从剑突下孔或脐部孔取出。结果：67例中成功施行三孔缝扎法LC53例（79％），三孔结扎法LC4例，三孔钛夹法LC9例，四孔缝扎法LC1例。无手术并发症。结论：选择合适病人施行三孔缝扎法LC较安全、可行，此方法避免了钛夹和丝线的残留，减少了一个腹壁戳孔，病人容易接受。     

三孔打结法腹腔镜胆囊切除术326例

目的：采用三孔打结法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC），进一步减少手术创伤。方法：326例患者在全麻下采用三孔打结法行LC，脐部皮肤皱褶处截第一孔（10mm)置入腹腔镜，剑突下稍偏右截孔（5mm）为主操作孔，右锁骨中线肋缘下2cm处截孔（5mm）为辅助操作孔，借助自制的打结器，应用丝线结扎处理胆囊管及胆囊动脉，胆囊从脐部孔取出。结果：采用此方法行LC成功率达100％，手术时间无明显延长，术后恢复快。结论：三孔打结法LC是一种安全、可行的方法，此方法进一步减少了手术的创伤，有利于术后恢复。     

自制套扎线无钛夹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的 探讨自制套扎线无钛夹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床疗效.方法 选取2003年3月～2008年1月间施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者86例,随机分为使用自制套扎线无钛夹LC组(观察组)43例和传统钛夹LC组(对照组)43例;比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、右上腹疼痛不适、胆漏、其他并发症,住院时间的差异.结果 两组均结扎成功并顺利出院,观察组与对照组比较手术时间延长、术中出血量增加(P<0.05),住院时间、术后恶心呕吐胃肠反应、发热等其他并发症差异无显著性(P>0.05);右上腹疼痛不适减少(P<0.05),未发生胆漏.结论 自制套扎线无钛夹腹腔镜胆囊切除术处理胆囊管及胆管动脉安全、可靠,并能避免使用钛夹所致的并发症.值得推广和应用.     

缝扎法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的：探讨缝扎法腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术方法、适应证和临床应用价值。方法：全麻下采用缝扎法行LC,脐下缘皮肤戳第一孔（10mm）置入腹腔镜,剑突下2—5cm戳孔（10mm）为主操作孔,右锁骨中线肋缘下2-5cm戳孔（5mm）为辅助操作孔,右腋前线肋缘下2-5cm戳孔（5mm）为助手操作孔。借助腹腔镜弯钳和腹腔镜持针器4—0可吸收缝线腹腔内打外科结结扎和4—0可吸收缝针线缝扎双重处理胆囊管,打外科结结扎处理胆震动脉前分支,4—0可吸收缝针线缝扎处理胆囊动脉后分支。胆囊从剑突下孔或脐部孔取出。结果：237例中成功施行缝扎法LE226例（95％）,中转钛夹法LC11例（5％）。25例Winslow孔附近放置多孔乳胶引流管,引流出淡血性渗出液20-200ml／d,术后1—3d拔除。无中转开腹,无严重的并发症,无死亡。手术历时20-90min,平均40min。术后住院2-6d。结论：只要选择合适的病例,施行缝扎法LC有效、安全、可行。此方法避免了钛夹和丝线的残留以及钛移位和游走所导致的并发症。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术69例体会

目的：总结三孔法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的方法和体会。方法：对69例三孔法LC病例进行了回顾性分析。经脐部10mm孔、剑突下10mm孔及右上腹5mm孔实施手术。结果：59例成功地施行三孔法LC,6例中转四孔法LC，4例开腹切除胆囊。全组病人均痊愈出院，无任何并发症。结论：在病例选择适当和LC操作熟练的基础上开展三孔法LC是安全和可行的。     

"三孔法"微型腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用

目的探讨"三孔法"微型腹腔镜在胆囊切除术中的临床意义.方法将58例慢性结石性胆囊炎和胆囊息肉病人随机分成两组,分别进行微型腹腔镜胆囊切除术(MLC)和普通型腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC).MLC为"三孔法",脐部10mm孔,剑下5mm孔,右上腹2mm孔.观察手术时间、术后(6h时)疼痛和起床时间.并予SPSS软件进行处理.结果MLC组中1例因操作困难,中转成LC,两组病人均痊愈出院.MLC组与LC组的手术时间分别为55.0±10.9分(±sd)和51.2±11.4分,P＞0.05,术后疼痛为2.1±0.6分和2.5±0.7分,P＜0.05,术后起床时间为14.0±8.8h和17.5±10.6h,P＞0.05.结论在熟练LC的基础上,开展MLC是安全、有效的,值得临床上推广应用.     

普通器械经脐单孔与传统三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比分析

目的 探讨普通器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性及应用前景.方法 回顾分析2010年10月～2011年10月在湘西自治州人民医院肝胆科施行的48例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,其中,27例行传统三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),21例行普通器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(TUSP LC),对比其术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后并发症、止痛药使用人数、住院费用及住院时间等.结果 在术中出血量、术后排气时间、住院时间和住院费用等方面,TUSPLC优于LC组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);而手术时间LC组优于TUS-PLC组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术术后几乎可完全实现腹壁无瘢痕化,但普通器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术中操作难度较传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术高,手术时间长,手术适应证较严格.随着手术器械的完善和手术者经验的积累及其操作技术的不断提高,经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的优越性将越来越明显,值得在基层医院推广及应用.     

胆囊壶腹套扎在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用

[目的]探讨胆囊壶腹套扎在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的应用效果.[方法]入住本院的复杂性胆石症182例,采用腹腔镜胆囊壶腹套扎 (97例A组)和腹腔镜胆囊管解剖闭合 (85例B组).观察两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、LC中转开腹胆囊切除情况和并发症等指标.[结果]B组手术时间、出血量和住院时间显著高于A组(P<0.01...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.