颈动脉支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的疗效观察

目的探讨应用颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的可行性及安全性。方法对60例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者(其中颈动脉起始段狭窄52例,颅外段狭窄8例;狭窄程度50%～70%14例,70%～90%28例,≥90%18例)予以CAS治疗,共释放64枚支架,15例应用保护伞。结果狭窄程度由术前(73.4±9.5)%降至术后(12.5±8.2)%,53例斑块消失;5例保护伞中有碎屑。所有患者临床症状在1周内消失,神经功能损害症状改善。术中及术后发生心率减慢53例,血压下降48例,血管痉挛5例,发生脑栓塞、高灌注综合征、低灌注综合征、晕厥各1例;随访3个月～2年,无1例发生短暂性脑缺血发作及脑梗死;20例复查DSA,仅1例出现轻度再狭窄。结论CAS是治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄安全、有效的方法;严格掌握适应证和熟练操作可降低手术风险。     

颈动脉支架植入术及药物治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨颈动脉支架植入术在症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗中的安全性、疗效及并发症,并与传统内科药物治疗进行比较. 方法 自2005年5月至2010年5月徐州医学院第二附属医院神经内科共对52例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架植入术治疗(支架组),同期63例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行内科药物治疗(药物组).分别在发病后3个月、6个月、12个月、1年后比较两组患者狭窄血管相关性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发生率、美国国立卫生院卒中量表神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS). 结果 支架组1例由于路径较差支架无法到位而手术终止;9例术中、术后出现颈动脉窦反射,2例术中出现血管痉挛,4例术中出现高灌注综合征,及时有效处理后均未造成严重后果.随访中,支架组1例手术失败者3个月时卒中复发,余患者12个月内无卒中及TIA事件发作,1年后1例复发;药物组发病后3个月、6个月、12个月、1年后分别有11例、9例、7例及12例卒中或TIA事件发作.支架组发病后3个月、6个月、12个月及1年后NIHSS评分均明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 颈动脉支架植入术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄安全、可行,与内科药物治疗相比较能更好地预防卒中复发,值得临床推广应用.     

International carotid stenting study: protocol for a randomised clinical trial comparing carotid stenting with endarterectomy in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis

BACKGROUND: Carotid stenting avoids general anaesthesia, cranial nerve injury and the discomforts of surgical treatment of carotid stenosis. A systematic review of the randomised trials showed no overall difference in the major risks of endovascular treatment for carotid stenosis compared with surgery, but the confidence intervals were wide and both methods carried a significant risk of stroke. The use of protection devices appears to improve the safety of endovascular treatment, but there are little randomised data available about long-term outcomes. We have therefore set up an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open, prospective clinical trial, namely the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS), also known as CAVATAS-2. The objectives of the ICSS are to compare the risks, benefits and cost-effectiveness of a treatment policy of referral for carotid stenting compared with referral for carotid endarterectomy. METHODS: Centres are required to have a team with audited expertise in carotid endarterectomy and stenting procedures, including at least one neurologist or stroke physician, a surgeon and an interventionalist. Attendance at a carotid stenting training course is required. Centres with more limited experience can join the trial as probationary centres, but stenting must then be proctored by an experienced interventionalist. Symptomatic patients are included over the age of 40 years with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis, suitable for both stenting and surgery, and are randomised in equal proportions between carotid endarterectomy and stenting. Stents and other devices are chosen for use at the discretion of the interventionalists but must be approved by the devices committee. The protocol recommends that a cerebral protection system should be used whenever the operator thinks one can be safely deployed. The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is recommended to cover stenting procedures. Standard or eversion endarterectomy is allowed using local or general anaesthesia, shunts or patches. All patients will receive best medical care. Patients will be followed up by neurologists at 30 days after treatment, 6 months after randomisation and then annually up to 5 years after randomisation. The primary outcome measure is the difference in the long-term rate of fatal or disabling stroke in any territory between patients randomised to stenting or surgery. Secondary outcome measures include any stroke, myocardial infarction or death within 30 days of treatment, treatment- related cranial nerve palsy or haematoma. Restenosis (>70%) on ultrasound follow-up, economic measures and quality of life will also be analysed. The sample size is estimated at 1,500 patients, which will provide 95% confidence intervals of +/- 3.0 percentage points for the outcome measure of 30-day disabling stroke and death rate and +/- 3.3 percentage points for the outcome measure of death or stroke during follow-up. The trial office monitors outcome events at individual centres and a rate of events above a given threshold triggers a blinded assessment of the events, submitted to the chairman of the data-monitoring committee. CONCLUSIONS: The ICSS protocol incorporates a number of novel features to ensure patient safety, including the concept of probationary centres, proctoring of inexperienced investigators and monitoring of individual centre results on an ongoing basis. The protocol is also designed to mirror routine clinical practice as far as possible, so that the results will be widely applicable and relevant to determining the place of carotid stenting in clinical practice in the future.     

Internal carotid artery stenting in patients with symptomatic atheromatous pseudo-occlusion

Angioplasty and stenting of the atheromatous internal carotid artery (ICA), besides in patients with a high surgical risk, may be indicated in specific cases such as contralateral occlusion, acute stroke clinical signs, or atherosclerotic pseudo-occlusion (APO). APO of the ICA is an underrecognized condition due to diagnostic difficulties both with noninvasive methods and even with angiography. Once recognized, there is usually the opportunity for successful revascularization with carotid endarterectomy. However, as the natural history of the APO is poorly characterized, the management of patients remains controversial. While some authors advocate a surgical approach, others consider that APO patients are not at high risk of stroke, making any interventional approach unnecessary. The perioperative risk of stroke in patients with APO is not appreciably greater than in patients with lesser degrees of stenosis and clear recommendation of surgery, although at 2 years that risk seems to be considerably much higher than in the latter patients. Looking for safer interventional procedures is worthwhile. Results of angioplasty and stenting in patients with ICA-APO have not been published yet. We report the results and complications associated with this procedure to address the issue of appropriate management of patients with ICA-APO.     

Complications following carotid angioplasty and carotid stenting in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease

BACKGROUND: We review a single centre's experience of the endovascular treatment of carotid artery disease, present the 30-day and 1-year complication rates and assess whether changes in technique are associated with a change in clinical outcome. METHODS: Patients who underwent carotid angioplasty with or without stenting for symptomatic > or = 70% carotid artery stenosis secondary to atherosclerosis were included. 333 procedures were performed, i.e. angioplasty alone (86), stent without cerebral protection (150) and stent with cerebral protection (97). RESULTS: At 30 days, the total major disabling stroke and all death rate was 3.0%. For angioplasty alone, this was 2.3%, for stent without cerebral protection 4.0% and for stent with cerebral protection 2.1%. If non-stroke-related deaths were excluded, it was 2.3, 3.3 and 0%, respectively. After 30 days, the 1-year ipsilateral stroke rate was 0.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid artery stenting, in particular with a cerebral protection device, is a safe alternative to carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of symptomatic high-grade carotid artery disease.     

External carotid artery stenting in symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion

We report the case of a patient with an anterior ischemic stroke due to tandem occlusion of the left M2 segment and ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), with concomitant severe stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) and contralateral ICA, and moderate stenosis of the left vertebral artery (VA); as thrombectomy was not possible, stenting of the right ICA was performed. Two days after significant recovery, the patient showed neurological deterioration when in upright position, and brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed decreased cerebral blood flow on the left hemisphere. Stenting of the left ECA and balloon angioplasty of the ipsilateral VA were performed in order to increase collateral flow, with an almost complete resolution of symptoms. This case highlights the importance of assessing the collateralization pattern when an ICA occlusion is present, and the potential need to revascularize an ipsilateral stenotic ECA.     

颈动脉内膜切除与支架置入治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效比较

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性.方法 195例症状性颈动脉狭窄(≥60％)患者,随机分为颈动脉内膜切除术组(CEA组,97例),颈动脉支架组(CAS组,98例).CEA组在全麻下行颈动脉内膜切除术,CAS组采用自膨式镍钛合金支架治疗.分别评价两组术中、术后7d、30 d和90 d内终点事件发生率(卒中/死亡)及治疗相关的并发症,术中、术后7d、术后30 d及90d行颈动脉超声,头颅CT/MRI、NIHSS评分.结果 CAS组术后7d内死亡1例,卒中2例,发生率3.1％.CEA组术后7d死亡1例,2例卒中,发生率为3.1％,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术中及术后7 d CEA组术后并发脑神经损伤较CAS组高(P＜0.05),卒中/死亡、急性颈动脉闭塞、高灌注综合征、局部血肿形成,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CAS组与CEA组神经功能缺失表现均明显改善,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后7d、30 d、90 d两组头颅CT/MRI差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CAS及CEA在治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄,预防卒中复发方面具有相似的近期效果,但其远期效果有待于进一步研究.     

Bilateral stenting of symptomatic and asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia

Stent grafting of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenoses due to fibromuscular dysplasia has been rarely and only unilaterally carried so far. Bilateral carotid stent grafting of ICA stenoses due to fibromuscular dysplasia has not been reported previously. In a 37 year old woman with recurrent right hemispheric transitory ischaemic attacks, a non-disabling minor stroke, and recurrent right amaurosis fugax despite antithrombotic therapy, cerebral angiography disclosed a long segment narrowing, distal, high grade (95%) stenosis of the right ICA and a long narrowing, distal high grade (70%) stenosis of the left ICA. Morphological features of both stenoses were indicative of fibromuscular dysplasia. The right sided stenosis was stented with a PTFE-HEMOBAHN endoprosthesis; this was followed by a brief, postprocedural left sided hemiparesis. The left sided ICA stenosis was successfully stented by the same procedure. Nine months later, both stents were still patent and the patient was symptom free. Bilateral carotid stenting may remain an alternative to endarterectomy in bilateral ICA stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia when ischaemic events persist despite full antithrombotic therapy.     

症状性颈、椎动脉狭窄的临床诊断与血管内介入治疗

目的探讨颅外段颈、椎动脉狭窄的临床诊断方法,评价颈、椎动脉狭窄血管内介入治疗的临床应用价值。方法对106例颅外段颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄患者的临床表现、颈部血管超声、全脑血管造影和血管内介入治疗等相关资料进行系统回顾。结果(1)颈部血管听诊发现血管杂音95例(89.6%),脑血管疾病危险因素排序依此为高脂血症83例(78.3%)、高血压62例(58.5%)、糖尿病49例(46.2%)、长期饮酒44例(41.5%)、吸烟41例(38.7%)和高尿酸血症23例(21.7%);(2)本组患者DSA发现单纯颅外段颈动脉狭窄40例,单纯椎动脉起始部狭窄30例,颅外段颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄合并存在36例,共检出狭窄血管169条;(3)104例患者血管内成功植入支架123枚,术后即刻DSA显示狭窄程度10%~20%,围手术期严重并发症3例(2.88%),92例患者术后6~12个月随访无短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)及新发脑梗死。结论血管内介入诊疗技术在症状性颈、椎动脉狭窄的临床诊治中具有重要价值。     

High rate of restenosis after carotid artery stenting in patients with high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold-standard procedure for the majority of patients with high-grade symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and also for specified high-grade asymptomatic stenoses; however, a proportion of patients are treated with carotid endovascular therapy. We aimed to document medium-term clinical and neurosonographical outcome after carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: 53 patients (mean age: 65 +/- 8 years) with high-grade (> or = 70 % by means of duplex sonography) carotid artery stenosis were enrolled into the study. Nineteen patients had asymptomatic, 34 patients had symptomatic stenoses. All patients had a pre-interventional CT, Doppler and duplex sonography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) prior to the procedural DSA. All patients were offered CEA as the gold-standard procedure and as an alternative to CAS. Both clinical and Duplex sonographical follow-up was obtained at day 1 and 7, month 1, month 3, month 6, month 12, and every subsequent 6 months after the procedure. Mean follow-up time was 22 +/- 1.6 months (+/- SEM). RESULTS: 2/53 patients suffered from stroke. A further 2 patients suffered from carotid artery occlusion shortly after CAS. The cumulative rate of restenosis during follow-up was 24.5 % (13/53). Four of these (7.5 %) were of high-grade and led to further interventional or surgical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of restenosis was found during follow-up after CAS. Our analysis of non-selected patients emphasizes that CEA remains the gold-standard procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. The frequently performed endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis outside the setting of a randomized controlled trial is not supported by our data.     

颈动脉狭窄患者血管成形和支架植入术后血流动力学的改变

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄患者血管成形和支架植入术(CAS)后血流动力学的改变。方法给31例颈动脉狭窄患者行CAS。在术前、术后第1 d、3个月及1年时进行颈动脉彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检查。比较手术前后颈动脉狭窄段的血管内径、峰值流速(PSV)和舒张末期流速(EDV)。结果与术前比较,患者术后各时间点颈动脉的血管内径明显增大,PSV和EDV明显降低(均P0.01)。与术后第1 d比较,术后3个月的颈动脉CDFI各项指标的差异无统计学意义;与术后第1 d比较,术后1年的颈动脉血管内径缩小(P0.05),PSV和EDV的差异无统计学意义。结论 CAS术后颈动脉狭窄得到缓解,血流动力学指标显著改善。术后1年时部分患者出现支架处血管再狭窄,但血流动力学无明显改变。     

Elective stenting of symptomatic basilar artery stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous angioplasty of the intracranial arteries still carries the risk of dissection, with acute closure and embolization. Stenting has been shown to improve the safety and durability of angioplasty in every circulatory bed in which it has been applied. However, stenting of the intracranial arteries has been limited by the availability of stents that can be reliably deployed intracranially. METHODS: Twelve patients underwent elective stenting of the basilar artery after episodes of vertebrobasilar ischemia. In all patients, either medical therapy had failed or the patient had a contraindication for long-term anticoagulation. Information from independent neurological examinations, quantitative angiography, and clinical follow-up was collected. Differences between pretreatment and posttreatment degree of stenoses were subjected to 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS: There were 10 men and 2 women, all white, aged 40 to 82 years (mean age, 62.6 years). Stent placement was successful in all patients, leading to statistically significant changes in the degree of stenosis, from 71. 4% (range, 53% to 90%) to 10.3% (range, 0% to 36%) (P<0.0001). There were no deaths, stent thromboses, perforations, ruptures, or myocardial infarctions. Clinical follow-up was available for 0.5 to 16 months (mean, 5.9 months). One patient had nonspecific symptoms, and another had a transient ischemic attack. All other patients remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Elective stenting of the basilar artery is feasible, with minimal risk to the patient. Its impact on long-term stroke prevention and its durability are unknown and will require further study.     

113例脑动脉狭窄患者支架成形术治疗体会

目的探讨应用支架成形术治疗症状性脑动脉狭窄患者的可行性与安全性。方法回顾性分析113例症状性脑动脉狭窄患者支架成形术中及术后随访3年期间TIA或卒中发生率及病死率。结果全组技术成功率98.23%(111/113),术前平均狭窄81.10%,术后残余狭窄率20%。TIA或卒中率为6.19%(7/113),病死率2.65%(3/113)。术中严重血管痉挛1例(0.88%);2例椎动脉开口出现再狭窄(1.77%)。全组病例未见支架成形术后再发卒中致残者。结论支架成形术是治疗症状性脑动脉狭窄比较安全与有效的方法。     

药物PAS与支架置入术治疗症状性颈动脉重度狭窄的近期疗效对比分析

目的 探讨普罗布考+阿司匹林+他汀类药物（PAS）联合应用与颈动脉支架置入术（CAS）治疗症状性颈动脉重度狭窄的近期疗效差异。方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2014年6月收治的492例症状性颈动脉重度狭窄患者的临床资料,其中采用PAS治疗（PAS组,366例）和采用CAS治疗（CAS组,126例）。评估两组患者出院后1年内严重临床不良事件（非致命性脑梗死、同侧无症状性脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作）发生率、次要临床不良事件（DSA示血管再狭窄较前增加>10%）发生率以及血清血脂水平变化。结果 CAS组非致命脑卒中发生率（2.3%,3/126）和短暂脑缺血发作发生率（7.9%,10/126）均明显低于PAS组[分别为（9.6%,35/366）和（15.3%,56/366）;PPP>0.05）。PAS组复诊时血清高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）水平较基线水平明显增高（P<0.01）,而血清低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（ldl-c）、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平较基线水平明显降低（>P<0.01）。cas组复诊时血清hdl-c、ldl-c、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平和基线水平无明显差异（>P>0.05）。结论 CAS治疗相比较PAS药物强化治疗能够明显降低患者近期严重不良事件的发生率;但是,PAS药物强化治疗能够在一定程度上降低血脂水平。     

无症状性ICA患者行颈动脉支架置入术对认知功能的影响

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术对无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法 以本院2012年2月～2014年2月治疗的96例行颈动脉支架置入术的无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者为研究组,以同期90例行常规内科治疗的无症状性颈动脉高度狭窄患者为对照组,分别在治疗前3 d和治疗后3个月采用连线测验(TMTa、TMTb)、简易智能量表(MMSE)、阿尔茨海默病评估量表认知部分(ADAS-Cog)评估患者的认知功能。结果 研究组患者治疗前3 d颈动脉狭窄为(79.51±6.02)%,治疗后3个月残余狭窄为(13.52±6.01)%,治疗后3个月狭窄程度较治疗前3 d有明显改善(P<0.05); 治疗后研究组狭窄程度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与治疗前3 d相比,研究组治疗后3个月患者的MMSE评分明显增加(P<0.05),TMTa、TMTb和ADAS-Cog评分均明显降低(P<0.05); 治疗3个月研究组各指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 颈动脉高度狭窄可能造成患者认知功能损伤,即使是无症状的此类患者,行颈动脉支架置入术对患者的认知功能也具有一定的改善作用,并且可降低颈动脉狭窄程度。     

Current status of carotid endarterectomy and stenting for symptomatic carotid stenosis

There is still considerable uncertainty about the place of carotid stenting in patients with recently symptomatic carotid bifurcation stenosis. Most reviews of carotid endarterectomy versus carotid stenting concentrate on technical aspects and advances in stenting, but the techniques involved in both carotid endarterectomy and stenting are evolving. In addition to reviewing the results of the various randomised controlled trials of carotid endarterectomy versus stenting for symptomatic carotid stenosis, this review considers recent advances and current best practice for endarterectomy. Ongoing randomized trials will determine whether or not the procedural risk of stroke and death is definitely lower with endarterectomy than with stenting, but the key issue that remains to be determined reliably is how the procedural risks of stenting vary with patient characteristics - perhaps the most important question being not whether endarterectomy is better than stenting or vice versa, but for whom is one technique likely to be better than the other.