侵犯翼腭窝、颞下窝肿物的内镜手术入路选择

目的 探讨在侵犯翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤中选择内镜手术入路,为根据肿瘤性质和侵犯程度选择手术入路提供依据。方法 回顾分析第四军医大学西京医院2010年1月—2014年8月收治的50例侵犯翼腭窝或颞下窝并行内镜切除手术的肿瘤患者的临床资料,所有患者术前均行CT和MRI检查,根据肿瘤侵犯的方式和性质制定手术方案,选择手术入路。术后常规随访及影像学检查。重点评估不同入路的显露范围,安全手术的可能性,肿物全切率,以及术中、术后并发症。结果 经内镜手术治疗侵犯翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤50例,其中恶性肿瘤11例,包括腺样囊性癌5例,恶性成釉细胞瘤2例,软骨肉瘤2例,神经纤维肉瘤1例,恶性神经鞘膜瘤1例;良性肿瘤31例,鼻咽纤维血管瘤24例,神经鞘瘤5例,脊索瘤2例;囊肿8例,其中牙源性囊肿5例,表皮样或皮样囊肿3例。根据肿物侵犯范围,采用3种内镜下手术入路。内镜下经鼻腔入路27例,其中经中鼻道20例,经泪前隐窝7例;内镜下经柯-陆上颌窦入路9例;内镜下经鼻联合经柯-陆上颌窦入路14例。所有手术均能彻底切除肿物。随访时间6~55个月,平均34.3个月,3例失访,3例恶性肿瘤出现复发和远处转移。良性肿瘤和囊肿均无复发。结论 翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤在临床上并不少见,根据肿物的生物学特点、侵犯方式和范围选择恰当的手术入路,可以切除病变,降低并发症,减少手术创伤。     

翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤手术治疗

目的:回顾总结颞下窝、翼腭窝肿瘤的手术治疗的方法及效果。方法:2004～2007年我院翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤患者18例,其中良性肿瘤患者5例,恶性肿瘤患者13例。术前影像学检查判断肿瘤位置及良、恶性,选择手术进路、切除范围,酌情用组织瓣填充术腔,术后行放疗或化疗,随访3月～3年。结果:5例良性肿瘤患者随访6个月～3年,无1例复发。13例恶性肿瘤患者随访3个月～3年,生存期不足1年5例,生存期1.5～2年2例;6例生存期超过3年,且未见肿瘤复发、转移。结论:对翼腭窝、颞下窝肿瘤手术治疗应注意其诊断及手术方法特点。     

侧颅底肿瘤的手术入路和修复重建

目的侧颅底肿瘤的外科治疗极具挑战,本研究探讨侧颅底肿瘤开放手术入路及修复重建选择。方法 2009年8月至2018年1月,北京口腔医院头颈肿瘤团队完成的侧颅底肿瘤患者196例,纳入本研究。结果 42 例为腮腺深叶或咽旁肿瘤,30例为颞下窝恶性肿瘤或交界性肿瘤,无颅内外沟通,124例为颅内外沟通肿瘤。16例应用腮腺浅叶切除后下颌支后缘入路,43例应用颌下切口-下颌骨暂时性离断入路,13例应用冠-面联合切口,面神经暂时性离断或下颌骨升支及乳突切除入路,124例颅内外沟通肿瘤采用多学科联合手术,冠-面联合切口或颞枕开颅-颅颈联合入路。155例接受了组织瓣移植修复,其中颞肌筋膜瓣59例,游离背阔肌皮瓣74例,颌下腺瓣22例。皮瓣移植成功率为100.0%。27例患者发生术后深部创口感染,术后缺损一期行组织瓣移植或颌下腺瓣填塞明显降低术后感染率。1例患者术后出现颅内感染,升级抗生素后痊愈。所有颅内外沟通患者均出现不同程度脑脊液瘘,其中58例严重患者给予腰大池引流3~7天症状消失。2例患者发生围术期死亡。结论 肿瘤病理类型、发病部位、是否颅内外沟通、颌面组织缺损程度、既往治疗史等均是侧颅底肿瘤手术入路和修复重建选择需要重视的局部因素。     

颞下-耳前入路手术切除颅底颞下窝肿瘤四例报告

目的:探讨颅底颞下窝肿瘤切除的手术进路和手术方法.方法:根据肿瘤的性质和大小,对2003.10.～2008.2收治的4例颅底颞下窝良性肿瘤病例,采用颞下-耳前入路进行手术治疗.结果:4例病例手术后愈合良好,经6个月～3年随访无1例复发,未见有明显颜面部功能障碍.结论:颅底颞下窝肿瘤位置较深,难以发现,发现后往往瘤体较大,甚至已有颜面部功能障碍,对颅底颞下窝良性肿瘤采用颞下-耳前入路进行手术,肿瘤切除相对容易,风险小,安全,并能有效修复手术遗留的死腔.     

经下颌下下颌骨角部前方截骨入路颞下窝颅底肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:探讨颞下窝颅底肿瘤的手术入路和手术方法。方法:对9例位于颞下窝颅底的肿瘤采用下颌下切口、下颌骨角部前方截骨入路进行手术治疗,观察手术效果,评价手术方法。结果:9例手术术野暴露充分,手术操作顺利,术后愈合良好,无严重并发症,其中良性肿瘤6例,恶性肿瘤3例,随访12～36个月肿瘤无复发。结论:下颌下、下颌骨角部前方截骨入路进行颞下窝颅底部肿瘤切除治疗效果满意。     

切除翼上颌及颅中窝底肿瘤的一个新手术进路(5例报告)

目的　介绍切除翼上颌及颅中窝底肿瘤的一个新手术进路。方法　从上唇红唇向上达患侧鼻孔底 ,然后向外绕鼻翼向上达内眦 ,向外达耳屏前向上作半冠状切开。向下及向中线在骨膜下分别翻转颊瓣及头皮瓣。截除上颌骨、眶下及额颞颅底之颅骨后 ,肿瘤完全暴露 ;摘除肿瘤后 ,用微型夹板固定骨块。分层缝合复回之组织瓣。结果　可获得从对侧咽鼓管到同侧膝状神经节 ,包括鼻咽、斜坡、蝶窦、翼静脉丛及颞下窝和眶上裂在内的良好暴露。用本进路对 5例患者进行了治疗 ,全部一期愈合。结论　本进路对包括鼻咽、斜坡、眶上裂、颞下窝及翼腭窝在内的肿瘤病变特别有用。     

Attenborough与改良Barbosa手术进路对翼腭窝肿瘤暴露与术后功能影响的研究

目的：对比Attenborough 与改良Barbosa 手术进路对翼腭窝肿瘤暴露与术后功能的影响。方法：本组选发生翼窝的肿瘤患者15例为研究对象，患者术前行MRI检查确定肿瘤的部位、范围及与周围组织的关系，按MRI显示的病变范围不同选择Attenborough或改良Barbosa 手术进路暴露病变区域并切除肿瘤。术后观察功能影响情况。结果：原发于翼腭窝的肿瘤患者4例，1例采用Attenborough手术进路，3例采用改良Barbosa 手术进路；继发性翼腭窝肿瘤11例，5例源于腮腺深叶的肿瘤均采用Attenborough手术进路，另6例选用改良Barbosa 手术进路。Attenhorough手术6例，术后患侧腮腺颌区明显凹陷，5例口干，2例患者额纹消失，1例患者不唇歪斜。改良Bar-bosa手术9例，6例患侧颊部凹陷，6例患者中5例行赝复治疗；另3例术后无畸形。术后观察3个月-9年6个月，14例无复发，1例术后2年2年月复发。结论：临床应用结果证实Barbosa手术进路应用于翼腭窝肿瘤优于Atten-borough手术进路。     

颞肌在翼腭窝肿瘤侵犯软硬腭术后缺损修复中的应用

目的评价翼腭窝肿瘤侵犯硬软腭术后组织缺损颞肌修复重建的效果。方法在1998年2月-2003年1月5年，共有11例患者接受手术治疗。11例患者中，男8例，女3例。年龄31—68岁，平均49．6岁。11例患者均为翼腭窝肿瘤侵及硬软腭者，手术均采用改良Barbosa联合侧颞部切口进路摘除肿瘤，术中遗留的硬、软腭缺损采用患侧前和中颞肌瓣修复。结果11例患者中，粘液表皮样癌4例，腺样囊性癌3例，骨肉瘤1例，低分化腺瘤2例，成釉细胞瘤1例。硬软腭缺损面积为30～50％，术后创面均一期愈合，肌瓣无坏死，4周后肌瓣口腔面粘膜化。术后患者进食与术前无差异，腭咽闭合无影响。结论使用颞肌瓣修复翼腭窝肿瘤侵犯硬、软腭术后缺损是一种有效的好方法。     

咽旁颞下区肿瘤的诊断和手术治疗体会

目的:探讨位于颞下窝、咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床表现及诊断方法 ,分析颈侧入路及耳屏前入路的手术疗效,总结治疗心得体会。方法:回顾分析2010—2014年间,15例颞下窝、咽旁间隙肿瘤患者临床资料,包括影像学、组织学检查,分别采用单纯颈侧入路、颈侧入路+下颌骨劈开外旋术或耳屏前切口入路方式切除肿瘤。结果:15例患者均完整切除肿瘤,术后随访1~5年,13例良性肿瘤均无复发,2例恶性肿瘤患者无瘤生存3~5年。结论:术前行增强CT和MRI可明确颞下窝、咽旁肿瘤占位及大小,对手术方案的制定有一定帮助,但不应完全依照影像学检查结果实施手术。利用颈侧软组织可让性,能有效切除咽旁间隙体积较小的肿瘤。对于位置较高且粘连较重的良性肿瘤及侵袭性较强的恶性肿瘤,可考虑采用"颈侧入路+下颌骨劈开外旋术"或"耳屏前切口入路+颧弓切断术"切除。     

翼腭窝及翼腭窝邻近结构中良、恶性肿瘤的诊断与外科处理

翼腭窝区域的手术因为位置深在、解剖结构复杂,使得发生在该区域的肿瘤切除具有巨大的挑战性。当翼腭窝的肿瘤累及上颌骨、进入上颌窦,腮腺深叶的肿瘤扩展进入翼腭窝时,广泛的切除通常是必要的。随着影像学、病理诊断学、外科技术、手术器械和重建技术的进步,颅底外科已成为多学科外科医师关注的热点。本文就翼腭窝及翼腭窝邻近结构中良、恶性肿瘤的诊断与外科处理进行系统的论述。     

颅底三维CT在颅颌外科中的应用价值

目的　评价三维CT在颅颌外科中的应用价值。方法　口腔颌面部肿瘤可疑侵及颅底患者54例,治疗前行CT检查,用表面阴影成像法进行重建,后与术中所见对照分析,总结其应用的经验及局限性。结果　证实有颅底破坏者24例,颅底三维CT能很好地反映口腔颌面部肿瘤是否侵及颅底,已及颅底受侵的细节,但也存在着一定的局限性。结论　颅底三维CT可常规应用于可疑口腔颌面部肿瘤侵入颅底的检查。     

颅面联合切除侵及颞下凹和中颅底的颌面部肿瘤

目的：探讨手术治疗侵入颞下凹或中颅底的颌面部肿瘤的相关问题。方法：报告５例采用颅面联合切除方法治疗腮腺肿瘤、颧骨巨细胞瘤和三叉神经恶性神经鞘瘤。结果：５例患者手术全部成功。结论：先颅外后颅内的手术方式能减少手术危险性,中颅底处理中不可进入茎突、翼钩连线以内,首选旋转颞肌瓣修复颅底缺损并填塞颞下凹死腔。     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the paranasal sinuses and the anterior skull base.

BACKGROUND: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive neoplasms with a marked propensity for local recurrence and metastatic spread. The management of MPNSTs continues to challenge pathologists and surgeons. As MPNSTs of the paranasal sinuses and the skull base are rare, prognostic factors and treatment modalities have not been consistently identified. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present a case of MPNST of the anterior skull base and provide an overview of all MPNSTs reported since 1970, in which the tumour location was the anterior skull base or the paranasal sinuses. RESULTS: Literature review revealed 33 well-documented cases of MPNSTs in this anatomic location. These cases were analysed with emphasis on age, gender, affected site, therapy, outcome, presence of neurofibromatosis, local recurrence and metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite multimodal therapy and advances in surgical techniques, the prognosis of MPNST located in the paranasal sinuses and the anterior skull base remains dismal. Outcome is mainly a function of local control by surgical resection. Adjuvant radiochemotherapy has shown no benefit. It may therefore be advisable to abstain from radiochemotherapy in order to improve chances for surgical intervention in case of recurrent disease. Close follow-up investigations are indispensable.     

颅外原发性病变破坏颅中窝底的CT表现

目的 评价颅外原发性病颅中窝底的ＣＴ表现特点。方法 将４９例经病理证实的破坏颅中底的颅外的发病变分为两组;颅中窝底原发骨性病变;１０例;颌面部原发病变;３９例。结果 颅外病变破坏颅中窝底的方式有４种;（１）骨吸收（３０例）,包括１６例颅中窝底外板吸收和１４例内外板均吸收;（２）颅中窝底硬化增厚（４例）;（３）圆孔和卵圆孔扩大（９例）;（４）硬化和吸收并存（６例）。受累的颅内结构：海绵窦１２例,颞叶     

上颌骨Le Fort I型截骨进路切除巨大鼻咽纤维血管瘤

目的:探讨上颌骨LeFortI型截骨进路切除累及翼腭凹、颞下凹巨大鼻咽纤维血管肿瘤的可行性。方法:采用矫正上颌骨先天或后天畸形的LeFortI型截骨术式进路,切除位于鼻咽部、筛窦等深在部位的纤维血管瘤。结果:该进路术野显露充分,取得了理想的治疗效果。结论:上颌骨LeFortI型截骨进路是切除鼻咽、颅底部纤维血管瘤的理想进路。     

Total maxillary swing approach to the skull base for advanced intracranial and extracranial nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

The main objective of surgical approaches to the anterior and anterolateral skull base is to have maximum exposure so injury to important structures is avoided, and surgical complications are reduced. At our institution, we used total maxillary swing (TMS) to approach the anterior and anterolateral skull base for resection of both malignant and benign tumors. We modified some of the techniques described in TMS to avoid complications encountered previously. The purpose of this article was to present the usefulness of TMS for maximum exposure of the anterior and anterolateral skull base using advanced nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (NPA) as the reference disease.We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients who underwent excision of NPA by TMS from 2005 to May 2011. The operative techniques, operative findings, postoperative complications, and follow-up records were reviewed and analyzed.Of the 16 cases of NPA, 5 had intracranial extensions. All had lateral extensions to the pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygoid base was explored in all cases. In 10 cases, the tumors were present in the spongy bone of the pterygoid bases, whereas in 6 cases, the base of the pterygoids was eroded and floating. In all cases, the tumor was completely removed. Complications encountered previously were avoided by the modifications to TMS. Complications encountered because of extensiveness of the tumor were easily managed. No patients had any recurrence until now.Total maxillary swing provides maximum exposure to the anterior and anterolateral skull base for complete removal of the tumors in those areas with minimal complications.     

Could transcranial endoscopy represent an alternative to craniotomy in skull base surgery?

Craniofacial malformations and upper third facial tumor surgical management is currently performed by skull base osteotomies to allow skeleton mobilization or tumor removal. Craniotomies and retraction of frontal lobes allow wide exposure of anterior skull base.In the last decades, in keeping with the trend to perform less invasive surgical approaches, several authors reported endoscopic approaches for selected cases of skull base surgery, such as closure of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and transethmoidal and trans-sphenoidal approaches for pituitary surgery. Recent experience with transnasal endoscopic procedures improved both techniques and outcomes and became more common.The authors present a cadaver study of combined transfacial transcranial endoscopic approach to skull base. Such an approach used with minimally invasive surgery principles could represent, in selected cases (both for neoplastic lesions and malformations), an alternative to traditional anterior cranial fossa surgical approaches by wide craniotomies.     

Use of microvascular free flaps in the reconstruction of the anterior and middle skull base

Different reconstruction techniques of the anterior and middle skull base as consequence of a defect after surgical treatment of neoplastic pathologies are described in the literature. The aim of the present study is to present our experience regarding the use of microvascular free flaps for reconstruction of the anterior or middle skull base after large defects caused by removal of malignant neoplasms. From 2000 to 2004, in the Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and "Tor Vergata," 13 surgical procedures for reconstruction of anterior and middle skull base defects by free flaps were performed in 11 patients. Data on patient demographics, histopathology, location and size of defect, type of reconstruction, and postoperative complications were obtained from medical record charts. A safe soft tissue closure of the intracranial space was achieved in all patients. Defect repair was accomplished by revascularized transfer of rectus abdominis flaps in seven cases, latissimus dorsi muscle flaps in two patients, radial forearm flap in one case, and fibula flap in one case. There were two total flap losses; the secondary defect repair was accomplished in both cases by revascularized transfer of latissimus dorsi muscle flap. No donor site complications were observed in all the flaps. The mean operation time was 85 hours; patients were hospitalized for a mean period of 14 days. The method of choice for the reconstruction of anterior or middle skull base defect should be based upon careful evaluation of the single case and, particularly, the localization and entity of the residual defect. For defects that require large amounts of soft tissue, the latissimus dorsi free flap and the rectus abdominis free flap are the best appropriate choices for reconstructive procedures for anterior and middle skull base tumors.     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the lateral skull base

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive spindle cell tumors that develop from peripheral nerve sheath cells and account for 5% of all soft tissue sarcomas. MPNSTs involving the lateral skull base are an extremely rare subgroup of these lesions. The article deals with the case of a 51-year-old man with a huge primary MPNST: the disease involved the left frontozygomatic and retroauricolar regions of the scalp with erosion of the outer table of the calvaria and diffuse infiltration of the temporal, infratemporal, and pterygoid fossae. Radical surgery via left transfacial- transparotid approach and reconstruction with microvascular flap were performed. Intraoperative radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy were also delivered. Twenty-two months postoperatively, the patient is alive despite recurrence of the tumor in the neck and lung metastases. The article reviews the few series of patients and the small number of case reports of MPNSTs involving the lateral skull base that are available in the English literature describing current concept of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of the disease. Although MPNSTs of the lateral skull base have an adverse prognosis, an acceptable survival time and a good quality of life are possible; however, they require an early and correct diagnosis as well as an adequate and aggressive combination therapy.     

腮腺区与颅内交通瘤的诊治特点

目的　探讨颅面交通瘤的临床特点和手术方法。方法　对 6例颅面交通瘤采用颅面联合手术切除腮腺多形性腺瘤、颞骨骨巨细胞瘤、听神经瘤。结果　 6例患者手术全部成功 ,术后 1～ 3年未见复发及其他不适。结论　先颅内后颅外的手术方式能减少术后感染和有利于发现颅内肿瘤与颅外肿瘤的沟通部位 ,以利于颅内肿瘤完全切除