64层螺旋CT与磁共振成像评价左心功能的比较研究

目的以磁共振为对照,应用64层螺旋CT(MSCT)定量评价左心功能,探讨MSCT成像技术和屏气法MRI电影技术心功能评价指标的相关性及MSCT在冠心病左心功能评价中的应用价值。方法临床拟诊冠心病的患者20例,均自愿参加。全部病例均行心脏MSCT和MRI检查。结果MSCT和MRI两种方法的心功能指标无显著性差异,两种方法的心功能指标舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)、左室射血分数(EF)、心肌质量(MM)相关性高,r值=0.72~0.92。MSCT所测EDV、ESV、SV和MM值较MRI偏大,MSCT所测EF值较MRI偏小。结论本研究显示64层螺旋CT在左心功能定量评价方面准确、可靠,与3.0T磁共振两种方法各指标之间相关性高。一次MSCT冠状动脉成像检查,可以同时评估冠状动脉狭窄情况和左心室功能。     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振成像评价右心功能的对照研究

目的:以磁共振电影成像法为对照,应用实时三维超声心动图定量评价右心室功能,探讨两项技术心功能评价指标的相关性及实时三维超声心动图在右心功能评价中的应用价值.方法:30例健康成年志愿者(男16例、女14例,年龄(49±3.2)岁),全部志愿者均于24 h内行心脏实时三维超声心动图和MRI检查.行实时三维超声心动图全容积显像方式采集图像数据,并导入TomTec工作站,应用4D RV-function软件行图像后处理,构建右室三维模型并进行心功能测量.最终获取舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)及射血分数(EF)等心功能参数.与MR多次屏气电影法测得右心室功能指标进行Pearson相关分析,并采用Bland-Altman法评价两种检查方法结果的一致性.结果:实时三维超声心动图测得的心功能指标平均EDV (143.5±23.2) mL,平均ESV (68.4±19.2) mL,SV (78.1±11.7) mL,EF (51.2±5.6)％,与MR多次屏气电影法测得的心功能指标EDV (147.5±26.8) mL(r=0.947),ESV (63.2±15.9) mL(r=0.909),SV (78.8±15.0) mL(r=0.788),EF (55.2±7.7)％(r=-0.627)均无显著性差异,显示出较高相关性.结论:本研究显示实时三维超声心动图与1.5T磁共振成像评价右心功能各指标之间相关性高,在右心功能定量评价方面准确、可靠.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像同时评价左心功能的可行性研究

目的：以磁共振为对照标准，探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）和MRI左心功能评价指标的相关性及MSCT冠状动脉成像所得数据用于左心功能评价的准确性。方法：临床拟诊冠心病的患者20例，男7例，女13例，均自愿参加。全部病例均行心脏MSCT和MRI检查。结果：MSCT和MRI两种方法的心功能指标无显著性差异，两种方法的心功能指标EDV、ESV、SV、EF、MM相关性高，r值=0.72~0.92。MSCT所测EDV、ESV、SV和MM值较MRI偏大，MSCT所测EF值较MRI偏小。结论：本研究显示64层MSCT在左心功能定量评价方面准确可靠，与3.0T（Tesla）磁共振比较，两种方法心功能评价指标相关性高。一次MSCT冠状动脉造影检查，可以同时评估冠状动脉狭窄情况和左心室功能。     

64排螺旋CT容积扫描重建成像在颌骨埋伏牙治疗评估前的临床应用

目的探讨64排螺旋CT（MDCT）容积扫描重建成像对颌骨埋伏牙在正畸治疗的临床应用价值。方法25例临床拟诊为多生、埋伏牙患者行64排螺旋CT（MDCT）轴面容积扫描,层厚0．9mill,50％重叠重建成像,使用最大密度投影法（MIP）,表面遮盖法（SSD）,容积成像（VR）、容积密度投影（VIP）、表面最大密度投影法（SMIP）和多层面重建法（MPR）六种方式重建图像,比较不同方法重建的图像,选择最优成像组合。结果6种重建图像中SSD、VR、VIP和SMIP成像能立体地显示上颌骨内埋伏牙形态、位置,以VR立体效果最佳,SSD的分辨率较差,VIP和SMIP能显示牙齿在颌骨的位置和牙根,MIP图像对上颌埋伏牙定位的显示率最高,对埋伏牙内部结构的密度差异显示最好,但空间位置较差;MPR对示牙根显示最优。结论VR、VIP、SMIP及MPR四种重建成像能准确显示上颌埋伏牙的空间位置,形态及牙根发育状况,可作为颌骨埋伏牙CT定位的首选成像方式。     

实时三维超声心动图与MRI对慢性阻塞性肺病患者右室功能评估的对比研究

目的以MRI电影成像法为对照,应用实时三维超声心动图定量评价慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者右室功能,探讨两种技术心功能评价指标的相关性及实时三维超声心动图在COPD患者右心功能评价中的应用价值。方法 18例COPD患者于24 h内行心脏实时三维超声心动图和MRI检查,获取舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、每搏输出量(SV)及射血分数(EF),与MRI多次屏气电影法测得的右室功能指标进行相关分析,评价两种检查方法的一致性。结果实时三维超声心动图和MRI多次屏气电影法测得的EDV分别为(113.82±19.69)ml和(122.22±25.46)ml(r=0.924),ESV为(63.44±12.97)ml和(60.54±11.25)ml(r=0.896),SV为(46.48±11.13)ml和(48.47±14.15)ml(r=0.754),EF为(43.26±5.30)%和(45.71±6.90)%(r=0.616),两种检查方法比较差异无统计学意义,相关性较高。结论实时三维超声心动图在COPD患者右心功能定量评价方面准确可靠,与MRI评价COPD患者右心功能各指标之间相关性高。     

320排宽探测器CT评估儿童先天性心脏病术后心功能

目的 探讨320排宽探测器CT评估儿童先天性心脏病（CHD）术后心功能的可行性。方法 对25例CHD术后患儿以320排宽探测器CT和3.0T MR设备进行扫描，分别利用相应心功能分析软件测量左右心室射血分数（EF）、舒张末期容积指数（EDVI）、收缩末期容积指数（ESVI）、每搏输出量指数（SVI）和心指数（CI），分析320排宽探测器CT与MRI测量结果的相关性和可重复性。结果 CT测得左右心室EF、EDVI、ESVI、SVI、CI与MRI相应指标差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）且均具有良好相关性（r=0.62~0.97，P均<0.05）；CT所测各指标均值均高于MRI；CT各心功能测量值重复性良好（ICC=0.85~0.98，P均<0.05），左心室容量指标（EDVI、ESVI、SVI、CI）的重复性好于右心室。结论 320排宽探测器CT可用于评价CHD术后患儿心功能，对无法接受MR检查者具有重要价值。     

实时三维超声心动图容积数据长轴平面法与短轴平面法 测量心室容积准确性的对比研究

目的：比较实时三维超声心动图容积数据（VD-RT3DE）长轴平面法与短轴平面法测量心室容积的准确性。方法：应用RT3DE获取17例健康体检者和24例左室重构患者左、右心室的三维容积数据,存贮行脱机处理。容积分析软件中,分别选用心尖长轴平面法和短轴平面法,勾画心室内膜测量左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）和右室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）,同时记录勾画内膜时间。超声容积测值分别与多层螺旋CT（MSCT）的测量结果进行对照分析。结果：①VD-RT3DE长轴平面法和短轴平面法所获LVEDV、RVEDV测值与MSCT测值均具有好的相关性（P＜0.05）。②正常组长轴平面法LVEDV测值与MSCT测值相关性稍高于短轴平面法,r值分别为0.975,0.960;左室重构组r值分别为0.925,0.904。③正常组长轴平面法RVEDV测值与MSCT测值的相关性要明显高于短轴平面法,r值分别为0.933,0.797;左室重构组r值分别为0.908,0.753。④左室重构组长轴平面法和短轴平面法的心室容积测值均大于正常组,相关性均低于正常组。⑤长轴平面法勾画左、右心室内膜所用时间均少于短轴平面法,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;相同测量方法下,勾画左心室内膜时间明显少于右心室（P＜0.001）。结论：VD-RT3DE长轴平面法较短轴平面法更为高效地准确测量心室容积,测量右心室容积时优势更为明显。     

超声心动图联合64层螺旋CT评价左室收缩功能

目的比较超声心动图(UCG)和多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对左室射血分数(LVEF)的评估。方法对74例临床怀疑冠心病的患者进行超声心动图和64层螺旋CT检查,前者使用M型超声心动图Teichholz校正公式法测量LVEF,后者经过心功能分析软件处理,根据Simpson公式自动测定左室收缩末期容积、舒张末期容积,通过多层累积计算而得出LVEF。将两种检查所测得的结果进行比较。结果UCG与MSCT所测LVEF值(%)差异有显著性(P<0.01),并具有很好的相关性(r=0.888,P<0.01),MSCT所测的LVEF稍低于UCG。根据Bland-Altman方法,UCG与MSCT测定LVEF的差值为-0.0549±0.0284,一致性范围为-0.1117～0.0019。结论MSCT与UCG测量LVEF存在一定差异,但是两种检查对于左室收缩功能的评价均具有临床应用价值。     

64排螺旋CT重组对肘关节恐怖三联征的诊断

目的探讨64排螺旋CT多平面重建和容积再现对肘关节恐怖三联征的诊断价值。方法搜集2013年1月~2015年6月在我院经手术证实的36例肘关节恐怖三联征患者,全部患者均行X线及螺旋CT检查,把MPR及VR图像与X线及横断面CT图像进行比较。结果 MPR联合VR图像对36例尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折及肱尺关节脱位均能明确显示,诊断符合率为100%,高于X线及横断面CT图像;对发现尺骨冠状突及桡骨头骨折,三种方法比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对发现肘关节脱位,三种方法比较,没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 64排螺旋CT的MPR、VR图像立体、直观,能全面显示肘关节恐怖三联征的影像学特征并进行准确分型。     

256层螺旋 CT 与超声心动图评价左心室功能的相关性分析

【目的】探讨256层螺旋 CT(MSCT)与超声心动图评价左心室功能的相关性。【方法】前瞻性收集2012年8月至2013年12月就诊本院并于10日内均行 MSCT 冠状动脉血管造影(CTA)及经胸超声心动图检查者89例。所有患者按心功能(New York Heart Association ,NYHA)分成四个组。比较两种方法检测的左室舒张末期容积(EDV)、左室收缩末期容积(ESV)、左室每搏输出量(SV)和左室射血分数(EF)值,MSCT 评价心功能与临床分级的相关性。【结果】各心功能组 MSCT 与超声心动图所测得的左室功能参数 EDV、ESV、SV 和 EF 值比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);经相关性检验两种方法的测量值高度相关(P <0.05);NYHA 不同分级的 EDV、ESV 及 EF 值比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),而 SV 值比较差异无统计学意义。【结论】MSCT 冠状动脉CTA 评价心功能较为准确、可靠;与超声心动图测量结果比较具有很好的相关性。     

Multi-detector CT in peritoneal carcinomatosis: diagnostic role of thin slices and multiplanar reconstructions

Background  In order to investigate whether 1-mm thin slices and multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) of multi-detector computed tomography (CT) datasets interpreted in addition to isotropic 5-mm thick slices in one session improve the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Methods  The abdominal CT datasets of 44 patients with histologically proven tumors of the abdomen or pelvis were retrospectively evaluated for peritoneal carcinomatosis by four radiologists with variable experience (radiologist 1: ≥10 years, radiologists 2 and 3: 1.5 years, radiologist 4: 0.5 years). In three successive steps, the radiologists evaluated first the axial 5-mm slices, second the 1-mm slices, and third the MPRs and rated their diagnostic confidence. Results  Specificity was nearly unchanged for all the four radiologists. Sensitivity improved for the most experienced and the least experienced radiologists and was unchanged for the two readers with intermediate skills. Except for the third step of radiologist 4, no statistically significant differences in diagnostic performance were detected. The diagnostic confidence of all the four readers benefited to variable degrees from interpretation of the 1-mm slices and MPRs. Conclusions  While 5-mm slices are sufficient for the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis, 1-mm slices and MPRs can improve sensitivity and diagnostic confidence.     

Analysis of risk factors for surgical-site infections in 276 oral cancer surgeries with microvascular free-flap reconstructions at a single university hospital

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the risk factors for surgical-site infection (SSI) in oral cancer surgery with microvascular free-flap reconstructions and to propose appropriate SSI prevention. There were 276 patients who underwent oral cancer surgery with microvascular free-flap reconstructions at the Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery of Tokai University Hospital. The following variables were assessed as risk factors for SSIs: preoperative variables, including age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologist’s (ASA) score, debilitating comorbidities, smoking, alcohol consumption, and Union Internationale Contre le Cancer Tumor Node Metastasis (UICC-TNM) classification; and operative variables, including duration of surgery, amount of blood loss, quantity of blood transfusion, tracheostomy, area of neck dissection, and previous chemotherapy. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether these factors constitute risks for SSI. Total overall SSI rate was 40.6% (112/276). When the occurrence of SSI was compared with the variables, ASA score (P = 0.036), T stage (P = 0.013), duration of surgery (P < 0.001), blood loss (P = 0.001), blood transfusion (P = 0.01), and area of neck dissection (P = 0.009) showed statistical significance. Analysis of these variables with a logistic regression model yielded ASA score and duration of surgery as significant factors. There was a tendency for blood loss and duration of surgery to increase in patients with a high T stage. A high T stage not only broadens the resection area and increases surgical invasiveness, it also increases susceptibility to dead space after microvascular reconstruction for oral cancer. Particular care in treating the wound should be taken in surgical patients with high T-stage scores. The occurrence of SSI is of particular concern in oral cancer surgery in patients with high ASA scores.     

螺旋CT及图像重建对胫骨平台骨折的诊断意义

目的探讨螺旋CT扫描原始横断面、多层面重建(MPR)及表面遮盖法重建(SSD)在胫骨平台骨折中的诊断价值。方法63例可疑胫骨平台骨折,全部经X线平片螺旋CT检查扫描后并进行MPR及SSD成像。结果螺旋CT原始横断面及MPR重建发现骨折60例,其中MPR纠正原始横断面定位错误1例,MPR冠状面可直接测量骨折劈裂和塌陷的大小。SSD在显示骨折劈裂方向、塌陷范围及碎骨片移位的空间关系方面较佳。在骨折分型方面,X线平片与螺旋CT比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.001).螺旋CT分型更准确。结论螺旋CT原始横断面、MPR及SSD三者结合能精确显示胫骨平台骨折位置和骨折程度,并作出准确的骨折分型,为临床治疗方案的正确制定提供更可靠的依据。     

64层MDCT冠状动脉成像不同心率扇区重建的应用价值

目的：了解扇区重建技术在冠状动脉CT成像中的应用价值。方法：58例受检者,根据心率分为3组,A组,心率〈75次/min,单扇区重建;B组,心率75~94次/min,双扇区重建;C组,心率95~115次/min,四扇区重建。分别测量冠状窦开口处增强前后CT值的变化,并计算强化率,同时测量受检者的受辐射剂量CTD和DLP值。对三维冠状动脉重建图像质量按5个等级进行主观评分：5分无伪影;4分轻微伪影,仅主干的某一段轻微模糊,诊断不受影响;3分为中等伪影,某一支冠状动脉主干的1/2以上模糊,但可以诊断;2分为严重伪影,某一支冠状动脉主干全长均模糊不清或不连续,诊断受限;1分为冠状动脉主干不能识别,不能作出诊断。其中4分以上因伪影的干扰较少定为优良。结果：①主观评分：A组：共29例,优良率为100%;B组：共20例,优良率为85%;C组：共9例,优良率为56%;②客观评估：3组病例的强化均值、强化率、CTD和DLP值之间均存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,单扇区扫描获得的图像的强化效果最佳,且受检者在检查过程中的所受到的辐射剂量最小。结论：受检者在检查前服用β受体阻滞剂控制心率,并采用单扇区重建技术能获得理想的冠状动脉诊断图像。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。