肺癌组织中DNA错配修复基因hMLH1及hMSH2启动子区异常甲基化的研究

DNA错配修复基因hMLH1及hMSH2启动子区(cpG岛)异常甲基化可导致抑癌基因失活,促进肿瘤发生[1].本研究中检测肺癌组织中hMLH1及hMSH2 CpG岛异常甲基化状态并分析特异性甲基化酶抑制剂5-氮-2'-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-CdR)对肺癌A549和PG细胞中hMLH1及hMSH2 mRNA表达的影响,探讨肺癌的发生机制,寻找新的治疗方法.     

MGMT、hMLH1和hMSH2基因启动子甲基化状态对脑胶质瘤预后的影响

目的探讨脑胶质瘤DNA修复基因O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶（MGMT）和错配修复基因（MMR）（hMLH1、hMSH2）启动子甲基化状态及其对患者预后和烷化剂化疗敏感性的影响。方法采用甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）方法检测39例脑胶质瘤和6例正常脑组织MGMT、hMLH1和hMSH2基因启动子区的甲基化状态,免疫组化方法测定其蛋白表达。绘制Kaplan-merier生存曲线。结果脑胶质瘤组织MGMT、hMLH1和hMSH2基因启动子区甲基化发生率分别为46.2%、10.3%和20.5%,而正常脑组织相应基因启动子区未发生甲基化;三种基因启动子未甲基化模式与其对应蛋白表达模式相似。MGMT基因甲基化的脑胶质瘤患者存活率显著高于未甲基化者（P〈0.05）;MMR基因甲基化患者中MGMT基因甲基化与未甲基化者的生存期无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论hMLH1、hMSH2及MGMT甲基化是脑胶质瘤发生过程中常见的分子事件;联合检测MGMT、hMLH1和hM-SH2基因启动子甲基化状态可判断脑胶质瘤患者的预后及其对烷化剂化疗的敏感性。     

胃癌错配修复基因hMLH1突变和启动子甲基化与基因不稳的关系

目的　探讨胃癌hMLH1突变和甲基化异常与微卫星不稳 (MSI)的关系。方法　采用二维DNA电泳和DNA测序技术检测hMLH1突变 ;采用甲基化特异性PCR检测hMLH1启动子区的甲基化状态 ;采用PCR为基础的方法检测微卫星DNA不稳。结果　 6 8例胃癌中检出hMLH1基因突变 3例 ,突变率为 4 .4 %。hMLH1突变与肿瘤大小、分化程度、组织学类型、浸润深度和临床病理分期无显著相关。正常胃黏膜未见hMLH1高甲基化。 6 8例胃癌中检出hMLH1高甲基化 11例 ,占 16 .2 % ,均为去甲基化和高甲基化并存。将MSI分为高频率MSI(MSI H ,≥ 2个位点 ) 8例、低频率MSI(MSI L ,仅为 1个位点 ) 9例和MSI阴性 (MSS) 5 1例三组 ,结果 3例hMLH1基因突变均发生于MSI H组 ,而MSI L和MSS组未见有突变者。MSI H组hMLH1高甲基化的检出率显著高于MSI L和MSS组 (P <0 .0 1～ 0 .0 0 1)。结论　hMLH1突变和高甲基化可能参与了MSI病理途径。     

错配修复基因hMSH2启动子甲基化与胃癌的关系

目的:探讨hMSH2基因启动子区5CpG岛高甲基化在胃癌发生过程中的作用.方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(methylationspecific PCR,MSP)方法检测胃癌及非癌组织中hMSH2基因启动子区甲基化状态.结果:40例胃癌中hMSH2基因启动子区高甲基化24例(60%),其癌旁黏膜组织中有15例(37.5%)发生甲基化,14例慢性萎缩性胃炎组织中有5例(35.7%)发生甲基化,6例慢性浅表性胃炎组织中未见甲基化.四组甲基化水平相比,差别有统计意义(P＜0.05).胃癌组甲基化水平高于癌旁组,差别有统计意义(P＜0.05).癌旁组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组、慢性浅表性胃炎组三组甲基化水平相比,差别无统计意义.胃癌各临床病理参数组之间相比差别无统计意义.结论:胃癌组织中hMSH2基因启动子区高甲基化可能是导致其错配修复功能缺陷的重要原因之一;而错配修复功能缺陷在胃癌的发生中起着重要作用,但可能与其发展关系不大.     

肺癌组织中RKIP基因启动子区甲基化状态观察

目的观察肺癌组织中Raf激酶抑制蛋白（RKIP）基因启动子区甲基化状态变化,探讨其与肺癌临床病理特征的关系。方法采用RT-PCR和甲基化特异性PCR法（MSP）分析肺癌及相应癌旁肺组织中RKIP基因表达情况及其启动子区甲基化状态。结果肺癌组织中RKIP基因启动子区甲基化率为45．8％（27／56）,明显高于癌旁肺组织的13．3％（2／56）,P〈0．05。所有甲基化的肺癌组织中RKIP基因均无表达。有淋巴结转移的43例肺癌组织中,27例RKIP基因启动子甲基化;无淋巴结转移的40例中,11例RKIP基因启动子甲基化（P〈0．05）。结论肺癌组织中RKIP基因失表达与其启动子区甲基化有关,这可能是肺癌发生发展以及转移的原因之一。     

错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2在胃癌组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2在胃癌发生中的作用.方法:收集青岛大学医学院附属医院普外科手术切除的胃癌组织40例, 经病理诊断腺癌33例, 黏液腺癌7例, 患者术前均未接受放化疗和免疫治疗, 每例均取相应癌旁组织. 胃镜活检20例慢性胃炎黏膜组织(慢性浅表性胃炎10例, 慢性萎缩性胃炎10例). 采用Western blot法检测hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白在胃癌组织、癌旁组织及胃炎组织中的表达.结果:胃癌组织中hMSH2蛋白的表达显著高于癌旁组织和胃炎组织(0.28±0.10 vs 0.23±0.07, 0.11±0.10, 均P <0.01); hMLH1蛋白在胃炎组织和癌旁组织中的表达显著高于胃癌组织(0.28±0.07, 0.26±0.06 vs 0.22±0.06, 均P <0.01); hMLH1和hMSH2在胃癌中的表达与年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、浸润深度、组织学类型、分化程度、淋巴结转移、远处转移等无关, 差异均无显著性.结论:hMSH2高表达可能是胃癌发生的标志之一, 而hMLH1则可能是胃癌预警组织的一种标志物.     

错配修复基因 hMLH1 和hMSH2 在胃癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨错配修复基因hMLH1 和hMSH2 在胃癌发生中的作用.方法采用免疫组化SP法,检测散发性胃癌、癌旁黏膜和胃炎黏膜组织中hMLH1 和 hMSH2基因的表达情况.结果 hMSH2在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率(67.1%)显著高于癌旁黏膜(41.4%)和胃炎黏膜组织(41.2%)(P<0.05),而后两者无显著差异(P>0.05).hMSH2在低分化腺癌中的阳性率(80.6% )显著高于高中分化腺癌(57.7%)和黏液癌(53.8%)(P<0.05),而后两者无显著差异(P>0.05).hMLH1在胃炎黏膜组织的阳性表达率(38.2%)显著低于胃癌(77.1%)和癌旁黏膜组织(74.3%)(P<0.05),后两者无显著差异(P>0.05). hMLH1在黏液癌中的阳性率(38.5%)显著低于高中分化腺癌(80.8%)和低分化腺癌(90.3%)(P<0.05),后两者无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 hMSH2高表达可能是胃癌发生的标志之一;hMSH2表达与肿瘤分化程度及患者预后有关;hMLH1有可能作为胃癌预警组织学标记物.     

胃癌组织RASSF1基因启动子区甲基化的意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因RASSF1A启动子在胃癌组织及胃良性病变中甲基化的发生情况及与临床特征的关系.方法:采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MS- PCR)方法检测32例胃癌组织及32例相应的癌旁组织,以及46例胃良性病变中RASSF1A基因甲基化发生情况.结果:在32例胃癌DNA标本中,RASSF1A基因甲基化发生率为62.5%(20/32).而在32例癌旁组织中,只有1例存在甲基化,占3.1%(1/32),二者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在胃良性病变,浅表性胃炎和萎缩性胃炎中甲基化发生频率分别为3.3%和37.5%.RASSF1A基因甲基化发生率与胃癌分化程度、肿瘤大小及淋巴结转移之间无显著相关性.结论:RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化在胃癌的发生发展中起重要作用.     

骨肉瘤组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化状态观察及意义

目的 观察骨肉瘤组织中Ras相关区域家族1A(RASSF1A)基因启动子区域的甲基化状态,并探讨其临床意义.方法 应用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)技术检测30例骨肉瘤组织及瘤旁组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区域的甲基化状态.结果 骨肉瘤组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区域发生甲基化14例(46.7％),瘤旁组织中4例(13.3％),两者比较,P＜0.05.RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化与骨肉瘤患者的性别、年龄及血清碱性磷酸酶水平有关(P均＜0.05).结论 骨肉瘤组织中RASSF1A基因启动子区甲基化发生率高,其可能在骨肉瘤的发生发展中发挥重要作用.     

错配修复基因hMSH2、hMLH1在非霍奇金

目的 探讨错配修复基因hMSH2、hMLH1在非霍奇金淋巴瘤中的表达及意义.方法 运用免疫组化SP法检测22例B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤及18例NK/T细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤中hMSH2、hMLH1蛋白表达情况,并探讨其与非霍奇金淋巴瘤临床病理间的关系.结果 NK/T细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤hMSH2、hMLH1蛋白表达缺失率分别为55.56%、44.44%;B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤分别为31.82%、50.00%,两种肿瘤间缺失率比较均无统计学意义.hMSH2、hMLH1蛋白表达缺失与患者性别及肿瘤是否发生于淋巴结无关.结论 错配修复基因hMSH2、hMLH1在非霍奇金淋巴瘤肿瘤组织中存在蛋白表达缺失,可导致基因组不稳定,该肿瘤易感.     

Extensive methylation of hMLH1 promoter region predominates in proximal colon cancer with microsatellite instability.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region has been suggested to cause microsatellite instability (MSI) in sporadic colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We studied the methylation profile in a wide region of the hMLH1 promoter and compared with the hMLH1 protein expression and MSI status in 88 cases of sporadic CRC. METHODS: Na-bisulfite treatment and polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was performed using 5 sets of polymerase chain reaction primers spanning the promoter region of the hMLH1 to examine methylation status. Results were compared with immunostaining using anti-hMLH1 monoclonal antibody and MSI status of the tumor samples. RESULTS: Methylation status was classified as full or partial methylation. Full methylation indicates the methylation of all CpG sites in the examined regions. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter was observed in 88.9% (16 of 18) of CRCs showing high frequency MSI (MSI-H), among which 89% (14 of 16) had full methylation with reduced hMLH1 protein expression. All cases showing full methylation were proximal colon tumors with MSI-H. In cases with partial methylation, only the upstream region of the hMLH1 promoter was methylated. Partial methylation was also shown in 33.3% (6 of 18) of the normal mucosa of MSI-H cases. Frequencies of methylation were significantly correlated with female gender (P = 0.0009) and aging (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Full methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region and subsequent gene inactivation may play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis of MSI-H CRCs in the proximal colon. Methylation upstream of the hMLH1 promoter appears to be an early event in the carcinogenesis of MSI-H tumors.     

Detection of hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutations in Chinese hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer kindreds

AIM： To establish and validate the mutation testing for identification and characterization of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer （HNPCC） in suspected Chinese patients.
METHODS： Five independent Chinese kindreds with HNPCC fulfilling the classical Amsterdam criteria were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted after informed consent was obtained. The coding region of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography （DHPLC）. Mutations identified in the proband by DHPLC were directly sequenced using a 377 DNA sequencer, analyzed with a basic local alignment tool （BLAST）, and tested in the corresponding family members by direct DNA sequencing.
RESULTS： Mutations were identified in two Chinese HNPCC kindreds. One was the missense mutation of hMSH2 c.1808A→G resulting in Asp 603 Gly identified in the proband of the fifth HNPCC （HNPCCS） kindred. In the HNP5 kindred, three family members were found to have this mutation and two of them had colorectal cancer. The other mutation of hMLH1 c.1882A→G was identified in the HNP2 kindred＇s proband, which might be the nonsense mutation analyzed by BLAST.
CONCLUSION： Pedigree investigation and mutation testing of hMSH2 and hMLH1 are the practical methods to identify high-risk HNPCC patients in China.     

Germline mutations of hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in patients with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: The present study was designed to determine the frequency of germline mutations in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in 31 families suspected of having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer who do not fulfill the criteria of the International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer but in whom a genetic basis for colon cancer is strongly suspected and 45 patients with sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer who developed colorectal cancer before the age of 40 years without any family history of colorectal cancer. METHODS: Genomic DNAs were prepared from peripheral blood samples of patients who were tested. All coding exons and exon-intron borders of these two genes were screened, first with the polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism method, followed by sequencing of the DNA fragments displaying an abnormal single-strand conformation polymorphism pattern. RESULTS: In 31 families with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, we found six different germline mutations in seven unrelated families, including one missense mutation and three frame-shift mutations in the hMLH1 gene and one missense mutation and one frame-shift mutation in the hMSH2 gene. Totally, frequency of mutation was 23 percent, 16 percent and 7 percent in the hMLH1 and hMSH2, respectively. Only one missense mutation of the hMSH2 gene was identified in 45 patients (2 percent) with sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer. The mutation detection rate in families with suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that of patients with sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our definition of suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer is useful in the diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and for identifying those families who need genetic presymptomatic diagnosis. Our results indicate that it may be important to perform DNA testing in families suspected of having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. On the other hand, we only detected a low mutation rate (2 percent) in 45 patients with sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer.Supported, in part, by the 1997 Good Health R & D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Republic of Korea, and the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF-CRC-94K2-0402-04-00-3) through the Cancer Research Center at Seoul National University.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 22 to 26, 1997. Winner of the Southern California Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Award.     

Correlation between hMLH1/hMSH2 and p53 protein expression in sporadic colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 mismatch repair proteins in terms of p53 protein expression and clinicopathological parameters in sporadic colorectal cancer. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred and two cases of curative colorectal surgery for primary colorectal cancer were included in this study (patients with a familial history of colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis were not included). Clinicopathological parameters were reviewed retrospectively. HMLH1, hMSH2 and p53 protein expression in tumor tissue sections was determined using immunohistochemical staining with specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 402 cases, immunohistochemical analysis showed 35 (8.7%) had loss of expression of hMLH1, 19 (4.7%) had loss of expression of hMSH2, and three cases (0.7%) had loss of expression of both proteins. Multivariate analysis showed that early age of onset (p=0.023), right side dominance (p<0.001) and poorly differentiated or mucinous cell type (p<0.001) were associated with loss of expression of hMLH1 or hMSH2. Loss of expression of hMLH1 or hMSH2 correlated with low p53 expression (p<0.001). In terms of clinicopathological parameters, p53 expression was associated only with hMLH1 or hMSH2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancers not expressing hMLH1 or hMSH2 may have distinct features from those expressing these mismatch repair proteins. p53 expression appears to be implicated in a compensatory pathway with mismatch repair proteins.     

76个中国人遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌家系hMLH1和hMSH2基因突变规律研究

遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌（hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer，HNPCC）是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病综合征，由错配修复（mismatch repair，MMR）基因种系突变引起，占所有结直肠癌的5％-10％。HNPCC的发病与人类错配修复基因功能异常密切相关，已定位并克隆的人MMR基因有hMLH1、hMSH2、hMSH6、hMSH3、hPMS1、hPMS2，遗传连锁分析和遗传学研究显示，约80％的HNPCC与hMLH1、hMSH2基因的种系异常相关。     

Methylation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">hMLH1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">hMSH2</Emphasis> promoter in early-onset sporadic colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurring from defects in mismatch repair has been found to be associated with about 15% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. This study examined the incidence of MSI in early-onset sporadic colorectal carcinomas and the role of methylation of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoter in sporadic colorectal carcinoma presenting with MSI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: MSI in 38 early-onset and 40 late-onset sporadic colorectal carcinomas were determined as MSI-H, MSI-L, and MSS using five markers. Methylation of the promoter region in hMLH1 and hMSH2 was assessed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Their protein expressions were also identified on immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: MSI-H, MSI-L, and MSS were found in six (15.8%), three (7.9%), and 29 (76.3%) cases, respectively, in the early-onset group, and in one (2.5%), five (12.5%), and 34 (85%) cases in the late-onset group. Five cases (71.4%) of MSI-H and two cases (25%) of MSI-L showed methylation of the promoter region in hMLH1. No cases with methylation of the promoter region expressed the hMLH1 protein. Only one case of MSI-H showed methylation of the promoter region in hMSH2 with lack of expression of hMSH2. CONCLUSION: The mutator pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis appeared more frequently in early-onset than in late-onset colorectal carcinoma. Many cases with MSI in sporadic colorectal carcinoma may be associated with methylation of the promoter in hMLH1.     

Mutation and methylation of hMLH1 in gastric carcinomas with microsatellite instability

AIM: To appraise the correlation of mutation and methylation of hMSH1 with microsatellite instability (MSI) in gastric cancers.METHODS: Mutation of hMLH1 was detected by Twodimensional electrophoresis (Two-D) and DNA sequencing;Methylation of hMLH1 promoter was measured with methylation-specific PCR; MSI was analyzed by PCR-based methods.RESULTS: Sixty-eight cases of sporadic gastric carcinoma were studied for mutation and methylation of hMLH1 promoter and MSI. Three mutations were found, two of them were caused by a single bp substitution and one was caused by a 2 bp substitution, which displayed similar Two-D band pattern.Methylation of hMLH1 promoter was detected in 11(16.2%)gastric cancer. By using five MSI markers, MSI in at least one locus was detected in 17/68(25%) of the tumors analyzed.Three hMLH1 mutations were all detected in MSI-H (≥2 loci,n=8), but no mutation was found in MSI-L (only one locus,n=9) or MSS (tumor lacking MSI or stable, n=51). Methylation frequency of hMLH1 in MSI-H (87.5%, 7/8) was significantly higher than that in MSI-L (11.1%, 1/9) or MSS (5.9%, 3/51)(P&lt;0.01-0.001), but no difference was found between MSI-L and MSS (P&gt;0.05).CONCLUSION: Both mutation and methylation of hMLH1 are involved in the MSI pathway but not related to the LOH pathway in gastric carcinogenesis.