一个纯合家族性高胆固醇血症家系低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变的检测

目的 检测家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholestero-lemia,FH)患者低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)的基因突变.方法 提取家系中,临床通过典型特征和血脂检测诊断为家族性高胆固醇血症患者的基因组DNA,首先检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因R3500Q突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症(Familial defective apoB100,FDB).然后用降落聚合酶链反应(TOUCH-DOWN PCR)扩增该基因的启动子和全部18个外显子,再用单链构象多态性(SSCP)方法分析PCR产物,并对电泳结果异常者进行DNA测序分析.用ANTHEPROT 5.0软件对突变LDLR进行二级结构分析,然后对突变LDLR进行SWISS MODEL在线三级结构预测.结果 通过SSCP和DNA测序发现该家系患者13号外显子存在A606T的纯合突变,采用ANTHEPROT5.0软件的GORⅠ法对突变型和野生型蛋白质进行二级结构分析,可见突变蛋白的突变区域部分螺旋结构被转角结构和无规卷曲取代,其二级结构发生了改变.突变LDLR三级结构预测未发现主链结构的变化.结论 结果表明.LDLR基因A606T的突变可能是此高胆固醇血症家系的致病原因所在.     

家族性甲状腺功能亢进症合并高胆固醇血症家系LDLR基因突变筛查探析

目的筛查并分析家族性甲状腺功能亢进症合并高胆固醇血症LDLR基因突变情况。方法抽取患者及其家属的外周血DNA,行PCR核酸扩增,并行LDLR基因以及载脂蛋白B100(ApoB100)基因测序分析。结果该家系3例患者呈常染色体显性遗传,存在LDLR基因突变,无ApoB100基因突变。结论 LDLR基因第13外显子核苷酸序列的第1 864位G变为T,发生碱基置换,导致天冬氨酸变为酪氨酸,是家族性甲状腺功能亢进症合并高胆固醇血症的基因突变的主要类型,该家族性疾病的发生与ApoB100基因无相关性。     

家族性高胆固醇血症患者二例的LDLR基因复合杂合新突变分析

目的 探讨2例临床确诊的湖北籍FH患者的LDLR基因突变状况,为FH的基因诊断提供依据.方法 收集2例临床确诊的FH患者及其父母血脂检测指标等临床资料,通过PCR扩增LDLR基因的1～18个外显子和内含子区域,再将扩增产物进行正、反双向核苷酸序列分析,并与GenBank中LDLR基因的正常序列对比找出突变后,结合FH先证者的临床表型证实致病突变的类型.结果 氧化酶法测定1号、2号FH先证者血浆TC,分别为12.79、11.98 mmol/L;经核苷酸序列分析,其ApoB100基因涵盖的3 500～3 531区域均未见突变;LDLR基因均为复合杂合突变,1号FH先证者LDLR基因第4外显子的665位碱基G>T为杂合错义突变,且该突变为新的点突变,第9内含子的1 358+32位碱基C>T突变也为新的点突变,并均由其父母遗传.2号先证者第9外显子1 257位碱基C>A突变导致终止密码子提前出现,但其核苷酸改变与比利时报道的C>G不同,第13外显子检测到1 879位碱基G>A杂合错义突变,且分别来源于其父母.结论 2例FH先证者均存在LDLR基因复合杂合突变,1号FH先证者的第4外显子665位碱基G>T和第9内含子1 358+32位碱基C>T、2号FH先证者的第9外显子1 257位碱基C>A突变均为新突变,这可能是导致FH的分子机制.

Abstract：

Objective To determine LDLR gene mutation in 2 clinically diagnosed FH patients from Hubei province and provide basis for gene diagnosis of FH.Methods Clinical data of 2 FH patients and their parents were collected.The promoter region and exon 1 to exon 18 region of LDLR gene were amplified through PCR and the amplified products were analyzed by forward and reverse DNA sequencing.The mutations were identified after comparison with LDLR gene sequence in GenBank.The pathogenic gene mutations were confirmed according to both genotype and phenotype of FH probands.Results The levels of plasma TC of two probands were 12.79 and 11.98 mmol/L.respectively.No gene mutations were detected in region 3 500 to 3 531 of ApoB100. The mutations of LDLR gene were compound heterozygous mutations. The novel mutation 665G > T detected in the exon 4 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene was heterozygous missense mutation. The novel mutation 1 358 +32C > T was detected in the exon 9 of No. 1 proband's LDLR gene.The mutations 665G > T ( paternal origin) and 1 358 + 32C > T ( maternal origin) were inherited from the parents. A novel mutation 1 257 C > A was detected in the exon 9 of No. 2 proband's LDLR gene, resulting the presence of a premature termination codon, which was different from 1 257 C > G reported in Belgium.Another heterozygous missense mutation 1 879 G > A was detected in exon 13. They were derived from paternal origin and maternal origin, respectively. Conclusions There are three novel gene mutations:665G >T, 1 358 +32C > T, 1 257C > A found in two probands with compound heterozygous mutations in LDLR respectively. They maybe play a potential role in FH pathogensis.     

低密度脂蛋白受体基因全长cDNA 序列分析法检测1例家族性高胆固醇血症患儿基因突变

目的建立低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因全长cDNA序列分析方法并对1例家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)患儿进行基因检测。方法设计7对LDLR基因cDNA引物并验证;对1例临床诊断为FH的患儿进行家系调查和临床体检,提取外周血DNA和RNA,DNA扩增结合测序分析LDLR基因并找出其突变位点;RNA经PCR反转录为cDNA后扩增LDLR基因,将扩增产物进行正、反双向核苷酸序列分析,并与GenBank中LDLR基因的正常序列对比找出突变位点后与传统DNA测序方法结果比对。结果 LDLR基因全长cDNA序列分析方法检测LDLR基因为2 583个碱基,与标准序列完全一致;本例患儿确诊为"FH纯合子",cDNA测序结果与传统DNA测序结果相符,均为第2外显子终止突变和第6外显子点突变及框移突变。结论 LDLR基因全长cDNA序列分析法检测FH患儿突变,与传统DNA方法检测结果相符,可为FH的基因诊断提供新的方法依据。     

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶cDNA1311C→T复合11内含子93T→C突变

目的　探讨葡萄糖 6 磷酸脱氢酶 (G6PD)基因cDNA1311C→T复合 11内含子 93T→C的突变与G6PD缺乏的关系。方法　运用硝基四氮唑蓝纸片法筛查G6PD患者 ,以定量法确诊 ,运用PCR SSCP筛查 11外显子异常的标本 ,以突变特异性扩增系统 (ARMS)法鉴定 1311C→T突变 ,DNA直接测序 1311突变标本的 11外显子和 11内含子。结果　在 12例 1311突变的标本中 ,在 11内含子的93位均发现有T→C突变。结论　cDNA1311C→T突变同时合并 11内含子的 93位T→C突变可能是G6PD缺乏患者酶活性降低的原因     

家族性高胆固醇血症家系低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变分析

目的:对1例临床确诊为纯合型家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)先证者及其3代家系成员进行基因检测和系谱分析,探讨其发病机制.方法:先证者家中收集该家系3代共10例血标本及临床资料.对其家系成员进行血脂测定,酚氯仿法提取患儿及家系成员基因组DNA并鉴定,应用多聚酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析结合DNA直接测序方法,检测其低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)基因的全部18个外显子和启动子及载脂蛋白B(ApoB100)26外显子,核苷酸序列分析结果与GeneBank比对寻找突变.结果:(1)先证者右锁骨下动脉起始,双侧颈总动脉分叉处,中段内一中膜轻度增厚,左房轻度增大,二尖瓣、三尖瓣及主动脉瓣轻度返流,冠脉血流储备减低;(2)该家系排除ApoB100基因26外显子3500附近位点突变;(3)核苷酸序列分析证实先证者LDL-R基因第13外显子发生D601Y纯合突变,为1864位G→T碱基置换,导致天冬氨酸改变为酪氨酸,先证者父亲和母亲LDL-R基因第13外显子均发生D601Y杂合突变.结论:该先证者LDL-R基因存在D601Y纯合突变,其父母LDL-R基因存在D601Y杂合突变,可能为该家系中FH的致病突变.     

?1例家族性高胆固醇血症患者的apoB100基因型分析

目的对1例临床确诊为家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)、具有典型FH表型特征的患者进行载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因分析,探讨患者发病机制,分析基因型与临床表型间的关系。方法常规血脂测定,提取患者及其父母基因组DNA,扩增apoB100基因第26号外显子蛋白编码3500区域及LDLR基因全部18个外显子,对扩增目的片段进行核苷酸测序,结果与GenBank比对分析。结果患者血清TC 16.8 mmol/L,LDL-C 13.1 mmol/L,apoB100基因第26外显子10707位核苷酸C改变为T,导致apoB100基因3500位上精氨酸被色氨酸置换,为R3500W杂合突变;LDLR基因中第13外显子1879位核苷酸G改变为A,导致丙氨酸被苏氨酸置换,为A606T杂合突变。患者父亲存在与患者一致的apoB100基因R3500W杂合突变,母亲存在与患者一致的LDLR基因A606T杂合突变。结论患者的2个突变基因分别遗传自父母,基因突变导致患者同时发生apoB100缺陷症(FDB)及FH,是FDB/FH双基因复合杂合子,患者有严重的FH表型,临床确诊为纯合FH。     

难治性颞叶癫痫患者钠离子通道SCN1A基因突变分析

目的 对难治性颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者钠离子通道SCNlA基因进行序列分析,查找突变位点.方法 采用聚合酶链反应及测序技术对10例难治性TLE患者和50例健康者进行SCNlA基因26个外显子和部分侧翼内含子序列分析.结果 1例患者SCNlA基因外显子10检出1个同义突变c.1410 T＞C.在所有标本中另检出4个碱基突变,即c.1212 A＞G、c.965-21C＞T、c.1028+21 T＞C和c.1377+52 G＞A.结论 经查阅国内外相关文献及SCN1A突变数据库,c.1410 T＞C为新发现的突变,其他4个碱基突变为多态性.     

HRM筛查PROC基因突变方法的建立和应用

目的 利用高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)结合PCR技术,建立遗传性蛋白C缺陷症患者的蛋白C基基因(PROC)突变筛查方法.方法 收集仁济医院2010年4月～2011年6月收治的9例蛋白C缺陷的静脉血栓患者(经测序PROC基因均已知)及其6例确认有PROC基因缺陷的患者家属DNA标本,通过设计HRM引物,用已知PROC突变的DNA标本进行构建,建立PROC基因外显子1,2,3,7,8突变HRM筛查方法.同时对3例疑似PROC基因缺陷患者,进行该方法的验证.结果 PROC基因外显子1,2,7,8区,突变体与野生型通过HRM图形可进行区分.对3例疑似PROC基因缺陷标本,HRM均筛查出突变,经测序2例为相同外显子7区杂合突变c.565C＞T,合并外显子2区杂合同义突变c.66T＞C,另1例为外显子7区杂合缺失c.577～579del,合并外显子1区多态性位点rs1799810 A＞T.综合统计15例已知标本和3例验证标本,HRM对于PROC基因外显子1,2,7,8区准确度分别为100％,94.4％,100％和91.7％.外显子3区由于缺乏突变病例,无法构建,改为直接测序法.结论 该研究建立了HRM结合直接测序法筛查PROC基因变异的方法.该方法能较快速、方便、经济地筛查PROC变异,适用于遗传性PC缺陷症基因诊断.     

家族性高胆固醇血症黄色瘤的家系遗传分析

目的:检测中国汉族家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hyper-cholesterolemia,FH)家系低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR)基因突变,探讨FH发病的分子机制。方法:采用PCR扩增结合核苷酸序列分析检测1例临床诊断为FH纯合子患者及其家系成员LDLR基因启动子和全部18个外显子片段,结果与GenBank公布的该基因正常序列对比找出突变,同时检测载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)基因Q3500R突变,以排除家族性apoB100缺陷症。结果:该患者LDLR基因第12外显子的第1747位和1773位碱基发生替换,前者导致H583Y突变,而后者未发现氨基酸改变。同时未检测出患者及其核心家系成员apoB100Q3500R突变。结论:FH是一常染色体显性遗传性疾病,为基因突变导致LDLR缺陷所致的遗传性疾病。检测相关基因突变对临床干预和遗传指导有参考价值。     

Increasing the sensitivity of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the LDLR gene mutations in brazilian patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), one of the most common single gene disorders. It is thought that FH affects approximately 1 of 500 individuals in most populations. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is widely used to detect mutations in the LDLR gene. However, several factors such as temperature, pH, running time, gel composition and size of the DNA fragments can influence its sensitivity. We have optimized the electrophoretic conditions to screen mutations in the promoter region and exons 1-18 of the LDLR gene by varying temperature (5 degrees C, 8 degrees C, 12 degrees C and 15 degrees C), voltage (300 to 600 V), and running time (1 to 4 hours) in the semi-automated GenePhor system (Amersham Biosciences). The efficiency of the method was evaluated by using 30 positive controls (DNA samples with mutations and polymorphisms in the LDLR gene, previously characterized) and DNA samples from 90 Brazilian patients with FH. Our results show that the use of two temperatures (5 degrees C and 15 degrees C) in combination with other optimized conditions resulted in high mutation detection rate (97%), which was considered appropriate for routine screening. Therefore, this strategy could be useful for the diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer, and for pharmacogenetic studies.     

A population-based study of plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate: relations to age,atrial natriuretic factor and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity

Solberg K, Rødningen OK, Tonstad S, Ose L, Leren TP. Familial hypercholesterolaemia caused by a non-sense mutation in codon 329 of the LDL receptor gene. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1994;54:605-9

Analysis of single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCP) was employed to screen familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) subjects for point mutations in exon 7 of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. An abnormal band pattern was found in one out of 100 unrelated FH subjects. The underlying mutation was found by DNA sequencing to be due to heterozygosity (C/T) at nucleotide 1048. Nucleotide 1048 is the first nucleotide of codon 329, and is located within the domain that has a high degree of homology with the precursor for epidermal growth factor. The C → T transition, referred to as FH-Fossum, changes codon 329 from CGA_Arg to TGA_Stop. The mutation is expected to cause a class 1 receptor defect.     

Mutation analysis in a small cohort of New Zealand patients originating from the United Kingdom demonstrates genetic heterogeneity in familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) are relatively common lipid disorders caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) genes, respectively. Molecular analysis at these loci was performed in eight New Zealand subjects with clinical features of heterozygous FH. Utilization of an in vitro lymphocyte receptor assay demonstrated normal receptor function in four patients, three of whom screened positive for the founder-type apo B mutation, R3500Q, causing FDB. Four patients with reduced LDLR function, consistent with heterozygous FH, revealed three previously documented mutations in exons 3 (W66X), 6 (C292Y) and 7 (G322S) of the LDLR gene and, a novel 2-bp deletion (TC or CT) after nucleotide 1204 (or 1205) in exon 9. The remaining patient was found to be FH/FDB negative after extensive mutation screening using both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and heteroduplex-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Haplotype analysis at the LDLR and apo B loci finally excluded the likelihood that mutations in these two genes underlie the FH phenotype in the molecularly uncharacterized New Zealand family originating from the United Kingdom. This family represents a valuable source of material for future genetic dissection of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH), shown to be a heterogeneous disease through molecular analysis.     

X-连锁迟发性脊髓骨骺发育不良家系的基因诊断

目的 探讨一个X-连锁迟发性脊髓骨骺发育不良(X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda,SEDL)家系发病的分子机制,建立基因诊断方法 .方法 采用身高测量、影像学检查殚及家系分析进行临床诊断.收集相关家系成员的外周血标本.提取基因组DNA后,采用PCR-SSCP和DNA测序分析家系中先证者、携带者和健康人SEDL基因的第3～6外显子.利用微卫星位点DXS16进行连锁分析.结果 PCR-SSCP检测到先证者第4外显子有异常泳动带;第4外显子的序列分析表明3例先证者均存在C.218C＞T突变,导致氨基酸序列S73L改变,3例携带者均存在该核苷酸位点的杂合突变,健康人未见突变;先证者的第3、5和6外显子核酸序列未见突变.序列分析证实家系中3名未婚女性Ⅲ10、Ⅳ6和Ⅳ7为致病基因携带者.结论 C.218C＞T突变是导致该家系发病的分子机制,可采用第4外显子序列分析对该家系进行基因诊断和产前基因诊断.     

Porphobilmogen deaminase gene mutations in Brazilian acute intermittent porphyria patients

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disorder resulting from porphobilmogen deaminase (PBGD) deficiency. Seven unrelated Brazilian patients were investigated regarding PBGD gene mutations by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. The PBG gene screening disclosed abnormal SSCP patterns in exons 7, 9, 12, 13, and 15, as well as in introns 3 and 10. Direct DNA sequencing revealed the occurrence of three nonsense mutations (R149X, R225X, and R325X) in exons 9, 12, and 15, respectively, and one missense mutation G111R in exon 7. The G111R mutation was detected in two unrelated patients. Intragenic polymorphisms (3119G/T in intron 2, 3581G/A in intron 3, 7052A/G and 7064C/A in intron 10, and -65C/T in exon 1) were also observed. In addition, two silent mutations (V202V in exon 10 and A266A in exon 13) were found. The latter has not heretofore been reported. Thus, this study revealed the mutations involved in Brazilian symptomatic AIP patients, as well as the intragenic polymorphisms found in the patients.     

Identification of the four most common beta-globin gene mutations in Greek beta-thalassemic patients and carriers by PCR-SSCP: advantages and limitations of the method

In the present study we investigated whether the single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method could be employed to identify (rather than simply detect) the four most common beta-globin gene mutations in the Greek population: IVS-I-110, Cd39, IVS-I-1, and IVS-I-6. Using DNA from 50 beta-thalassemic patients and carriers, we amplified by PCR the appropriate 238-bp region of the human beta-globin gene, analyzed the reaction products by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and visualized the bands by silver staining. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments showed a reproducible pattern of bands that was characteristic of the mutations present. With the use of control samples containing six of the 10 possible combinations of the four most common beta-globin gene mutations, we were able to predict the mutations present in a quarter of the patients studied. Our predictions were confirmed independently by the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method. We conclude that this non-radioactive PCR-SSCP method can be used to reliably identify mutations in patients, provided that suitable controls are available. Moreover, the method is easy to apply to the identification of mutations in carriers, which makes it particularly useful for population screening.     

Use of denaturing HPLC to provide efficient detection of mutations causing familial hypercholesterolemia

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) attributable to mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene is one of the most common genetic disorders associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Definitive diagnosis would help to initiate appropriate treatment to prevent premature cardiovascular disease. Currently, clinical diagnosis of FH is imprecise, and molecular diagnosis is labor-intensive and expensive because of the size of the LDLR gene and number of coding exons. METHODS: We used PCR to amplify all exons, including exon/intron boundaries, and the promoter of the LDLR gene. Nine individuals from five families with typical findings for a clinical diagnosis of heterozygous FH, 2 heterozygous FH cell lines, and 50 control individuals were screened for mutations by denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) followed by direct sequencing of aberrantly migrating fragments. RESULTS: Mutations that were previously reported to be disease causing were identified in eight of nine individuals with FH and both cell lines (V502M, C146X, E207X, C660X, C646Y, and delG197), but none were found in controls. The one individual with FH in whom no mutation was found had a previously unreported change in the 5'-untranslated region of unknown significance. In addition, we identified several previously reported polymorphism both in controls and individuals with FH. CONCLUSIONS: DHPLC can be used to detect mutations causing FH. On the basis of our current experience with DHPLC, this method combined with confirmatory DNA sequencing is likely to be sensitive and efficient.