糖皮质激素对鼻息肉组织中eotaxin蛋白的影响

目的：探讨糖皮质激素治疗鼻息肉的可能机制。方法：随机将15例鼻息肉患者均分为强的松治疗组、地塞米松治疗组和未治疗组,以同期手术的5例鼻中隔偏曲者的下鼻甲黏膜组织作对照,用免疫组化法测定鼻息肉组织中嗜酸细胞趋化因子（eotaxin）蛋白的表达。结果：激素未治疗组eotaxin蛋白的表达比对照组显著增高（P＜0.01）;激素治疗组eotaxin蛋白表达下降,与未治疗组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论： eotaxin蛋白是诱导嗜酸细胞在鼻息肉组织中浸润的重要趋化因子,糖皮质激素可下调eotaxin蛋白的表达,发挥抗嗜酸细胞炎症的作用。     

局部应用糖皮质激素对鼻息肉组织中Eotaxin蛋白的影响

目的观察局部应用糖皮质激素对鼻息肉组织中嗜酸粒细胞趋化因子（Eotaxin）表达的影响,探讨糖皮质激素治疗鼻息肉的可能机制。方法随机选取15例鼻息肉患者,以同期手术的6例鼻中隔偏曲者的下鼻甲黏膜组织作对照,采用免疫组织化学SP法,检测在激素治疗前、后Eotaxin在鼻息肉组织中的表达。结果激素治疗前,Eotaxinr阳性表达主要分布在鼻息肉组织的黏膜上皮细胞、炎性细胞及腺体、血管内皮细胞的细胞质中;激素治疗前Eotaxin蛋白的表达比对照组显著增高（P〈0．01）;激素治疗后,Eotaxin在鼻息肉组织黏膜上皮细胞、炎性细胞、血管内皮细胞中表达显著降低,且差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。结论糖皮质激素抑制鼻息肉组织黏膜上皮细胞、炎性细胞、血管内皮细胞中Eotaxin蛋白的表达,减少嗜酸性粒细胞募集和活化,从而减轻鼻息肉的炎症反应程度,是其治疗鼻息肉的作用机制之一。     

Insulinlike growth factor I immunoreactivity in nasal polyps

Nasal polyps from 15 patients were all found to express increased insulinlike growth factor I immunoreactivity. A hypothesis for the formation of nasal polyps is described: macrophages, seen in allergic and infectious reactions, produce and release growth factors, tentatively including insulinlike growth factor I. In enclosed paranasal sinuses this results in an accumulation of insulinlike growth factor I stimulating the growth of both epithelium and blood vessels in the sinuses. The mucosa increasingly bulges out through the ostium after having filled out the sinusity. Continuing growth stimulation is supplied by the inflammatory reaction, endothelial cells in the polyp, and activated macrophages inside or outside the polyp.     

Immunohistochemical assessment of molecule Ki67 in nasal polyps tissue

Immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation marker--Ki67 in nasal polyps tissue and in healthy nasal mucosa was performed. There was no statistical significance difference between percentage of Ki67 positive cells in nasal polyps and nasal mucosa. These cells were observed mainly in epithelial layer and few in subepithelial layer. In examined group Ki67 expression was higher in planoepithelial metaplasia. Assessment of cells proliferation processes could be sensitive and early indicator of neoplasmatic transformation. Examined subgroup in witch Ki67 expression was also higher, was subgroup with eosinophilic infiltrations. Cells proliferation processes in nasal polyps tissue are very important occurrence and require further examinations.     

Immunohistochemical localization of lysozyme in the nasal respiratory mucosa

Summary By use of the indirect immunoperoxidase method, lysozyme was localized in the serous glands and serous parts of mixed mucous-serous glands of the nasal respiratory area. Histochemically, lysozyme was absent from acini containing acid mucosubstances. These findings are in agreement with localizations of lysozyme in glands at other sites.     

Eosinophilic nasal polyps are a rich source of eotaxin, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3

INTRODUCTION: The CC-chemokine eotaxin plays a key role in the pathologic mechanism of tissue eosinophilia in nasal polyposis. In this study, we investigated a possible role of eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3, the recently discovered members of the eotaxin family. METHODS: Nasal polyps from 24 patients (non allergic/allergic/aspirin-intolerant patients) and turbinate tissue from 8 controls were investigated. Chemokine protein content (eotaxin, eotaxin-2, and -3) of tissue homogenates was measured by ELISA. Paraffin sections of samples were stained to determine the extent of eosinophilia. RESULTS: Protein expression of eotaxin, eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 was significantly higher in nasal polyps than in controls. There was a direct correlation between the protein concentrations of all three eotaxins. Further, protein levels of all chemokines were significantly correlated to the amount of eosinophilia. In aspirin-sensitive polyps the number of eosinophils was significantly higher than in the other patient groups and they had significantly higher eotaxin, eotaxin-2, and -3 protein levels than non-allergic and significantly higher amounts of eotaxin-3 compared with allergic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest, that all members of the eotaxin family are involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. The results are more likely indicative of a complex cooperation between all members of the eotaxin family than of a specific role in the development of eosinophilia and nasal polyposis.     

Immunohistochemical localization of spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase in rat nasal mucosa

Using the specific antibody of spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase, we investigated the immunohistochemical localization of this enzyme in rat nasal mucosa. The excised tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and immunohistochemically stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Formalin-resistant connective tissue mast cells were positive for spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase.     

三种促炎因子在鼻息肉及术后两周紧邻术区鼻黏膜的变化

目的 研究鼻息肉及鼻内镜术后2周紧邻术区鼻黏膜中血管细胞黏附分子（vascular cell adhesion molecule，VCAM）-1、嗜酸粒细胞亲合素（Eotaxin）及血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）的表达及相关性，探讨鼻息肉术后复发的可能机制。方法 应用链霉亲和素-过氧化物酶（SABC）免疫组化法检测30例鼻息肉及其中22例鼻内镜术后2周患者紧邻术区鼻黏膜的VCAM-1、eotaxin和VEGF的表达情况；HE染色光镜下观察组织结构、炎性细胞浸润情况。结果 ①HE染色可见鼻息肉组织嗜酸粒细胞大量浸润，术后则明显减少（t=2．891，P〈0．05）；②VCAM-1在鼻息肉手术前后均呈阳性表达，阳性面积差异无统计学意义（t=-2．051，P〉0．05），平均吸光度术后减弱（t=3．670，P=0．05）；Eotaxin手术前后阳性面积差异无统计学意义（t=0．739，P〉0．05），平均吸光度术后明显减弱（t=4．428，P〈0．05），Eotaxin术后腺体阳性率明显增加（t=-2．899，P〈0．05）；③VEGF阳性面积及平均吸光度手术前后表达差异均无统计学意义（t值分别为-0．037、0．825，P值均〉0．05）。结论 ①鼻息肉鼻内镜手术后嗜酸粒细胞数量明显减少，说明紧邻术区水肿状组织不同于鼻息肉。②VCAM-1、Eotaxin术后紧邻术区鼻黏膜阳性表达，说明Eotaxin有可能上调VCAM-1在血管内皮的表达，促进嗜酸粒细胞黏附于内皮细胞，穿内皮细胞问隙迁移到组织中，可能是息肉复发的基础。其中Eotaxin术后腺体阳性表达明显增加，推测其可能在鼻息肉复发早期发挥重要作用。③VEGF术后高表达，提示VEGF可促进术区血管增生及通透性增强，使局部组织增生、水肿，从而可能成为息肉复发过程中的重要因素之一。     

IL-4 and TNF-alpha increased the secretion of eotaxin from cultured fibroblasts of nasal polyps with eosinophil infiltration

BACKGROUND: Nasal polyposis is considered a subgroup of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Eosinophils are the most common inflammatory cells in nasal polyp and the degree of the tissue eosinophilia is correlated with the probability of the recurrence of nasal polyps. However, the mechanism by which eosinophils are selectively recruited in nasal polyp remains to be clarified. In the present study, fibroblasts were isolated from nasal polyps of patients with eosinophil-rich nasal polyps (Enp) and those with non-eosinophilic nasal polyps (NEnp) and the secreted levels of eotaxin, regulated upon activation normal T expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) from the cultured fibroblasts were determined. The levels were compared between Enp and Nenp. The role of those chemokines and adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of nasal polyp is discussed. METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from nasal polyps of five patients with CRS with Enp and four patients with CRS with NEnp were cultured and stimulated with 10 ng/ml of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 24 hours. After stimulation, culture supernatants were collected and concentrations of eotaxin, RANTES, and VCAM-1 were quantified by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: TNF-alpha enhanced the secretion of VCAM-1 and RANTES by fibroblasts derived from both NEnp and Enp, but did not affect the release of eotaxin. IL-4 increased the secretion of VCAM-1 and eotaxin but not that of RANTES. Furthermore, TNF-alpha and IL-4, when added together, induced a synergistic effect on the secretion of VCAM-1 and eotaxin. The effect of IL-4 and IL-4 plus TNF-alpha on eotaxin release was more marked for Enp fibroblasts compared with NEnp fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that eotaxin plays an important role in the selective recruitment of eosinophils in Enp. Nasal fibroblasts in Enp are more sensitive than those in NEnp regarding eotaxin release induced by the stimulation with IL-4 and co-stimulation with TNF-alpha and IL-4. This difference might be associated with the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis having marked accumulation of eosinophils.     

Atypical stromal cells in inflammatory nasal polyps: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis in defining histogenesis

The authors investigated 29 cases of sinonasal polyps with atypical stromal cells (ASC). The clinicopathologic features of these lesions were of benign inflammatory polyps except for the presence of ASC. Misinterpretation of these cells resulted in contributor diagnosis of sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma). Immunohistochemical study of the ASC demonstrated the presence of actin (smooth muscle and muscle specific), KP-1, and vimentin; no reactivity was seen with desmin, myoglobin, S-100 protein, or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Unexpectedly, cytokeratin reactivity was identified in more than 75% of the cases analyzed. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the ASC shared morphologic features in common with fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Based on the light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings, it was concluded that the ASC represent reactive myofibroblasts and not a neoplastic proliferation. Follow-up data supported this contention indicating the absence of an aggressive biological course. Misinterpretation as a malignant neoplasm might result in unwarranted and unnecessary therapeutic intervention.     

Immunohistochemical demonstration and semi-quantitation of vascular endothelial growth factor in recurrent versus non-recurrent nasal polyps

Objective The expression of some growth factors in nasal polyps has been examined, although investigations addressing the reason for recurrence in some patients are lacking. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed by inflammatory cells, as well as by endothelial and epithelial cells of nasal polyps. To determine whether VEGF may play a role in the recurrence of nasal polyps, we aimed to compare VEGF expression in recurrent versus non-recurrent polyps. In addition, expression in polyps from asthmatic patients was compared with that in polyps from non-asthmatics.

Material and Methods A total of 30 patients with newly diagnosed nasal polyposis were included. Polypectomy was performed at enrolment in the long-term follow-up study. Fifteen patients had only 1 polypectomy (non-recurrence group; median observation period 81 months) and 15 had a median of 6.4 polypectomies (multiple recurrence group; median observation period 108 months). Five of 10 patients with asthma belonged to the non-recurrence group and 5 to the recurrence group. The polyp obtained at the initial polypectomy was examined for expression of VEGF by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody. A blinded semi-quantitation and comparison of the intensity of immunolabelling were performed in recurrent versus non-recurrent polyps, as well as in asthmatics versus non-asthmatics.

Results VEGF expression was seen as varying staining of the polyp surface and gland epithelium, as well as of the vessel endothelium and some stromal mono- and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Semi-quantitation of the staining intensity showed no significant differences between recurrent and non-recurrent polyps, or between asthmatics and non-asthmatics.

Conclusion Our findings indicate that the level of immunohistochemical expression of VEGF in recurrent and non-recurrent nasal polyposis is equivalent. Thus, the level of VEGF expression cannot predict a subsequent recurrence. The expression of VEGF is not upregulated in patients with asthma. Further studies are needed to determine the role of VEGF in nasal polyposis, with special reference to different stages of polyp formation, vascularization and growth.     

Glycosoaminoglycans in nasal polyps

CONCLUSION: The qualitative and quantitative compositions of GAGs were comparable in all the polyps examined. OBJECTIVE: Glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) are an integral component of proteoglycans, which are constituents of connective tissue. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of GAGs occurring in proteoglycans determine their biological role. In this work, individual fractions of GAGs occurring in nasal polyps were isolated and estimated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polyps were obtained over a 2-year period from 31 patients (18 males, 13 females; age range 28-70 years) who underwent polypectomy and evaluated using routine histopathology. RESULTS: The amount of hyaluronic acid in nasal polyps was high, the amounts of dermatane sulphate and chondroitine-6-sulphate were slightly lower and the amounts of chondroitine-4-sulphate, heparin, heparan sulphate and keratan sulphate were the lowest.     

Immunohistochemical demonstration and semi-quantitation of vascular endothelial growth factor in recurrent versus non-recurrent nasal polyps

OBJECTIVE: The expression of some growth factors in nasal polyps has been examined, although investigations addressing the reason for recurrence in some patients are lacking. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed by inflammatory cells, as well as by endothelial and epithelial cells of nasal polyps. To determine whether VEGF may play a role in the recurrence of nasal polyps, we aimed to compare VEGF expression in recurrent versus non-recurrent polyps. In addition, expression in polyps from asthmatic patients was compared with that in polyps from non-asthmatics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients with newly diagnosed nasal polyposis were included. Polypectomy was performed at enrolment in the long-term follow-up study. Fifteen patients had only 1 polypectomy (non-recurrence group; median observation period 81 months) and 15 had a median of 6.4 polypectomies (multiple recurrence group; median observation period 108 months). Five of 10 patients with asthma belonged to the non-recurrence group and 5 to the recurrence group. The polyp obtained at the initial polypectomy was examined for expression of VEGF by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody. A blinded semi-quantitation and comparison of the intensity of immunolabelling were performed in recurrent versus non-recurrent polyps, as well as in asthmatics versus non-asthmatics. RESULTS: VEGF expression was seen as varying staining of the polyp surface and gland epithelium, as well as of the vessel endothelium and some stromal mono- and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Semi-quantitation of the staining intensity showed no significant differences between recurrent and non-recurrent polyps, or between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the level of immunohistochemical expression of VEGF in recurrent and nonrecurrent nasal polyposis is equivalent. Thus, the level of VEGF expression cannot predict a subsequent recurrence. The expression of VEGF is not upregulated in patients with asthma. Further studies are needed to determine the role of VEGF in nasal polyposis, with special reference to different stages of polyp formation, vascularization and growth.     

Expression and localization of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in nasal polyps

Nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite play an important role in pathophysiology of several airway diseases. An inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to be expressed in the nasal mucosa in allergic and chronic rhinitis. Few reports exist, however, on the expression of iNOS in nasal polyps. We detected and localized iNOS expression in nasal polyp tissue. Nasal polyps were obtained from 10 patients following polypectomy, and divided into allergic and infectious groups based on clinical presentation and laboratory testing. One nasal mucosa of the inferior turbinate was also obtained from a cadaver without nasal disease. iNOS expression was studied by immunohistochemistry under light and electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for iNOS was localized to the mucosal epithelium, inflammatory cells, vascular endothelium and smooth muscle, and nasal gland. Strong immunoreactivity was shown in the mucosal epithelium of both groups, and weak to moderate reactivity in the mucosal epithelium of the inferior turbinate. Vascular endothelium and smooth muscle of both groups sometimes showed weak to moderate immunoreactivity. Nasal glands of both groups sometimes showed weak immunoreactivity. A significant difference between allergic and infectious groups was observed in predominant types of inflammatory cells. Neutrophils were predominant in the infectious group (p < 0.01), and eosinophils in the allergic group (p < 0.0001). About 50%-53% in allergic and 42% in infectious groups--of inflammatory cells showed positive immunoreactivity for iNOS. Immunoreactive cells were neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells invariably reacted negatively. A significant difference between allergic and infectious groups was observed in predominant iNOS-immunoreactive cells. Ratios of immunoreactive neutrophils to all neutrophils (p < 0.05) and to all inflammatory cells (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the infectious group. The ratio of immunoreactive eosinophils to all inflammatory cells was significantly higher in the allergic group (p < 0.0001), while the ratio of immunoreactive eosinophils to all eosinophils did not differ between infectious and allergic groups. The ratios of immunoreactive macrophages to all macrophages and to all inflammatory cells did not differ significantly between groups. Electron microscopy showed that degenerated cells with pyknotic nuclei were located next to immunoreactive eosinophils, suggesting the cytotoxicity of NO, peroxynitrite, or superoxide.     

转化生长因子β1在鼻息肉中的表达

目的探讨TGF-β1在息肉组织中的分布及在鼻息肉发生发展过程中的作用.方法 检测标本84份,其中65份是鼻息肉、12份是慢性鼻窦炎,7份是正常鼻黏膜,用免疫组化(SP法)检测TGF-β1的表达.结果TGF-β1在绝大部分息肉(55/65)中呈Ⅲ～Ⅳ级表达,11例鼻窦炎(11/12)为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级表达,3例正常鼻黏膜(3/7)为Ⅱ级表达,3组间两两比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).炎细胞、上皮细胞和纤维母细胞是TGF-β1的主要染色细胞.结论 TGF-β1由息肉中炎性细胞和结构细胞等产生,参与息肉的发生发展,在息肉的组织增生和化生中起重要作用.     

Origin of nasal polyps

The nasoethmoid complexes from 6 patients with nasal polyps were systematically examined. First, the location and place of the origin of the polyps were recorded and photographed. The polyps and their places of origin were removed, serial sectioned, and examined. In all 6 patients, the polyps originated from the nasal mucosa. Most of the polyps extended laterally from the mucosa into the anterior part of the middle meatus. Several polyps originated from the mucosa near the ethmoid cell ostium or directly from the mucosa lining the edge of the ostium. The ostia themselves were not blocked by the polyps, and there was no indication of polyp formation in the ethmoid cells.     

Immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors in nasal polyps as compared to normal turbinate mucosa

The factors involved in the development of chronic inflammation and edema in nasal polyps remain to be clarified. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been described in plasma cells, suggesting that plasma cells may play a major role in the development of edema in nasal polyps through the production of VEGF. We performed immunohistochemical analysis using specific antibodies to VEGF and to the known VEGF receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, on paraffin sections of human nasal polyps ( n=11) and controls of human mucosa of the normal middle turbinates ( n=6). In normal turbinate mucosa, sporadic immunostaining for VEGF was observed throughout the endothelial cells of the small veins and arteries. VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 expression was faint in the healthy turbinates. In nasal polyp tissues, strong immunostaining for VEGF was found in the endothelium of blood vessels and in the infiltrating perivascular inflammatory cells. Fibroblasts also stained for VEGF. Strong immunolabeling to VEGFR-1 was evident in the vascular endothelium, whereas weak to moderate VEGFR-1-staining was generally confined to scattered mononuclear round cells. Mononuclear round cells and the endothelium of capillaries revealed immunoreactivity to VEGFR-2. These findings support a role for VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, in the development and perpetuation of edema and angiogenesis in nasal polyps.