腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中或术后意外胆囊癌的处理对策

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ LC）意外胆囊癌（ UGC）的处理对策。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2012年10月3355例LC,术中和术后发现的8例UGC的临床资料。结果8例UGC,占同期LC的0.24％（8/3355）,术中发现4例,术后发现4例。根据TNM分期（第7版,2009）,其中pTis 2例,pT1b 1例,pT23例,pT42例。pTis及pT1b患者仅行LC,术后均长期存活,最长已超过5年;pT2中2例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,术后存活已达半年以上;1例因术后发现,患者拒绝再次手术,术后半年复发;pT4中1例因累及肝脏及肝外胆管,拒绝进一步手术,仅行LC,术后3个月出现戳孔种植,术后6个月死于腹腔广泛转移;1例中转开腹行姑息胆囊切除并取活检,3个月后死于多脏器衰竭。无围手术期死亡患者。结论重视胆囊癌高危因素、完善的术前检查、术中对胆囊标本仔细剖检和快速冰冻检查以及确诊后必要的中转开腹是提高胆囊癌早期确诊率、改善胆囊癌预后的关键。术中应切实采取相关措施降低肿瘤细胞腹腔转移与切口种植的发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌的临床诊治体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中意外胆囊癌(unexpected gallbladder carcinoma,UGC)的临床病理特点,探讨手术方法及预防转移复发的对策。方法:回顾分析1997年8月至2008年11月5 586例LC术中26例(0.47%)UGC患者的临床资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法对比单纯胆囊切除术组、胆囊癌根治术组及pTis、pT1期与pT2、pT3、pT4期患者的累积生存率。结果:26例UGC患者中,术前诊断以胆囊结石和胆囊息肉为主。按病理分期,pTis期2例,pT1a期4例,pT1b期3例,pT2期10例,pT3期5例,pT4期2例。胆囊癌根治组患者累积生存率优于单纯胆囊切除组;pTis、pT1期患者预后显著优于pT2、pT3、pT4期。结论:具有胆囊癌高危因素的患者,术前应全面分析临床资料,术中仔细剖检胆囊,标本行冰冻切片检查,一旦确诊应早期行根治性切除术,术中需采取措施预防肿瘤种植和转移。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与意外胆囊癌

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后意外发现胆囊癌的处理方法。方法:对1997～2001年14例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中或术后意外发现的胆囊癌进行临床病理分析。结果:14例意外胆囊癌中男2例,女12例。平均年龄66.1岁。术前诊断1例为胆囊息肉,余13例为胆囊炎胆囊结石(92.8%)。有7例中转开腹手术,1例因发现转移仅在腹腔镜下行腹壁肿块活检术,6例完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术。术后病理TNM分期:0期1例,Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期3例,Ⅳb期3例。至随访截止时,已有9人死亡,5人仍存活,存活期超过36个月者有4人,最长者已存活68月。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术不适用于胆囊癌病人。提倡腹腔镜术中对可疑病灶进行冰冻切片病理检查。对胆囊癌侵犯深度超过肌层者应中转开腹或术后再次开腹行根治性手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊手术中意外胆囊癌的诊治对策

目的探讨腹腔镜手术意外胆囊癌的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1997年9月~2015年9月我院4620例腹腔镜胆囊切除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)手术中意外胆囊癌12例的临床资料。1例术中冰冻病理诊断胆囊癌NevinⅢ期,中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;11例术后病理诊断胆囊癌,NevinⅠ期1例和Ⅱ期1例未补充手术,Ⅲ期9例中5例拒绝手术,4例术后10~18 d(平均14 d)开腹行胆囊癌根治术。结果 5例NevinⅢ期LC后拒绝手术者失访。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期各1例LC术后随访63个月和6个月无复发,Ⅲ期行胆囊癌根治术5例中,2例分别术后8、10个月因腹腔广泛转移,死于恶病质,3例术后10、28、32个月胆囊癌肝转移死亡。结论腹腔镜胆囊手术时应高度警惕意外胆囊癌的发生,应及时行合适的补充治疗。     

45例意外胆囊癌再手术临床病理分析

目的 探讨意外胆囊癌再手术的治疗效果.方法 对2000-2010年45例胆囊切除术后发现的意外胆囊癌再手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性总结.生存分析采Kaplan-Meier法,logrank检验差异显著性,计数资料采用x2检验,P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 45例意外胆囊癌(pT2 33例,pT3 12例)40例再次行根治性胆囊床肝楔形切除加淋巴结清扫,5例行姑息性手术.术后发现淋巴结转移10例(pT24例,pT36例),肝转移3例(pT2 1例,pT32例),同时合并腹腔种植(pT3)及广泛转移(PT2)各1例.5例行姑息性手术者生存时间3～8个月,40例根治性术后生存期明显延长(40.4±2.7)个月.胆囊切除术后4周内进行再手术,术后生存时间[(37.1±2.2)个月]明显长于4周后再手术的患者[(22.4±5.8)个月].结论 胆囊切除术后发现意外胆囊癌(pT2/pT3)需及时剖腹行根治性手术,可改善患者的预后和延长生存时间.     

16例意外胆囊癌的诊治分析

目的探讨意外胆囊癌的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年12月胆囊切除术中或术后病理发现的原发性胆囊癌16例临床病例资料。结果术前诊断2例为胆囊息肉,14例为胆囊炎胆囊结石;常规开腹胆囊切除术(OC)2例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)14例;术后病理Nevin分期,Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期4例,Ⅳ期3例。;2例术中怀疑,经术中快速病理证实,1例单纯胆囊切除,1例术中再次行部分肝切除+肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术;术后病理证实14例,3例单纯胆囊切除,未再次手术;5例再次行肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术;3例再次手术行部分肝切除+肝十二指肠韧带周围淋巴结清扫术,3例放弃再次手术;随访时间至2013年4月,已有12例死亡,6例仍存活,最长者已存活40个月,最短者在术后3个月内死亡,4例存活期超过36个月。结论术前应重视胆囊癌的高危因素和增强对胆囊癌的诊断意识,以减少意外胆囊癌的发生;Nevin分期Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期侵犯胆囊粘膜患者可行LC,Ⅱ期侵犯肌层及其以上分期患者需再行开腹胆囊癌根治术。     

意外胆囊癌再手术临床病理分析(附15例报告)

目的 探讨意外胆囊癌再手术的治疗效果。方法 对1995年1月至2002年12月期间15例胆囊切除术后发现的意外胆囊癌再手术治疗进行回顾性总结。结果 15例意外胆囊癌(pT211例,pT3 4例)中,12例再次行根治性胆囊床肝楔形切除加淋巴结清扫,再手术时间(17.3±6.2)d;3例行姑息性手术,再手术时间(49±12.5)d。术后发现淋巴结转移2例(pT2 1例,pT3 1例),肝转移2例(pT2 1例,pT3 1例),腹腔种植(pT3)及广泛转移(pT2)各1例。3例行姑息性手术者生存3-5个月,12例根治性术后生存期明显延长(25.75±4.89)个月。结论 胆囊切除术后发现意外胆囊癌(pT2／T3)需及时积极再次剖腹作根治性手术,以改善病人的预后和延长生命。     

胆囊保留性手术中发现意外胆囊癌的处理：附9例报告

目的:探讨胆囊保留性手术中发现意外胆囊癌的处理方法与对策。方法:回顾性分析2002年7月—2006年7月经腹腔镜胆囊保留手术发现的9例意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料。研究对象外科处理后均随访5年。结果:9例均行手术治疗,其中3例Nevin分期I,II期患者行根治性胆囊切除,术后随访5年仍存活,至今未发现复发;1例Nevin分期III期行开腹胆囊切除术并行局部淋巴结清扫术,随访2.5年时仍存活,但已出现腹腔内多处种植转移及肝内多发转移;3例Nevin分期IV期和1例V期行根治术后1年内发生复发后死亡;1例姑息性外引流术后4个月死亡。结论:具有胆囊癌高危因素的患者应行开腹胆囊切除术,对可疑病灶进行病理学检查,对意外胆囊癌患者建议施行根治性胆囊切除术。     

腹腔镜手术中意外胆囊癌的临床处理分析

目的:探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外发现胆囊癌的治疗方法。方法:对14例LC时意外发现的胆囊癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:4例NevinⅠ、Ⅱ期患者行单纯LC,2例Ⅲ期和3例Ⅳ期患者行LC中转开腹+局部淋巴结清扫术+肝脏楔形切除术,5例Ⅴ期患者行胆囊姑息性切除术。全组意外胆囊癌的发生率为0.06%。结论:Ⅰ期的意外胆囊癌行LC可达到根治目的,Ⅱ期行胆囊切除+肝脏部分切除+术后化疗,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期需行胆囊癌根治术,Ⅴ期根据情况行胆囊切除或姑息手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌58例诊治分析

[摘 要] 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）意外胆囊癌的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析2007 年5 月至2017 年5 月武警安徽省总队医院收治的意外胆囊癌患者58 例临床资料。结果 LC术中发现24 例,术后发现34例;TNM分期T1b 12例,T2 34例,T3 6例,T4 6例。24例术中快速冰冻病理检查证实为胆囊癌,其中22例中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术;34例术后病理证实,其中24例行二次开腹手术。非根治组：12例,仅行单纯胆囊切除术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为65.0%、42.5%、18.0%。根治组：46例,行胆囊癌根治术,术后1、2、3年累积生存率分别为82.5%、62.5%、45.7%,两组生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 胆囊癌患者预后与手术方式、临床分期密切相关,对存在胆囊癌高危因素的患者,建议尽早行胆囊切除术。意外胆囊癌多为早期胆囊癌,应重视术中检查及病理检查,T1b～T3 期宜行根治手术,晚期患者应根据病情行姑息手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中或术后意外胆囊癌的治疗

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中发现意外胆囊癌（UGC）的治疗方法。方法回顾分析1996年1月至2010年6月期间5000例行LC患者的临床资料,术后发现UGC12例,结合以往文献对UGC的诊治方法进行分析。结果手术顺利,术中和术后被证实为胆囊癌的患者12例,发生率为0.24%（12/5000）,其中T1期6例,T2期4例,T3期1例,T4期1例。T1期患者仅行LC,除1例于术后第39个月死于其他疾病外均长期存活;T2期仅行LC2例,中转开腹2例,行胆囊癌根治术,术后均长期存活;T3期1例,行LC,于术后第42个月死于肿瘤转移;T4期1例,术中发现腹膜广泛种植,仅行LC,于术后第6个月死亡。有3例发生戳孔种植,T1、T2、T3期各1例。结论胆囊癌存活期短,预后差,但腹腔镜手术发现的UGC大多属早期,采取合适的治疗手段可取得良好的疗效。     

Endorectal Ultrasonography and Treatment of Early Stage Rectal Cancer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative staging by endorectal ultrasonography (EUS) and its contribution to treatment of early stage rectal cancer (ESRC). The results of EUS for 154 consecutive patients with ESRC (pTis to pT2) were compared prospectively with histologic findings, assessed according to the TNM classification. Results of treatment selection and long-term outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. There were 35 patients histologically staged as pTis, 8 as pT1-slight (invasion confined to the superficial one-third of the submucosa), 37 as pT1-massive (invasion extending to the deeper submucosa), and 74 as pT2. The equipment used was an echoendoscope GF-UM2 or GF-UM3 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Sensitivity/specificity/overall accuracy rates for detection of slight submucosal invasion, massive submucosal invasion, and muscularis propria invasion were 99%/74%/96%, 98%/88%/97%, and 97%/93%/96%, respectively. Incidences of lymph node metastasis in pTis, pTis to pT1-slight, pT1, pT1-massive, and pT2 cases were 0%, 0%, 18%, 22%, and 30%, respectively. Incidences of lymph node metastasis in ESRCs staged by EUS (u) as uTis, uT1-slight, uT1-massive, uT2, and uT3 by EUS were 0%, 0%, 26%, 36%, and 64%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy rates for detection of positive nodes in overall ESRCs were 53%, 77%, and 72%, respectively. Of the 43 patients with pTis to pT1-slight tumors, 22 underwent endoscopic polypectomy or local excision, 20 radical surgery, and 1 radical surgery after endoscopic polypectomy due to vascular invasion. All these patients are alive and all but one (who refused radical surgery due to vascular invasion after local excision and developed liver and lung metastases) are disease-free. Of the 37 patients with pT1-massive tumors, 34 underwent radical surgery and 3 transcoccygeal segmental resection. All these patients are alive disease-free except for one who died of peritoneal carcinomatosis after radical surgery. All patients with pT2 tumors underwent radical surgery. The overall 5-year survival rates for pTis, pT1, and pT2 cases were 100%, 98%, and 97%, respectively. EUS is an accurate method for evaluating invasion depth in ESRC. Patients with uTis or uT1-slight tumors staged by EUS are at low risk of positive nodes and good candidates for endoscopic polypectomy or local excision. Those with uT1-massive or uT2 lesions should be treated with a radical operation because of the high incidence of positive nodes. E-pub: 3 July 2000     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of patients with gall bladder cancer

BACKGROUND: Surgical procedures based on the depth of the primary tumor invasion (pT category) have been proposed in the treatment of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Trocar site metastases have been reported in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for preoperatively undiagnosed GBC. STUDY DESIGN: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of LC as a surgical strategy for GBC. From 1986 to 1998, 56 patients with GBC underwent surgical resection. Survival rates were compared retrospectively according to pT category and use of LC. RESULTS: Five-year survival was 91% for pT1 (n = 13), 64% for pT2 (n = 25), 34% for pT3 (n = 14), and 0% for pT4 tumors (n = 4; p<0.0001). LC was performed on 11 patients (4 with pT1, 5 with pT2, and 2 with pT3 tumors). Of the seven patients with pT2 or pT3 tumors, three underwent a second radical operation, three had an open radical operation to which the procedure was converted from LC, and one underwent no additional procedures. For pT1 tumors, one patient died of trocar site metastasis from bile spillage after LC. For pT2 or pT3 tumors, 5-year survival was 63% for radical surgery (n = 35) and 0% for cholecystectomy alone (n = 4; p<0.05). For pT2 or pT3 tumors treated by radical surgery, 5-year survival was 75% for laparoscopic approach (n = 6) and 60% for open surgery (n = 29; not significant). CONCLUSIONS: LC may help to establish the diagnosis and to determine the surgical strategy for undiagnosed GBC. It is important to prevent spillage or implantation of malignant cells during LC. For pT2 or pT3 tumors diagnosed laparoscopically, a second or converted open radical surgery is necessary.     

51例意外胆囊癌临床分析

目的分析意外胆囊癌(UGC)患者的临床特征及手术疗效。方法收集北京大学人民医院自1990年6月至2012年4月收治的51例意外胆囊癌患者的病历资料,对其临床特征、手术疗效以及影响预后的因素进行分析。结果 51例意外胆囊癌均经冰冻或石蜡切片病理证实,其中腺癌47例(92.2%),鳞癌2例(3.9%),神经内分泌癌1例(2.0%)及小细胞癌1例(2.0%);根据Nevin分期标准,Ⅰ期5例,Ⅱ期13例,Ⅲ期15例,Ⅳ期16例,Ⅴ期2例;31例(60.8%)改行胆囊癌根治术或扩大根治术,18例(35.3%)仅行胆囊切除术,另有2例行姑息性手术;术后随访33例(64.7%),患者中位生存时间13月(2~60月);Nevin分期(P=0.001)、手术方式(P=0.026)是影响UGC预后的独立因素;根治手术组患者较非根治手术组患者生存率差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.923,P0.05)。结论绝大多数意外胆囊癌患者的病理诊断为腺癌,行根治手术可延长患者的生存时间。应根据病理分期,结合患者自身情况选择切实有效的手术治疗手段。     

腹腔镜手术治疗阴道子宫内膜异位症43例疗效分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗阴道子宫内膜异位症（内异症）的有效性和安全性。方法2002年1月～2013年6月我院腹腔镜手术治疗43例经病理证实的阴道内异症,按照内异症治疗原则,常规腹腔镜检查后注射水垫,游离直肠,下推膀胱,分离输尿管,切除病灶,验证直肠完整性,缝合切口并放置引流。结果32例行腹腔镜病灶切除及粘连松解术,11例行腹腔镜病灶切除和全子宫切除术,其中5例同时行单/双侧附件切除术。36例随访6～126个月,中位随访时间43．7月。26例保守性术式,术后痛经、肛门坠胀、慢性盆腔痛、性交痛、阴道出血的缓解率分别为77．8％（14/18）、50％（4/8）、60％（3/5）、100％（5/5）、100％（8/8）,复发3例,复发时间分别为术后1、5、8个月。5例半根治术式和5例根治性术式,8例痛经、5例肛门坠胀和1例阴道出血者均显著缓解,2例慢性盆腔痛者,1例症状显著缓解,1例部分缓解,术后3个月复发1例。8例合并不孕者,4例术后1年内自然妊娠并活产。结论腹腔镜手术治疗阴道内异症安全有效。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌的处理对策

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中有效诊治意外胆囊癌 (unsuspectedgallbladdercarcinoma ,UGC)的方法。方法 :回顾分析LC意外胆囊癌 6例的临床资料。结果 :单纯腹腔镜胆囊切除 2例 ,其中 1例T1 期随访 4年 ,至今存活 ;1例T3 期 ,3月后死亡。LC中转开腹T4期 1例 ,行根治术后 5个月死亡。LC术后二次手术者 3例 ,均为T3 期 ,其中 1例LC后腹腔并切口转移 (portsitemetastases ,PSM) ,姑息外引流术 6个月后死亡 ,余 2例行根治术后全部存活 ,其中 1例超过 2 5个月。结论 :早期警惕 ,术中无瘤操作 ,及时根治切除是延长UGC患者术后生存期及减少切口转移的关键     

Unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background/Purpose Many cases have been reported of disastrous port-site recurrence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) revealed unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Some investigators have reported that the prognosis of patients after LC showed unsuspected GBC is not worsened by laparoscopic procedures. We retrospectively reviewed our cases and the literature to reconfirm the intrinsic risks of LC for unsuspected GBC. Methods Of 1663 patients who underwent LC from January 1991 to December 2003 in a single institution, 9 (0.54%) with unsuspected GBC were reviewed. Results These 9 patients consisted of 5 men and 4 women, whose ages ranged from 58 to 87 years, with a median age of 73 years. Two patients with a pT1a tumor (limited to mucosa) and 2 patients with a pT1b tumor (muscle layer) underwent no further operation. The remaining 5 patients with a pT2 tumor (subserosa) underwent further operations with lymph node dissection. Five patients (2 patients with pT1b and 3 patients with pT2) developed recurrence and all of them died within a median period of 19 months (range 14–37 months) after LC. The causes of death were bone metastases in 1 patient (pT2), local recurrence in 2 patients (pT1b and pT2), and peritoneal metastasis in 2 patients (one elderly patient with pT1b who underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and one patient with pT2 in whom the cystic duct was damaged during surgery). Four patients (2 with pT1 and 2 with pT2) have been doing well with a median follow-up of 39.5 months (range 12–99 months) after LC. Conclusions Surgeons should always prevent bile spillage during LC and when removing the resected gallbladder. When laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is planned, especially for elderly women, surgeons should also bear in mind the increasing possibility of unsuspected GBC.     

腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床观察

目的探讨腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析95例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石病人行腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗的临床资料。结果本组63例先行十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗,其中59例成功行EST+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),但术中并发十二指肠乳头少量出血2例,术后发生胆道感染1例,出现可疑十二指肠漏1例;4例EST取石失败后1周内改开腹手术,术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆漏1例。23例顺利行LC+腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术,其中腹腔镜胆囊管探查取石5例,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石18例。9例因疑诊胆总管结石而先行LC,术后2~4 d再行EST。术后随访6~12个月,均未出现反流性胆管炎、乳头狭窄等并发症,无胆管结石残留。结论腹腔镜联合内镜微创手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石效果满意。     

Incidental gall bladder carcinoma: does the surgical approach influence the outcome?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome in patients with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma diagnosed after cholecystectomy, comparing the laparoscopic approach with open surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was done of 16 patients who were diagnosed with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma out of the 2850 who had undergone cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis at our institution between 1990 and 2004. Eight cases (seven women and one man, mean age 63 (range 49-75 years) ) were diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (group A) and eight cases (six women and two men, mean age 63 (range 50-79 years) ) after open cholecystectomy (group B). We evaluated the outcome in the two groups correlating the cumulative survival rates with tumour stage and surgical technique. RESULTS: In group A, three patients had port-site recurrence (1 pT1a and 2 pT1b tumours) after 6, 7 and 9 months, one had intraperitoneal dissemination (pT2) after 3 months, and four had no recurrence (1 pTis, 2 pT1a and 1 pT1b). In group B, five patients had recurrences (4 pT1b and 1 pT2) after an average of 8 months (range 5-11) and three had no recurrence (1 pTis and 2 pT1a). Survival rate was statistically correlated with tumour stage but not with the surgical approach used to perform cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach used for cholecystectomy would seem not to influence the outcome in patients with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma. The tumour stage is the most important prognostic factor.