血液透析与腹膜透析患者微炎症反应比较及其与营养状况、心血管疾病关系的研究

目的 研究血液透析、腹膜透析两种透析方式对慢性肾衰尿毒症患者微炎症状态的影响,探讨微炎症状态与营养状况、心血管疾病的关系.方法 选择2011年1月至2012年6月沈阳市红十字会医院肾内科住院的尿毒症患者64例(血液透析30例、腹膜透析34例)及健康对照者30例,检测C反应蛋白、白介素6、尿素氮、肌酐、白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白,计算体重指数.根据主观综合性营养评价将患者分为营养良好组、营养不良组.记录透析处方和心血管并发症.结果 本组尿毒症患者C反应蛋白、白介素6较对照组显著升高(P＜0.01),血液透析组C反应蛋白、白介素6显著高于腹膜透析组(P＜0.05).尿毒症各组内营养良好组C反应蛋白、白介素6较营养不良组显著升高(P＜0.05),合并慢性心衰组C反应蛋白、白介素6较无心衰并发症组显著升高(P＜0.05).C反应蛋白与白蛋白、前白蛋白呈显著负相关,与尿素氮、肌酐、血红蛋白无显著相关性.结论 血液透析患者微炎症状态比腹膜透析患者严重,尿毒症患者微炎症状态与营养不良及心血管疾病密切相关.     

左旋肉碱对腹膜透析患者微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨左旋肉碱（L-CN）对持续不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者微炎症和营养状态的影响。方法选择我院肾内科透析龄超过3个月的CAPD患者39例,将其随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组给予静脉注射L-CN（每次1g、每周3次,共16周）。治疗前后检测超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）,同时测定血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、转铁蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷等生化指标。并用改良主观全面营养评价法（MSGAN）对患者进行微炎症和营养状态评估。结果观察组治疗后炎症因子hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α较治疗前均降低,血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、转铁蛋白较治疗前升高,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义。而治疗前后肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷的差异无统计学意义。结论左旋肉碱可改善CAPD患者的微炎症和营养状态。     

生血宁片治疗维持性腹膜透析患者肾性贫血的临床观察

目的观察中成药生血宁片治疗维持性腹膜透析患者肾性贫血的临床疗效及对铁代谢指标、营养不良和微炎症状态的影响。方法选取武汉大学中南医院维持性腹膜透析肾性贫血患者56例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组口服生血宁片,对照组口服多糖铁复合物胶囊,两组均同时联合皮下注射重组人促红细胞生成素针。治疗12周后观察和比较2组患者治疗前后血红蛋白、红细胞比容、血清铁蛋白、转铁蛋白饱和度、血清肌酐、白蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白等指标变化,同时观察治疗中的不良反应。结果 2组患者在治疗前的贫血指标之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后治疗组及对照组患者贫血治疗的总有效率分别为92.9%及82.1%,治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.01);治疗后两组患者的贫血指标较治疗前有显著变化(P0.05),治疗组用药后血红蛋白、红细胞比容、血清铁蛋白、转铁蛋白饱和度、血清白蛋白均较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),与对照组相比贫血指标差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组超敏C反应蛋白水平较治疗前有所下降,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组患者有7例不良反应,而治疗组患者无一例不良反应发生,其不良反应发生明显低于对照组。结论生血宁片可有效纠正腹膜透析患者贫血状态,改善铁代谢和营养不良,同时并未增加腹透患者体内微炎症状态。采用生血宁片联合促红细胞生成素治疗维持性腹膜透析患者肾性贫血的临床疗效明显,且未见明显不良反应。     

百令胶囊治疗维持性血液透析患者微炎症和营养不良的疗效观察

目的观察百令胶囊治疗维持性血液透析(MHD)患者微炎症和营养不良的临床疗效,探讨其作用机制。方法选取2016年3月至2016年9月在武汉市中心医院血液透析中心治疗的MHD患者100例,其中男58例,女42例,年龄29～70岁,平均(45.6±12.4)岁。所有患者临床判断处于干体质量,且均完成长期通路建立,并在研究开始前3个月内未服用百令胶囊、糖皮质激素及开同片。将所有患者按随机数字表法随机分为2组,对照组和治疗组各50例。2组患者在性别、年龄、原发病、透析方式、贫血程度等方面差异无统计学意义。对照组行充分血液透析、降压、纠正贫血、纠正钙磷代谢紊乱及对症治疗;治疗组在充分透析、降压、纠正贫血及钙磷代谢紊乱及对症治疗基础上加用百令胶囊口服(口服,1.0g/次,tid)。治疗3个月后,观察治疗前后2组患者的微炎症指标超敏C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6及营养状态指标白蛋白、前白蛋白、总胆固醇水平,并使用改良定量主观营养评估方法评分评估治疗前后2组患者营养状态。结果 3个月后,治疗组超敏C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6等水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),且改良定量主观营养评估方法评分较对照组明显改善(P0.05),前白蛋白明显高于对照组水平(P0.05)。治疗后2组白蛋白及总胆固醇比较,无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论百令胶囊可有效改善MHD患者微炎症及营养不良状态,其机制可能与其降低体内微炎症因子水平及促进体内蛋白质合成代谢有关。     

营养不良-炎症评分评估腹膜透析患者营养状态及相关影响因素

目的通过营养不良-炎症评分系统探讨腹膜透析患者的营养状态及相关影响因素。方法对安徽医科大学第二附属医院腹膜透析中心行维持性腹膜透析的患者进行营养不良-炎症评分(malnutrition-inflammation score,MIS),同时检测腹膜透析患者人体测量指标、握力、生化指标(包括血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、总铁结合力、钠、超敏C反应蛋白、β2微球蛋白),并分析MIS与各项指标的相关性。结果符合纳入标准的腹膜透析患者共91例,其中男43例,女48例,平均年龄为(49.3±17.2)岁,均为营养不良者,其中轻度43例,中度46例,重度2例。中重度营养不良患者的体质量指数、上臂肌围及握力均较轻度营养不良患者明显下降(P0.05);与营养相关的生化指标包括白蛋白、前白蛋白亦明显下降(P0.05);在铁代谢指标中总铁结合力和转铁蛋白饱和度明显降低(P0.05);而微炎症指标超敏C反应蛋白在中重度营养不良患者中则明显升高。MIS与体质量、上臂肌围、白蛋白、前白蛋白、尿酸、握力、转铁蛋白、总铁结合力呈负相关,而与铁蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白、甲状旁腺素呈正相关。而性别、握力及白蛋白对MIS有显著影响。结论 MIS可用以评估腹膜透析患者的营养状态,随着MIS分值的增加,患者的营养不良炎症状态也越重。而高龄、白蛋白水平低或握力低的患者有较高的MIS分值,营养状况更差。     

饮食干预对腹膜透析患者的保护作用

目的探讨饮食干预对腹膜透析患者的影响并进行相关分析,为保护腹膜、改善腹膜透析患者的预后提供依据。方法选择我院腹膜透析中心常规入院复查行持续性非卧床腹膜透析治疗的患者,随机分为干预组和对照组;其中干预组58例,平均年龄为(63.2±2.1)岁,腹膜透析时间为6~15个月;对照组62例,平均年龄为(63.2±2.1)岁,腹膜透析时间为5~16个月。干预组采用地中海饮食(Mediterranean Diet,MeDi),而对照组采用传统的饮食指导模式(低盐低脂优质蛋白饮食);随访时间为6个月,期间对患者饮食进行随访指导。开始第1个月内每周随访1次,以后每半个月1次,第3个月后每个月1次。在入院时及实验6个月后,将2组患者的血压、体质量指数(body moss index,BMI)、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)、血红蛋白和血白蛋白等指标进行比较。结果①两组患者干预前韵基本状况,如病程、年龄、性别等指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。②除糖化血红蛋白、收缩压、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇外,干预组患者的舒张压、体质量指数、炎症指标(hs-CRP)、血红蛋白和血白蛋白水平较干预前差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);③与对照组相比,除糖化血红蛋白和血脂水平外,干预组患者的血压、体质量指数和炎症指标(hs-CRP)均明显降低(P0.05),血红蛋白和血白蛋白水平明显增高(P0.05)。结论地中海饮食可帮助腹膜透析患者有效控制血压、保持良好的营养状态及改善微炎症状态。     

终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者微炎症与贫血和营养不良及左心室功能的关系

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病维持性血液透析患者超敏C反应蛋白与贫血、营养不良及左心室功能间的关系.方法 将患者分为微炎症组(超敏C反应蛋白＞3 mg/L)和非微炎症组(超敏C反应蛋白≤3 mg/L),检测100例维持性血液透析患者超敏C反应蛋白、血清白蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)、血肌酐、血红蛋白及红细胞压积;用彩色超声多普勒显像仪测定左心房前后径、左心室前后径、左心窜舒张期后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左室射血分数,舒张早期左室充盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值、计算左心室质量指数,测不同时间(5次)血压并取均值,分析超敏C反应蛋白与上述各参数间的关系.结果 (1)微炎症组患者血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血清白蛋白脂蛋白(a)与非微炎症组比较差异有统计学意义(P分别＜0.01,＜0.05);(2)微炎症组患者左心房前后径、左心室前后径、左心室舒张期后壁厚度、室间隔厚度、左心室质量指数、左室射血分数、舒张早期左室克盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值与非微炎症组比较差异也有统计学意义(P分别＜0.05,＜0.01);(3)相关分析结果表明,血清超敏C反应蛋白浓度与血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血清白蛋白呈负相关(r分别=-0.283、-0.308、-0.387,P分别＜0.05、＜0.01),与脂蛋白(a)呈正相关(r=0.427,P＜0.01);与左心室前后径、室间隔厚度、左心室质量指数呈显著正相关(r分别=0.277、0.394、0.307,P均＜0.05);与左室射血分数、舒张早期左室充盈峰速率与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率比值呈显著负相关(r分别=-0.386、-0.543,P均＜0.01);(4)血清超敏C反应蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、Kt/V值、血清白蛋白、脂蛋白(a)、收缩压、脉压是维持性血液透析患者心脏结构及功能异常危险因素.结论 维持性血液透析患者存在微炎症状态时血清超敏C反应蛋门升高.血清超敏C反应蛋白可预测维持性血液透析患者的贫血程度、营养状态,并可用来评价左心室结构和功能,且是左心室结构和功能异常的独立危险因素.     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者营养状态的影响

目的 研究高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者透析期间营养状态的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、自身对照设计.44例常规低通量血液透析患者转换为高通量透析(Fresenius FX60-FX80,超纯透析液)治疗半年.采用单因素方差分析比较试验前(0月)、试验后6个月与试验后12个月患者食欲评分、主观综合性营养评估、体质指数、透析前血肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸、血磷、血钙、全段甲状旁腺激素、白蛋白、C-反应蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞压积等指标水平的变化.结果 高通量透析6、12个月后,较低通量透析时患者食欲、主观营养评估及体质指数均有改善,差异有统计学意义.血尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸、血钙等生化指标在转化为高通量透析后与低通量时比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).高通量透析后12个月与6个月比较,C反应蛋白、白蛋白、全段甲状旁腺激素、血磷、血红蛋白、红细胞压积等指标亦有改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高通量透析能提高患者的食欲,改善营养状态,降低炎症指标,改善贫血和钙磷代谢紊乱,进而提高血液透析患者的生存质量.     

高通量血液透析对尿毒症患者微炎症及营养状态的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析对尿毒症患者微炎症及营养状态的影响。方法选择2013年1月至2015年6月在中国人民解放军广州军区武汉总医院治疗尿毒症患者155例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。观察组82例,给予高通量血液透析治疗;对照组73例,给予血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗。2组均持续透析治疗1年,分别在治疗前和治疗12个月后采血,测量2组患者透析前后的微炎症指标(超敏C反应蛋白,白细胞介素6,肿瘤坏死因子)、肾功能(三酰甘油,总胆固醇,β_2微球蛋白,血肌酐,血磷)、营养状态指标(体质量指数,血浆总蛋白,白蛋白),并进行统计学分析。结果与透析前比较,2组患者透析后微炎症指标、肾功能指标水平显著降低,营养状态指标水平显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组透析后相关指标比较,观察组透析后微炎症状态、肾功能、营养状态改善的更明显一些,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗相比,高通量血液透析可更好地改善尿毒症患者微炎症及营养状态。     

复方α酮酸改善腹膜透析患者营养状态及钙磷代谢的临床分析

目的观察并分析腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者的营养状态及钙磷代谢,以及复方α酮酸干预后的变化。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2015年3月在杭州市中医院肾内科行PD治疗的260例患者,以是否服用复方α酮酸片分为观察组和对照组。观察组124例,在行PD+基础治疗的同时服用复方α酮酸片12~15粒/d;对照组136例,仅行常规PD+基础治疗。2组患者均定期规律随访1年以上,收集并分析所有患者随访1年内5个观察点(基线、3个月、6个月、9个月、12个月)的一般情况、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血尿素氮、血肌酐、三酰甘油、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、血钙、血磷、血清甲状旁腺素、超敏C反应蛋白、每周尿素清除率、标化蛋白分解代谢率及每周肌酐清除指数的变化。结果 2组患者随访1年内的腹膜透析充分性评估均达标;观察基线时均存在不同程度的营养不良情况,尤以观察组明显。在随访的1年内,观察组的血白蛋白、血红蛋白、血钙、血磷较观察基线有明显提升,而血总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白及超敏C反应蛋白有下降(P0.05),其余观察指标保持稳定;而对照组的血磷水平和甲状旁腺素水平却有明显增高(P0.05)。结论复方α酮酸制剂的应用有助于改善PD患者的营养状态,能辅助提升血红蛋白、降低血清总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白,并通过适当提高血钙含量改善钙磷代谢。     

中药艾灸改善腹膜透析患者营养不良的临床研究

目的：观察中药艾灸对高腹膜转运CAPD患者腹膜营养不良的影响.方法：高腹膜转运CAPD患者26例随机分为两组,治疗组（中药艾灸）与对照组各13例,观察治疗前后透析超滤量（UF）、C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、血清白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（Pre-A）及中医症状计分和改良定量主观整体评估法（MQSGA）评分的变化.结果：治疗组治疗后24 h总超滤量明显增加,hs-CRP、IL-6明显下降,Alb及Pre-A明显增加,中医症状计分和MQSGA评分增加,优于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论：中药艾灸可以有效提高透析超滤量,减轻高腹膜转运CAPD患者的微炎症状态,改善营养不良.     

不同营养评估方法对维持性血液透析患者营养状况的分析

目的用不同方法对维持性血液透析患者的营养状况进行评价。方法维持性血液透析患者120例,采用主观营养评价法、营养不良一炎症评分法和微型营养评分精简法行营养评分并测患者血清白蛋白、总铁结合力、血红蛋白、c反应蛋白、血清铁。结果主观全面营养评估、营养不良一炎症评分和微型营养评分精简法评分有显著相关性。微型营养评分精简法评分与血红蛋白显著相关。营养不良一炎症评分与血清白蛋白、总铁结合力显著相关。贫血组主观全面营养评估、微型营养评分精简法评分值较非贫血组低。结论主观全面营养评估、营养不良一炎症评分法和微型营养评分精简法评估维持性血液透析患者的营养状态具有一致性,营养不良一炎症评分判断蛋白质储备更为敏感。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者119例死亡原因分析

目的 分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者的死亡原因,为延长患者生存时间提供依据.方法 回顾性分析119例CAPD患者的死亡原因,并与同期126例CAPD存活患者相比较,以寻找其死亡的高危因素.结果 心血管并发症、脑血管意外和营养不良是最主要的死亡原因,分别占30.3%、24.4%和16.8%.与存活组相比,死亡组的年龄、动脉血压（收缩压和舒张压）、胆固醇和C反应蛋白升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,死亡组左心室肥大的比例升高（P〈0.01）,而心脏射血分数、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、主观综合性营养评估、尿素氮清除率、透析前残余肾功能和透析前尿量降低（P〈0.01）.结论 心脑血管并发症和营养不良是CAPD患者最主要的死亡原因,与残余肾功能减退、左心室肥大、高血压、蛋白质丢失和微炎症等因素有关.保护残余肾功能、积极有效地控制高血压、纠正营养不良和减少腹膜炎的发生率将有助于延长患者生存时间,降低死亡率.     

Association of inflammation and malnutrition with cardiac valve calcification in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients

Cardiac valve calcification (VC) has long been regarded as a consequence of aging and abnormal calcium-phosphate metabolism in uremic patients. In view of the recent recognition of association among inflammation, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis, the possible role of inflammation and malnutrition in VC was investigated. Inflammatory markers (including C-reactive protein [CRP], fibrinogen, and basal metabolic rate) and nutritional status (assessed using serum albumin, subjective global nutrition assessment, and handgrip strength) were examined, in addition to calcium phosphate parameters and other traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including gender, smoking habits, BP, and lipid profile, in relation to VC in 137 patients who were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Compared with patients with no VC, patients with VC not only were older (60 [10] versus 54 [12] yr; P = 0.005), had higher plasma phosphate (1.89 [0.52] versus 1.64 [0.41] mmol/L; P = 0.003), and had higher parathyroid hormone (83 [40, 145] versus 38 [16, 71] pmol/L; P = 0.001) but also had higher CRP (4.5 [0.1, 13.4] versus 0.2 [0.1, 4.4] mg/L; P = 0.004), had higher fibrinogen (6.6 [1.9] versus 5.7 [1.3] g/L; P = 0.002), and had lower serum albumin (26 [4] versus 29 [3] g/L; P = 0004). Twenty-three percent of patients with VC versus 17% of patients with no VC were moderately to severely malnourished according to subjective global nutrition assessment (P = 0.05). Even after adjustment for patients' age, duration of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, diabetes, and calcium x phosphate product, cardiac VC remained strongly associated with CRP (odds ratio, 1.05; P = 0.026) and albumin (odds ratio, 0.85; P = 0.01). The data suggest that VC not only is a passive degenerative process but also involves active inflammation, similar to that seen in atherosclerosis. The presence of uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism further accelerates the progression of calcification. The data also indicate that VC and atherosclerosis should be considered as associated syndromes, sharing similar pathogenic mechanisms, namely active inflammation.     

Role of carnitine in modulating acute-phase protein synthesis in hemodialysis patients.

Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in uremic and dialysis patients are associated with low serum prealbumin and albumin concentrations and increased mortality and greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Proinflammatory cytokines may cause malnutrition by increasing protein catabolism. Many studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation leads to improvements in several conditions seen in uremic patients, including cardiac complications, impaired exercise and functional capacities, muscle symptoms, increased symptomatic intradialytic hypotension, and erythropoietin-resistant anemia. L-carnitine therapy may either suppress the inflammatory response or act independently on both inflammation and appetite and/or anabolic processes. Moreover, L-carnitine may suppress proinflammatory cytokines in sick individuals without renal disease and may improve protein synthesis or nitrogen balance in patients without renal disease and in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. In a pilot study, we provided preliminary evidence that treatment with L-carnitine, 20 mg/kg 3 times weekly at the end of each hemodialysis treatment, was associated with a reduction in serum CRP levels and improvement in anabolic status. The improvement or normalization of serum concentrations of serum CRP also was correlated with increased serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and blood hemoglobin. The possibility that some or all of these changes may have been caused by improved nutritional intake cannot be ruled out. Further randomized clinical trials will be necessary to confirm the role of L-carnitine as a modulator of inflammatory protein synthesis in hemodialysis patients.     

Malnutrition and nutritional therapy of chronic kidney disease in developing countries: the Asian perspective

There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence and clinical consequences of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the chronic renal failure, maintenance dialysis, and renal transplant population in developing countries. Malnutrition, which is reported to be present in 42% to 77% of the end-stage renal disease population in developing countries, is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. Many religious practices in developing countries promote abstinence from meat, fish, and eggs. Both a vegetarian dietary pattern, which is being adopted by an increasing number of people, and ingestion of inadequate protein and calories in the diet to arrest the progression of chronic renal failure, may lead to malnutrition. The attendant complications of PEM, malaise, wasting, anemia, and decreased immunity, may predispose these patients to infections. This is commonly seen in both the maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis population and may decrease their survival. There is an urgent need for nutritional counseling by a dietitian to contain the damage of malnutrition and to provide important nutritional information to the patient. Consultation with a dietitian should take place at least 3 times yearly and, in malnourished patients, more often, as needed. Dietetic documentation should include reports of food intake, subjective global assessment, anthropometric measurements, estimation of the nPNA, serum albumin, and prealbumin, the serum lipid profile, sodium and potassium intake, calcium and phosphorus status, and any changes in body weight.     

Nutritional assessment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients: an international study

We examined the nutritional status of 224 patients from six centers in Europe and North America to assess the incidence of protein-energy malnutrition. A "subjective nutritional assessment" was made, using 21 variables derived from history and clinical examination, or anthropometry and biochemistry. Eighteen patients (8%) were severely malnourished, 73 (32.6%) were mildly to moderately malnourished, and 133 (59.4%) did not show evidence for malnutrition. There was a higher incidence of mild to moderate malnutrition in diabetics than in nondiabetics. A statistical analysis identified 12 variables, seven objective and five subjective, that correlated with subjective nutritional assessment. Actual intercenter differences for the incidence of malnutrition were related to patient age, nutritional status at the commencement of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the length of time on CAPD, and residual renal function. Variables that were most frequently correlated with subjective nutritional assessment and with one another included plasma albumin, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), weight loss, and the clinical judgement of muscle wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat. Loss of residual renal function correlated with muscle wasting and months on CAPD. Our data identified differences between the two sexes. In women there was a trend for more anorexia, greater weight loss from muscle wasting, and a larger decrease in albumin, whereas in men there was a more gradual decrease in nutritional status. Loss of residual renal function contributed to anorexia and symptoms of severe malnutrition.     

Triad of malnutrition,inflammation, and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND/AIM: As chronic inflammation underlies both atherosclerosis and malnutrition, a possible link between these factors has been suggested in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We designed this study to compare nutritional indices and inflammatory parameters of HD patients with demonstrated atherosclerosis (group I) and HD patients without (group II). METHODS: We included 59 and 57 patients in groups I and II, respectively. The patient groups were matched for the risk factors for atherosclerosis such as age, gender, smoking habits, hypertension, and HD duration. The nutritional status of the patients was evaluated according to laboratory parameters, normalized protein catabolic rate, anthropometric measurements, and subjective global assessment. RESULTS: Laboratory parameters (albumin, prealbumin, total cholesterol, phosphorus, creatinine), normalized protein catabolic rate, and triceps skinfold thickness revealed a significant decline in the nutritional status of the patients with atherosclerosis. We found that the patients with atherosclerosis had significantly higher C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen levels when we compared the patient groups for acute-phase reactants. When we assessed malnutrition as being in category B/C (B = mild to moderately malnourished, C = severely malnourished) according to subjective global assessment and inflammation on the basis of a C-reactive protein level > or =10 mg/l, among patients with atherosclerosis, there was a significantly higher proportion of them having malnutrition and inflammation. Additionally, the proportion of patients without any evidence of malnutrition and inflammation was significantly lower in group I than in group II. CONCLUSION: Our study gives evidence for the possible triad of malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in HD patients.     

Nutrition and delayed hypersensitivity during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in relation to peritonitis

Anthropometric measurements, sixteen specific plasma proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea and creatinine were measured at 4-monthly intervals for 1 year in 15 patients on CAPD. Delayed hypersensitivity skin tests were performed on 11 patients at the start and after 4 and 12 months. Body weight increased due mainly to a mean increase in 'calculated' body fat of 2.0 kg with increases in cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B. Gain in fat correlated with the daily supply of dextrose in the dialysis fluid. Albumin, transferrin, prealbumin and retinol-binding protein decreased in 8 patients who intermittently ate less than 1.3 g protein/kg/day. A high concentration of dextrose in the dialysis fluid probably caused loss of appetite. Peritonitis resulted in increases in acute phase proteins although other plasma proteins decreased. Skin test responses indicated improvement in cell-mediated immunity during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The incidence of peritonitis and length of stay in hospital were greater in the patients who were hypoalbuminaemic probably due to impairment of the humoral mechanism. Dextrose in dialysis fluid may contribute to hyperlipidaemia and malnutrition with impairment of immunocompetence.