SWI联合~1HMRS在弥漫性轴索损伤病情评估中的应用

目的探讨磁敏感加强成像(Susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)联合氢质子MR波谱分析(~1HMRS)在弥漫性轴索损伤(Diffuse axonal injury,DAI)病情评估中的应用价值。方法20例临床诊断DAI患者为实验组,10例健康志愿者为对照组。分析实验组SWI序列中病灶的部位及与GCS评分的关系;~1HMRS各参数与对照组的差异、MRS各参数在GCS评分轻中重组间的差异以及GCS评分与MRS各参数的相关关系。结果 DAI患者NAA降低、NAA/Cr降低、Cho升高、Cho/Cr升高,NAA、Cho、NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr在轻中重3组间差异有统计学意义,Cho、Cho/Cr与GCS评分呈负相关,NAA、NAA/Cr与GCS评分无相关。结论 SWI联合~1HMRS既可以检测出血的病灶,又可以检测常规MRI表现正常而代谢异常的区域,两者互补能更好地判断损伤部位和损伤程度,从而更加准确地评估病情。     

1.5T MRI-SWI序列对弥漫性轴索损伤小出血灶的早期诊断价值

目的：探讨1.5T磁共振磁敏感加权成像（SWI）对弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）小出血灶的早期诊断价值。方法回顾29例DAI患者的SWI序列及常规MRI（T1、T2WI、T2FLAIR及DWI序列）影像资料,并进行对比分析。结果 T1WI、T2W1、T2FLAIR、DWI和SWI发现小出血灶数目分别是21个、73个、86个、162个和286个。SWI发现病灶特别是小出血灶的能力显著高于常规序列（Z=-6.801,P〈0.01）。病灶主要分布于灰白质交界区、胼胝体、小脑及脑干等部位。结论 SWI在显示DAI小出血病灶的位置、信号、形态、大小、数量优于常规MRI序列,为临床早期诊断和治疗提供了重要依据。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤56例

目的 探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）与脑挫裂伤、原发性脑干伤和脑震荡的关系。方法 分析56例DAI病人的临床资料和影像学特点，与原发性脑损伤的特征进行比较。结果 56例DAI伤者中66％为交通伤。伴脑挫裂伤者40例（71％）。CT／MRI发现出血灶者45例。结论 DAI是较常见的弥漫性脑损伤，脑震荡和原发脑干伤被包含其中，且常常与脑皮质挫裂伤伴发。将原发性脑损伤分为局限性和弥漫性损伤两大类似乎更为简单实用。     

弥漫性轴索损伤46例临床分析

目的 分析弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的临床特点、诊断标准及预后。方法 回顾性分析46例DAI的致病原因、临床特点、CT征象、GCS评分与预后关系。结果 46例DAI患者痊愈6例（13．0％），轻残10例（21．7％），重残7例（15．2％），植物生存6例（13．0％），死亡17例（37．0％）。结论 DAI的致死率和致残率高。GCS评分对判断DAI患者的预后有指导意义。     

多发性骨折合并弥漫性轴索损伤

目的通过2例病例的分析鉴别多发性骨折患者是否合并弥漫性轴索损伤。方法对2003年4～12月收治的多发性骨折患者中2例合并弥漫性轴索损伤的患者进行观察,分析其临床特征。结果弥漫性轴索损伤有一个缓慢发病过程,早期可无明显体征,不易鉴别。结论对多发性骨折的患者应该进行持续的意识、呼吸、血压、脉搏等体征观察,加强对合并的弥漫性轴索损伤的鉴别。     

弥漫性轴索损伤的临床救治

脑弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuseaxonalinjury,DAI)是脑损伤患者的主要死亡原因之一,也是导致脑损伤患者重残和植物生存的最常见原因,其临床诊断的及时与否直接影响患者的预后。本院近年来结合亚低温等措施综合治疗DAI12例,现结合文献报告如下。1临床资料本组12例,男性8例,女性4例;年龄24～65岁,平均34岁。损伤类型:交通伤9例,坠落伤2例,打击伤1例。创伤后皆呈昏迷状态,GCS3～8分,瞳孔0.2～0.5cm,对光反应迟钝或消失。头颅CT及MRI检查:5例未见脑结构异常,3例蛛网膜下腔出血,2例胼胝体区及脑室内小出血灶,2例脑干出血。12例均行保守治疗,予气…     

弥漫性轴索损伤40例治疗体会

弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）是一种较严重的脑损伤，其预后较差，是颅脑损伤治疗的难点，现将我院近3年来对40例DAI的治疗做一总结。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤18例临床分析

随着交通运输业的发展，交通事故呈逐年上升趋势。而在上述事故中颅脑外伤呈明显上升趋势。虽然近20年来对颅脑损伤的研究有了很大进展，诊断技术及治疗措施也在不断完善，但重型颅脑损伤的病死率仍未见明显下降。特别是常见的弥漫性轴索损伤（diffuse axonal injury，DAI）是主要死亡原因。我院于2006年1月～2007年5月共收治18例DAI患者，现对其临床和影像学资料进行分析，并就其诊断标准与分型进行了讨论。     

弥漫性轴索损伤的临床治疗体会

弥漫性轴索损伤（DiffuseAxisinjury．DAI）是闭合性损伤的严重类型之一，是头部伤致死和致残的重要原因。本文对本院１９９８年４月至２００１年１０月期间，收住的３８例DAI病人报告如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组３８例，男２５例，女１３例；年龄９～７８岁，平均３５．３岁；入院时GCS３～８分３７例，＞８分１例；双侧瞳孔散大８例，一侧瞳孔散大５例，瞳孔大小多变形状不规则６例，瞳孔正常１９例。２．治疗：（１）监护：密切观察病情，对生命体征及神经系统体征进行动态观察，持续监测血氧饱和度或定期作血气分析，及时纠…     

Prebiopsy magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Introduction: Existing screening investigations for the diagnosis of early prostate cancer lack specificity, resulting in a high negative biopsy rate. There is increasing interest in the use of various magnetic resonance methods for improving the yield of transrectal ultrasound‐guided biopsies of the prostate in men suspected to have prostate cancer. We review the existing status of such investigations. Methods: A literature search was carried out using the Pubmed database to identify articles related to magnetic resonance methods for diagnosing prostate cancer. References from these articles were also extracted and reviewed. Results: Recent studies have focused on prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations using conventional magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetization transfer imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate. This marks a shift from the earlier strategy of carrying out postbiopsy magnetic resonance investigations. Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has been useful in identifying patients who are more likely to have a biopsy positive for malignancy. Conclusions: Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has a potential role in increasing specificity of screening for early prostate cancer. It has a role in the targeting of biopsy sites, avoiding unnecessary biopsies and predicting the outcome of biopsies.     

Neuronal cell injury in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: evaluation by diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Neuronal cell injury after global cerebral ischemic insult is not well understood in humans. We performed serial examination of diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The presence of the signal for lactate in magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the acute stage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation was closely correlated to irreversible damage. In addition, high intensity in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance image in the acute stage also predicted a poor outcome. Lesions that were positive for these factors in the acute stage led to serious brain damage in the subacute and chronic stages. The results indicated that after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an extremely useful modality to estimate the prognosis of patients, which is not always easy using conventional methods.     

重型颅脑损伤中的弥漫性轴索损伤的救治

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤中弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断与治疗。方法 总结本院近5年救治58例弥漫性轴索损伤患临床资料，并结合献，对重型颅脑损伤中的弥漫性轴索损伤的病因、诊断标准及治疗方法进行讨论。结果 58例弥漫性轴索损伤患诊治正确，31例抢救成功，27例死亡。结论 重型颅脑损伤中的弥漫性轴索损伤的死亡率较高，早期诊治是其抢救成功的关键。     

Diagnosis and treatment of diffuse axonal injury in 169 patients

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) following brain injuryhas acute and severe clinical manifestations andleads to a very high death rate. At presenttherapies for DAI do not have good effect. Weretrospectively analyzed 169 DAI patients treated in theSecond, Sixth…     

MR imaging of head trauma: visibility of contusions and other intraparenchymal injuries in early and late stage

The aim of this study was to investigate the visibility of traumatic brain lesions on conventional magnetic resonance images (MRI) in early and late phase. Thirty-six patients were studied 1 week and 1 year after a traumatic brain injury. A similar MRI technique was used in both studies; T₂-weighted fast or turbo spin echo images, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and T₁-weighted images were used for analysis. The number and extent of contusions and semi-quantitative score of other traumatic intraparenchymal lesions were compared in the early and late phase. Contusions were seen in 18 patients both in acute and 1 year MRI; the number and extent of visible contusions was significantly decreased at 1 year. Other traumatic intraparenchymal lesions were detected in 12 patients in early MRI and in 10 patients in late MRI. The number of visible lesions and the semi-quantitative scores were significantly lower at 1 year. There is a significant decrease in the visibility of both cortical contusions and other intraparenchymal injuries in late MRI studies compared with studies in acute stage using conventional imaging techniques. Thus, early phase MRI is essential for the detection of brain injury at least using conventional imaging techniques.     

Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tractography for evaluating diffuse axonal injury

Patients with Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) frequently exhibit cognitive disorders chronically. Radiologic recognition of DAI can help understand the clinical syndrome and to make treatment decisions. However, CT and conventional MRI are often normal or demonstrate lesions that are poorly related to the cognitive disorders. Recently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber tractography has been shown to be useful in detecting various types of white matter damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using DTI fiber tractography to detect lesions in DAI patients, and to correlate the DAI lesions with the cognitive disorders. We investigated two patients with chronic DAI. Both had impaired intelligence, as well as attention and memory disorders that restricted their activities of daily living. In both patients, DTI fiber tractography revealed interruption of the white matter fibers in the corpus collosum and the fornix, while no lesions were found on conventional MRI. The interruption of the fornix which involves the circuit of Papez potentially correlates with the memory disorder. Therefore, DTI fiber tractography may be a useful technique for the evaluation of DAI patients with cognitive disorders.     

Clinical features of diffuse axonal injury

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Magnetic resonance for the anaesthetist

Anaesthetists are being increasingly involved in magnetic resonance (MR) procedures, both in patient care and as a research tool. This paper outlines the physical basis of nuclear magnetic resonance and describes its application in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Principles of magnet design and safety relevant to anaesthetic practice in a magnetic resonance environment are discussed and guidelines for anaesthetic practice suggested. Some recent clinical magnetic resonance studies of anaesthetic interest are reviewed.     

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: current status in the management of prostate cancer

In the past decade several advances have been made in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is one such advance which holds promise for detecting biochemical change on imaging of the prostate, and that can be used in several ways for improving the management of patients with prostate cancer. We review the literature, technique and basics of MRSI, with its current status in various situations as applied to the management of prostate cancer.