正常人和精神分裂症患者脑灰质体积分析的性别效应

目的:通过比较男性和女性正常人、男性和女性精神分裂症患者之间的脑灰质体积差异,探讨脑结构分析中的性别效应。方法:采集60例正常人(30例男性)和96例精神分裂症患者(48例男性)的高分辨率三维脑结构磁共振图像,运用基于体素的形态测量法(VBM)进行分析,获得每一个体的脑灰质体积图像。采用两样本t检验分别比较男性和女性正常人,男性和女性精神分裂症患者之间的脑灰质体积差异。结果:与女性正常人相比,男性正常人左侧的颞中回和额中回、右侧的边缘叶和颞中回的灰质体积较大(P<0.001),而左侧尾状核和右侧海马的灰质体积较小(P<0.001)。与女性精神分裂症患者相比,男性患者双侧的颞下回和海马、左侧的颞上回和颞中回的灰质体积较大(P<0.001),而未发现灰质体积较小的脑区。结论:性别效应是影响正常人或精神分裂症患者脑结构分析的重要因素。     

2型糖尿病患者大脑灰质密度改变及其与认知受损的相关性研究

目的:利用磁共振成像技术结合基于体素的形态学分析方法,探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者大脑灰质密度改变与糖尿病临床指标及认知功能受损之间的关系。方法:采集31名T2DM患者及32名正常人的大脑磁共振结构像,计算全脑体素的灰质密度,提取存在显著差异脑区的灰质密度与临床指标及认知测试结果进行相关性分析。结果:体素的形态学结果显示,与正常对照组相比,T2DM患者右侧小脑、左侧颞中回、左侧枕中回的灰质密度明显降低(P0.001)。右侧小脑及左侧颞中回的灰质密度分别与简易精神状态检查量表评分呈显著正相关。结论:T2DM患者在小脑、颞叶和枕叶会出现灰质密度降低,且这些脑区的灰质密度降低与患者认知受损有关。     

精神分裂症及其健康同胞脑灰质体积异常的研究

目的:研究精神分裂症及其健康同胞的脑灰质体积的异常,为寻找精神分裂症大脑灰质异常内表型提供新的线索。方法:对27例精神分裂症、26例精神分裂症健康同胞以及27例年龄、性别及教育年限相匹配的健康对照进行结构磁共振扫描。运用基于体素的形态学分析方法比较各组的全脑灰质体积的差异。结果:与健康对照相比,健康同胞存在左侧枕中回、左侧楔前叶以及右侧丘脑的体积增大,精神分裂症存在左侧颞中回,左侧额上回,双侧颞下回的灰质体积下降以及右侧丘脑体积的增大;与其健康同胞相比,精神分裂症存在左侧额上回、双侧颞下回的灰质体积减小。其中,左侧额上回的灰质损失与精神分裂症的阳性症状总分以及阳性和阴性症状量表总分呈显著相关。结论:研究中发现精神分裂症患者主要表现为脑灰质体积下降,而精神分裂症健康同胞则存在脑灰质体积增大。健康同胞的脑灰质体积增大可能是使其免于罹患精神分裂症的代偿性改变,这些异常的改变可能反映了健康同胞对其遗传易感性相关的脑区灰质异常的代偿性保护作用。     

阴性精神分裂症患者局部脑血流与威斯康星卡片分类测验的相关分析

目的：为探讨阴性精神分裂症患者脑结构与认知功能缺陷的关系。方法：运用单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ），测定了１２例阴性精神分裂症患者在安静状态与威斯康星卡片分类测验的负荷状态下的局部脑血流。结果：在安静状态下阴性精神分裂症病人的脑局部放射性分布是对称的，但在威斯康星卡片分类测验的刺激状态下左、右侧额叶的局部脑放射性计数是不对称的。结论：提示精神分裂症的阴性症状与左侧额叶的功能状态有关。     

双相障碍患者脑灰质体积变化性别差异性研究

目的:寻找不同性别双相障碍患者灰质体积减少脑区差异,探讨不同性别患者临床表现差异性的病理学机制。方法:以26位女性正常人、26例女性双相障碍患者、25位男性正常人、24例男性双相障碍患者作为研究对象,匹配年龄、受教育程度等。进行头部结构磁共振扫描,对平滑后的灰质图像进行双样本t检验,分析不同性别双相障碍患者灰质体积减少的脑区。结果:与女性对照组相比,女性双相障碍患者右侧舌回、右侧楔叶、右侧枕中回、右侧扣带回后部、右侧中央前后回脑区体积下降。与男性对照组相比,男性双相障碍患者体积下降的脑区包括右侧颞上回、右侧颞中回、右侧海马旁回、右侧额中回、右侧额下回、右侧楔前叶、右侧顶下小叶及右侧小脑后叶。结论:双相障碍患者体积下降脑区具有性别差异性,男性患者体积下降的脑区多在右侧颞叶皮层以及额叶及小脑后叶,而女性患者体积下降脑区多在右侧枕叶皮层以及扣带回后部及中央前后回脑区;这种差别可能与双相障碍患者临床表现的性别差异有关。     

脑结构形态学改变是精神分裂症的遗传内表型

目的 通过对首发精神分裂症患者及其未患病同胞的磁共振成像脑结构分析,探讨遗传因素对脑结构改变的影响程度,为发现精神分裂症的遗传内表型提供实验依据.方法 采用优化的基于体素的形态学研究方法对15例首发精神分裂症患者、19名首发精神分裂症患者未患病同胞及38名正常对照的大脑磁共振图像进行处理,采用一般线性模型进行统计分析.结果 与正常对照组相比,患者组在双侧颢叶、双侧枕叶、左侧岛叶、左侧额叶额上回及右豆状核苍白球灰质有明显减少;在双侧顶叶及双侧边缘叶扣带回灰质增加;未患病同胞组在右侧颞叶、双侧枕叶、左侧岛叶及左侧额叶中央前回等区域灰质明显减少;在左侧顶叶及双侧小脑后叶灰质增加.患者较同胞左侧顶叶楔前叶灰质有增加,未发现两者其他区域存在明显差异.结论 精神分裂症患者及其同胞存在相似的脑结构异常,遗传因素可能是导致精神分裂症脑结构异常的重要因素,提示脑结构形态学改变是精神分裂症的遗传内表型.     

缺陷型及非缺陷型精神分裂症脑白质异常—基于体素的脑形态学研究

目的:应用基于体素的脑形态测量学方法,比较缺陷型与非缺陷型精神分裂症患者大脑白质结构损害的差异.方法:采用GE 1.5T MRI成像系统,对缺陷型精神分裂症(n=10)、非缺陷型精神分裂症(n=11)及正常对照(n=15)进行全脑扫描,获取脑解剖结构MR T1图像.随后在SPM2平台上使用VBM工具箱逐例进行全自动数据分析,再进行成组t检验.结果:与正常对照相比,缺陷型患者的白质密度降低区域主要是左侧额叶回下,而非缺陷型患者为左侧额叶回下、右颞中回、右枕叶舌回以及胼胝体.两型患者的比较显示,缺陷型患者双侧额上回以及右侧顶叶的白质密度低于非缺陷型组,而左侧额内侧回的白质密度高于非缺陷型组.结论:这是第一项运用VBM法考察缺陷型与非缺陷型患者之间脑白质损害不同的形态学研究.研究结果为缺陷型患者额一顶环路受损的假说提供了新的证据.     

额叶-纹状体-丘脑神经环路功能连接与精神分裂症患者阳性症状的相关（英文）

目的:探讨纹状体的功能连接和精神分裂症临床症状的关系。方法:运用基于体素的功能连接分析法来识别精神分裂症患者纹状体与其他脑区功能连接的异常,入组对象为70位精神分裂症患者和60位年龄、性别相匹配的健康对照。结果:与健康对照比较,我们发现患者的左侧尾状核与左侧额中回、左侧额上回以及左侧丘脑,右侧尾状核与右侧额中回、左右两侧丘脑,右侧壳核与右侧楔叶均表现为功能连接减弱。相关分析发现,左侧尾状核和左侧额中回的功能连接强度与患者阳性症状量表的幻觉评分成负相关,右侧尾状核与右侧丘脑的功能连接强度与患者阳性症状量表的怪异行为呈正相关。结论:结果显示精神分裂症患者额叶-纹状体-丘脑环路静息态功能连接存在异常。并且此环路中的左侧尾状核与左侧额中回以及右侧尾状核与右侧丘脑的功能连接异常可能分别为精神分裂症患者幻觉和怪异行为的神经生物学基础。     

男性攻击性精神分裂症患者杏仁核功能连接的磁共振研究

目的:探讨男性攻击性精神分裂症患者是否存在杏仁核与其他脑区功能连接的异常.方法:对有攻击行为和没有攻击行为的男性精神分裂症患者各13例进行静息状态下功能磁共振成像.结果:与非攻击组相比,攻击组双侧额中回、右侧额上回、右侧脑岛、右侧顶上小叶、右侧扣带回等脑区与左侧杏仁核功能连接增强;双侧额上回、额中回、双侧颞上回、右侧颢中回等脑区与右侧杏仁核功能增强.结论:杏仁核与多个脑区之间特别是与额上回、额中回的功能连接增强可能与男性精神分裂症患者的攻击行为有关.     

阴、阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者神经认知功能的比较研究

目的：探讨阳性症状为主型（阳性型）及阴性症状为主型（阴性型）精神分裂症患者的神经认知功能状况。方法：采用木块图、线方向判断、视觉再生、理解记忆、连线及威斯康星卡片分类（WCST）测验，对25例阴性型精神分裂症患者和20例阳性型精神分裂症患者进行评定。结果：阴性组患者的视觉再生、理解记忆、木块图，连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数、完成分类数等成绩显著低于阳性组；其中木块图、连线B时间、思维灵活性以及WCST持续性错误百分数指标与SANS总分均有显著相关；视觉再生、理解记忆测验得分及WCST完成分类数与SANS及SAPS总分均有显著相关。结论：不同亚型精神分裂症患者神经认知功能损害的特点不同。顶叶及额叶功能下降与阴性症状关系密切；而颞叶功能下降与阴性、阳性症状均密切相关。     

Dissociation and Schizophrenia

ABSTRACT

The authors administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms to 60 participants with schizophrenia. Participants were divided into two groups: those with scores below 10 on the DES and no dissociative disorder on the DDIS; and those with scores above 25 on the DES and/or a dissociative disorder on the DDIS. The dissociative participants had more severe trauma histories, more comorbidity and higher scores for both positive and negative symptoms. The authors interpret their findings as evidence in support of a trauma-dissociation subgroup within schizophrenia.     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能与精神症状及疗效的关系

目的：探讨首发精神分裂症患者的认知和功能与精神症状及疗效的关系。方法：对１６４例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予氯丙嗪或氯氮平治疗;于治疗前分别作韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、铁槽铁钉测验、手指敲击测试、动作功能测验、手功能协调测验、连线测验Ａ和Ｂ、威斯康星卡片分类测验（ＷＣＳＴ）及词语流畅性测验１１项神经心理测查各一次,并作ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、功能总体评定量表（ＧＡＦ）一次;治疗１２周末再评定１次上     

精神分裂症患者情绪认知缺陷及其与精神症状的相关性

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者的情绪认知活动及其与精神症状的相关性.方法 采用中国人面孔情绪测验(CFET)对61例精神分裂症患者进行测试,与57名正常健康者比较,同时作阳性症状量表(SAPS)和阴性症状量表(SANS)评定.结果 分裂症患者CFET6种情绪认知正确数评分均低于对照组,而远隔错误数评分除厌恶情绪外均显著高于对照组.患者CFET评分与诊断分型、住院次数、用药无关,但SAPS和SANS部分症状评分与CFET的正确数评分呈负相关,而与CFET的错误数评分呈正相关.结论 分裂症患者情绪认知损害较为广泛,在病程过程中相对稳定存在,可能与患者广泛脑区网络功能障碍有关.而患者的症状表现与情绪认知缺陷可能存在共同的病理生理基础.     

The ratios of 2nd to 4th digit may be a predictor of schizophrenia in male patients

The production of androgens (mostly testosterone) during the early fetal stage is essential for the differentiation of the male brain. Some authors have suggested a relationship between androgen exposure during the prenatal period and schizophrenia. These two separate relationships suggest that digit length ratios are associated with schizophrenia in males. The study was performed in a university hospital between October 2012 and May 2013. One hundred and three male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM‐IV using SCID‐I, and 100 matched healthy males, were admitted to the study. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) were used to assess schizophrenia symptoms. The second digit (2D) and fourth digit (4D) asymmetry index (AI), and the right‐ and left‐hand 2D:4D ratios were calculated. All parametric data in the groups were compared using an independent t‐test. The predictive power of the AI was estimated by receiver operating characteristics analysis. The 2D:4D AI was statistically significantly lower in the patient group than the healthy control comparison group. There were significant differences between the schizophrenia and the control groups in respect of left 2D:4D and right 2D:4D. There was no correlation between AI, left, or right 2D:4D, BPRS, or SAPS in the schizophrenia group. However, there was a negative correlation between left 2nd digit (L2D):4D and the SANS score. Our findings support the view that the 2D:4D AI can be used as a moderate indicator of schizophrenia. Even more simply, the right or left 2D:4D can be used as an indicator. L2D:4D could indicate the severity of negative symptoms. Clin. Anat. 28:551–556, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The association between pre-morbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode psychosis

BACKGROUND: The association between the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and outcome of schizophrenia may be confounded by other factors such as poor pre-morbid adjustment. The aim of the present study was to examine the independent contributions of DUP and of pre-morbid adjustment to the clinical and social outcomes of schizophrenia. METHOD: A longitudinal, prospective, 2-year follow-up study of 423 patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis was conducted. Patients were comprehensively assessed at entry, 1-year and 2-year follow-up. At entry, DUP was measured by IRAOS (an instrument for the assessment of onset and early course of schizophrenia) and pre-morbid adjustment was measured by the Pre-morbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) as 'pre-morbid social adaptation' and 'pre-morbid school adaptation'. Outcome measures included the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Social Network Schedule and social information. Multiple linear regression models were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The median DUP was 48 weeks, which is long compared to other studies. Longer DUP was independently associated with more psychotic symptoms at entry, 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Poorer pre-morbid social adaptation was independently associated with more negative symptoms and smaller social network at entry and 1-year follow-up. Poorer pre-morbid school adaptation was independently associated with poor vocational outcome at 1-year and 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Longer DUP is associated with poorer 2-year outcome of psychosis in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, when pre-morbid functioning and other prognostic factors are controlled for. Impaired pre-morbid development is independently associated with more negative symptoms and poorer social outcome.     

Validation of the Korean-Version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (CAINS)

The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) was developed to overcome the limitations of existing instruments and reflect the current view of negative symptoms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (K-CAINS). Inpatients (n = 49) and outpatients (n = 70) with schizophrenia were recruited from three institutions. The confirmative factor analysis, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were assessed. The study group consisted of 71 males (59.7%) and 48 females (40.3%). Their mean age was 42.15 years (SD = 12.2). The K-CAINS was confirmed to be divided into two subscales of 9 items related to "motivation/pleasure" and 4 items related to "expression" in concordance with the original version of the CAINS. The results showed that the K-CAINS had a good inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.84-0.94), test-retest reliability (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Convergent validity was proven by demonstrating a significant correlation with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale, and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Discriminant validity was proven by the lack of a significant correlation with the PANSS positive subscale, the Korean version of the Beck depression inventory (BDI), the Korean version of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (K-CDSS), and the Modified Simpson Angus scale (MSAS). The K-CAINS could be a reliable and valid tool to assess the negative symptoms of Korean schizophrenia patients.     

Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder at one-year follow-up

OBJECTIVE: Many studies have reported that cognitive ability may be predictive of the functional outcome for patients with schizophrenia. However, no study has prospectively examined these aspects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders simultaneously. The present study attempted to analyze if neurocognition and clinical status predicts the real-life functioning for patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder, using a longitudinal design. METHOD: Forty-seven schizophrenic and 43 bipolar I outpatients were assessed twice with a neurocognitive battery (Executive Functions, Working Memory, Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Visual-Motor Processing, Vigilance, Vocabulary and Motor Speed tasks), clinical scales (the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Clinician Administered Rating Scale for Mania) and functional outcome measures (the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, the WHO's Disability Assessment Scale and occupational adaptation level) over a one-year follow-up period. The cognitive performance of the patients was compared, at baseline and one year later, with that of 25 healthy subjects. RESULTS: In schizophrenia patients, global functioning one year later was predicted by a composite neurocognitive score and three specific domain (verbal memory, motor speed, vocabulary). Symptoms appeared to explain less of the variance in functioning. In bipolar I patients, changes in the composite neurocognitive score over one year, deficits in the visual/motor processing domain, severity of symptoms (psychotic, excitatory and affective symptoms) and premorbid adjustment at the first assessment were the variables that better predicted functioning or disability changes over follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relationships between cognition, symptoms and functional capacity differ for schizophrenia or bipolar I patients, neuropsychological performance seems to be a principal longitudinal predictor of functioning in both disorders. Baseline neurocognition and cognitive changes over 12 months predicted changes in functioning over the same period, but only in bipolar I patients. These cognitive domains could be potential neurocognitive endophenotypes (endophenocognitypes) with regard to bipolar I disorder.     

社交技能训练对恢复期精神分裂症患者康复效果的随访研究

目的探讨社交技能训练对恢复期精神分裂症患者的康复效果。方法将110例恢复期精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组和对照组各55例,两组均维持原抗精神病药治疗,且日用剂量不变,观察组在此基础上实施12次社交技能训练,为期6周。随后对两组患者进行为期半年的随访。采用阴性与阳性症状量表(PAN SS)、大体评定量表(GA S)、社交技能量表(SSC)及社会适应能力评定量表(SAFE)分别于入组时及随访第1个月、3个月及半年时进行评估。结果随访第1个月、3个月及半年时,观察组PAN SS总分及阴性症状、SSC及SAFE评分均明显低于对照组(PAN SS总分:t=2.82,2.79,3.20;阴性症状评分:t=4.11,4.35,8.12;SSC评分:t=5.43,7.25,8.45;SAFE评分:t=3.48,8.67,9.49;P均<0.01);而GA S评分则明显高于对照组(t=2.04,2.36,3.34;P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论社交技能训练有助于改善恢复期精神分裂症患者的精神症状,提高其社交技能和社会适应能力。     

Anomalous visual experiences, negative symptoms, perceptual organization and the magnocellular pathway in schizophrenia: a shared construct?

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is associated with impaired visual information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anomalous perceptual experiences, positive and negative symptoms, perceptual organization, rapid categorization of natural images and magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) visual pathway functioning. METHOD: Thirty-five unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 20 matched healthy control volunteers participated. Anomalous perceptual experiences were assessed with the Bonn Scale for the Assessment Basic Symptoms (BSABS). General intellectual functions were evaluated with the revised version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The 1-9 version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to investigate sustained attention. The following psychophysical tests were used: detection of Gabor patches with collinear and orthogonal flankers (perceptual organization), categorization of briefly presented natural scenes (rapid visual processing), low-contrast and frequency-doubling vernier threshold (M pathway functioning), isoluminant colour vernier threshold and high spatial frequency discrimination (P pathway functioning). RESULTS: The patients with schizophrenia were impaired on test of perceptual organization, rapid visual processing and M pathway functioning. There was a significant correlation between BSABS scores, negative symptoms, perceptual organization, rapid visual processing and M pathway functioning. Positive symptoms, IQ, CPT and P pathway measures did not correlate with these parameters. The best predictor of the BSABS score was the perceptual organization deficit. CONCLUSIONS: These results raise the possibility that multiple facets of visual information processing deficits can be explained by M pathway dysfunctions in schizophrenia, resulting in impaired attentional modulation of perceptual organization and of natural image categorization.     

首发精神分裂症患者抑郁症状9年随访

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症病人接受抗精神病药物治疗后9年中抑郁症状的转归及与其他相关因素的关系。方法:本研究纳入符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第二版修订本(CCMD-2-R)精神分裂症诊断标准的164例首次发病住院患者,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阴性症状量表中文版(SANS-CV)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及功能总体评定量表(GAF)对患者在入院时及治疗后9年中每年进行一次评定,并据此计算缓解时间。结果:共139例患者完成随访。从治疗后的第1年起,每年末HAMD总分≥8分的患者所占比例为3.6%～13.7%,治疗后1～9年的HAM D总分均低于入院水平(P0.001)。入组时HAM D总分与治疗后9年中的缓解时间、9次年末的去除焦虑抑郁因子BPRS总分、SANS-CV、CGI及GAF分均无统计学意义相关。结论:经抗精神病药治疗1年之后,首发精神分裂症患者急性期的抑郁症状迅速减轻,此后在较低水平上略有波动;急性期抑郁症状水平不能预测精神分裂症的长期预后。