盖诺联合顺铂同步放射治疗中晚期食管癌32例疗效观察

目的：观察盖诺联合顺铂同步放射治疗中晚期食管癌的近期疗效及毒副反应。方法：32例中晚期食管癌患者均经胃镜病理证实，应用盖诺25mg／M^2加入生理盐水150ml经锁骨下静脉滴注，第1天，第8天；顺铂30mg加入生理盐水250ml静脉滴注第1-4天；第28天重复；同步给予直线加速器放疗，每次体外照射量200CGy，一周5次，疗程照射量6000CGy。结果：32例CR6例，PR14例，NC10例。PD2例，有效率为62．5％。初治CR6例，PR7例，有效率（CR＋PR）为76．5％；复治CR0例，PR7例。有效率（CR＋PR）为46．7％；差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。毒副反应本组呕吐发生率为34、4％，无Ⅲ度以上的呕吐发生；骨髓抑制主要为白细胞下降，发生率为40．2％，无Ⅲ度以上的白细胞下降；血小板下降2例；轻度贫血3例；因采用深部静脉化疗全组未出现静脉炎。结论：盖诺联合顺铂同步放射治疗中晚期食管癌有较好近期疗效，毒副反应轻微，特别是采用深部静脉化疗可避免盖诺所致的静脉炎的发生，患者易于接受。     

复方苦参注射液联合GP方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的评价与分析

目的研究复方苦参注射液联合吉西他滨加顺铂（GP）方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效及毒副反应。方法入选病例均为Ⅲ／Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌,共80例,分为两组：第一组50例,复方苦参注射液联合GP方案;第二组30例,单纯GP方案。结果第一组,完全缓解（CR）0例,部分缓解（PR）24例,总有效率（CR＋PR）48％;第二组完全缓解（CR）0例,部分缓解（PR）13例,总有效率43．33％,两组有效率比较P〉0．05,无显著性差异。结论复方苦参注射液联合GP方案对晚期非小细胞肺癌有减毒增效,提高生存质量的作用。     

国产奈达铂联合吉西他滨治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌临床研究

目的：观察国产奈达铂联合吉西他滨治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效和毒副反应。方法：27例不能手术的Ⅲ～Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者，应用奈达铂80～100mg/m2，静脉滴注，d1，吉西他滨1000mg/m2，静脉滴注，d1、d8、d15，28天为1个周期，用药3个周期后进行评价，并观察同期采用顺铂联合吉西他滨化疗的Ⅲ～Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者35例作为对照。结果：奈达铂组27例，CR1例，PR10例，NC11例，PD5例，总有效率（CR+PR）为40.7％（11/27），顺铂组总有效率42.9%（15/35）；中位生存时间奈达铂组6.6个月，顺铂组6.7个月，无明显差异（P〉0.05）；奈达铂主要毒副反应的为骨髓抑制，白细胞下降74.1%，但Ⅲ～Ⅳ度下降为29.6%，其次是消化道反应，未发现明显的肝肾毒性、周围神经毒性等。结论：奈达铂联合国产吉西他滨治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效与顺铂联合吉西他滨疗效相当，但毒副反应减轻，耐受性好。     

吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察及护理

目的探讨吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效及护理对策。方法回顾性分析68例采用吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床效果及护理经验。结果68例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者完全缓解（CR）3例，部分缓解（PR）31例，稳定（SD）28例，进展（PD）6例，总有效率（CR＋PR）50％。化疗期间出现的不良反应主要是消化道反应及骨髓抑制。结论密切观察患者病情变化、毒副作用出现时问及程度．以及精心护理．对减轻患者化疗药物的毒副反应，提高生存率，使患者顺利完成治疗具有积极的意义。     

金喜素联合顺铂治疗晚期非细胞肺癌32例疗效观察

目的：评价金喜素与顺铂联合治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的疗效及毒副反应。方法：金喜素1mg／m^2，静脉点滴，第1．5天；DDP25mg／m^2。静脉点滴，第1—4天；每21—28天重复为一周期，连用2个周期后评价疗效。结果：CR1例，PR14例，总有效率CR＋PR46．9％。本案的主要毒副反应是骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应。结论：金喜素联合顺铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌是一个安全、有效、经济的化疗方案，值得临床进一步探索。     

胸腔闭式引流后注入顺铂治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的 观察胸腔闭式引流后经引流管注入顺铂治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法 对比回顾分析胸腔闭式引流后经引流管注入顺铂与传统的抽液后注入顺铂对恶性胸腔积液的疗效。治疗组采用置硅胶管行胸腔闭式引 流,引流胸水后经流管注入顺铂行胸腔内化疗,每次80mg,一周一次,共注射3－5次。传统组采用传统的穿刺抽液后穿刺针注入顺铂胸腔内化疗。结果 治疗组29例患者,完全缓解（CR）23例,部分缓解（PR）3例,有效率89．6％,综合治疗率86．2％;传统组患者37例,CR24例,PR6例,总有效率64．8％,综合治疗率40．5％。结论 胸腔闭式引流短期内较彻底引流胸水是控制恶性胸水成功的关键,彻底引流胸水后注入顺铂能更有效控制胸水生长,病人胸水控制后使原发病灶进行肿瘤根治性综合治疗率明显提高,预后得到改善。     

卡铂或顺铂经动脉灌注化疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察

目的 探讨卡铂经动脉灌注化疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床应用价值.方法 52例经病理学或细胞学证实为晚期非小细胞肺癌的患者,根据灌注化疗药物是否包括卡铂（Carbo）或顺铂（CDDP）分为Carbo组和CDDP组.观察两组经动脉灌注化疗后的疗效及毒副反应,并用x2检验比较两组的疗效及毒副反应差别.结果 52例患者中,Carbo组27例,CDDP组25例.无一例完全缓解.Carbo组部分缓解（PR）15例,稳定8例,进展4例.有效率（PR）为55.6%.CDDP组部分缓解（PR）15例,稳定7例,进展3例.有效率（PR）为60%.二者疗效差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.不良反应包括骨髓抑制及胃肠道反应,两组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论 与顺铂比较,卡铂经动脉灌注给药治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌没有疗效及毒副反应方面的优势.我们主张经动脉灌注化疗非小细胞肺癌仍应选用顺铂作为铂类联合化疗药物.     

大剂量顺铂腹腔灌注治疗恶性腹腔积液临床观察

目的 观察大剂量顺铂(PDD)腹腔灌注治疗恶性腹腔积液的疗效和毒副反应.方法 全组22例患者,予顺铂80～120 mg腹腔内灌注,平均2.4个周期.结果 全组22例均可评价,获得完全缓解(CR)6例,部分缓解(PR)12例,无效(NR)4例,有效率(CR PR)为81.8%.主要不良反应有骨髓抑制和恶心呕吐.结论 大剂量顺铂腹腔灌注治疗恶性腹腔积液,疗效好,不良反应可耐受,值得进一步研究.     

顺铂灌注联合艾迪注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液92例

目的观察研究顺铂灌注联合艾迪注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效,生活质量改善和毒副反应。方法将92例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为2组：对照组（44例,单纯顺铂胸腔灌注化疗）、治疗组（48例,对照组的基础上加用艾迪注射液）进行临床观察。结果治疗组总有效率83．3％,对照组总有效率54．5％,差异有统计意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组消化道反应轻,骨髓抑制轻,生活质量改善,两组差并有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论顺铂胸腔灌注化疗联合艾迪注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效明显,毒副反应轻。     

长春瑞宾联合顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂在治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的比较

目的：观察长春瑞宾分别联合顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效、安全性及毒副反应。方法：全部156例经病理学和／或细胞学证实的Ⅲb～Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者，年龄在35～79岁，Karnofsky评分为≥70分；给予盖诺25mg／m^2静脉推注，第1、8天，顺铂75mg～80mg／m^2，分为第1、2、3天静脉滴注，每3周重复。2周期后评价疗效与毒副反应。结果：156例患者中，完全缓解（CR）5例，部分缓解（PR）67例，稳定（SD）41例，进展（PD）43例；总有效率为46．1％。长春瑞滨联合顺铂组有效率为48．4％。部分缓解率为45．2％；长春瑞宾联合卡铂组有效率为47．2％，部分缓解率43．3％；长春瑞滨联合奥沙利铂组有效率为41．5％。部分缓解率为39％，各组近期疗效比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制．胃肠道反应及神经毒性。结论：长春瑞宾分别联合顺铂／卡铂／奥沙利铂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效无明显差异。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。