Common bile duct schwannoma： A case report and review of literature

Schwannoma is a myelin sheath tumor complicated with neurofibroma, neurofibromatosis and neurogenic sarcoma. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors represent 2%-6% of gastrointestinal tract stromal tumors (GIST), but there are deficient data about location of neurogenic tumors in the biliary system and only nine cases of schwannoma of the extrahepatic biliary tract have been reported. These tumors are clinically non-specific. They are usually symptomatic by compressing the close or adjacent structures when being retroperitoneal, and their preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. This paper reviews the literature data and describes a case of schwannoma of the common bile duct associated with cholestasis in a healthy young woman, diagnosed and treated in our department. This case is of interest on account of the complexity of its diagnosis and the atypical macroscopic growth pattern of the tumor.     

Failure of sequential biliary stenting for unsuccessful common bile duct stone removal

AIM: To determine the factors associated with the failure of stone removal by a biliary stenting strategy.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 645 patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for stone removal in Siriraj GI Endoscopy center, Siriraj Hospital from June 2009 to June 2012. A total of 42 patients with unsuccessful initial removal of large CBD stones that underwent sequential biliary stenting were enrolled in the present study. The demographic data, laboratory results, stone characteristics, procedure details, and clinical outcomes were recorded and analyzed. In addition, the patients were classified into two groups based on outcome, successful or failed sequential biliary stenting, and the above factors were compared.RESULTS: Among the initial 42 patients with unsuccessful initial removal of large CBD stones, there were 37 successful biliary stenting cases and five failed cases. Complete CBD clearance was achieved in 88.0% of cases. The average number of sessions needed before complete stone removal was achieved was 2.43 at an average of 25 wk after the first procedure. Complications during the follow-up period occurred in 19.1% of cases, comprising ascending cholangitis (14.3%) and pancreatitis (4.8%). The factors associated with failure of complete CBD stone clearance in the biliary stenting group were unchanged CBD stone size after the first biliary stenting attempt (10.2 wk) and a greater number of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography sessions performed (4.2 sessions).CONCLUSION: The sequential biliary stenting is an effective management strategy for the failure of initial large CBD stone removal.     

两种手术方案治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者效果比较研究

目的 比较开腹手术与腔镜联合手术方案治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的疗效。 方法 2015年6月~2017年6月我科收治的胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者120例,采用随机数字表法将其分为开腹手术治疗60例和腔镜联合胆道镜探查手术治疗60例。 结果 60例开腹组患者均一次性清除结石,而腔镜组1例患者因胆总管结石嵌顿,无法取出,采取体外冲击波碎石后,再行胆道镜取石成功;腔镜组患者手术时间、术中失血量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间和住院时间分别为（110.57±10.87） min、（32.90±3.79） ml、（1.47±0.53） d和（6.72±1.74） d,均显著优于开腹组的（132.73±25.20） min、（84.33±8.31） ml、（3.51±1.05）d和（13.67±3.80） d（P<0.05）;腔镜组患者术后并发症发生率为3.3%,显著低于开腹组的20.0%（P<0.05）。 结论 两种手术方案用于治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者在结石清除效果方面较为接近,但腔镜联合手术方案的应用可有效减少手术创伤,加快术后康复进程。     

Carcinoma in situ arising in a tubulovillous adenoma of the distal common bile duct： A case report

Tubulovillous adenomas are common in the colon and rectum, but are rare in the common bile duct. Biliary adenomas may produce obstructive jaundice, which can be easily confused with a malignant neoplasm or stone. We report a case of a carcinoma in situ arising in a tubulovillous adenoma of the distal common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice. A 55-year-old male presented with a 10-d history of pruritus and progressive jaundice. Abdominal sonography and computed tomography showed a mass in the distal common bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed luminal narrowing of the bile duct due to a polypoid mass. Positron emission tomography demonstrated no abnormal uptake. It was thought that this mass was a malignant tumor, thus a pylorus-preserving panceaticoduodenectomy was performed. The final pathology showed a tubulovillous adenoma with carcinoma in situ of the distal common bile duct. At follow-up 8 mo later, endoscopy showed multiple polyps in the rectum, colon and stomach. The polyps were removed by endoscopic mucosal resection and shown to be tubular adenomas with high grade dysplasia. Biliary adenomas require careful follow-up for early detection of recurrence and malignant transformation.     

处置困难胆总管结石1例治疗体会

采用常规取石技术仍未能取出的结石,被认为是处置"困难"的胆总管结石。现将我院收治的1例处置困难的胆总管结石患者治疗经过和治疗体会报道如下。     

经十二指肠镜括约肌切开胆总管结石的处理(附168例报告)

目的：采用各种方法处理不同大小的胆总管结石。方法：于1986年3月至1996年9月经内镜括约肌切开（EST）治疗胆总管结石168例，其中单颗结石63例，2颗结石56例，3颗以上结石49例，最多一例8颗结石，结石的直径为5～25mm不等。结果：165例（98．2％）切开成功，3例失败。161例（95．8％）结石排出，其中96例（59．6％）结石自然排入肠道，57例（35．4％）采用网篮或气囊取出结石，6例（3．7％）采用碎石网篮碎石后排出，2例（1．2％）经震波碎石后排出。术后出现胃肠道出血1例（0．6％），胰腺炎1例（0．6％），胆管炎3例（1．8％）。48例术后行胃肠钡餐检查，43例胆道内无钡剂返流，2例胆道内有积气，3例有钡剂返流入胆道，但无临床症状。结论：EST是目前治疗胆管结石的重要手段之一。     

内镜超声检查对胆总管扩张的诊断价值

目的评价内镜超声检查(EUS)对胆总管扩张的病因诊断价值。方法32例患者在EUS 前均做过体表B超检查。患者的病因诊断均在病理或手术(包括奥狄括约肌切开取石)后确定。结果(1)32例患者的B超及EUS对胆总管直径的测定结果分别为(1.04±0.41)cm和(0.97±0.36)cm,两者差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。(2)对胆总管扩张的病因诊断率EUS为29/32(90.6％),明显高于体表B超19/32(59.4％),P＜0.01;X线电子计算机断层扫描(CT)21/32(65.6％),P＜0.05。EUS与磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)13/16(81.3％)和内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)31/32(96.9％)诊断率 相似(P＞0.05)。结论EUS对胆总管扩张的病因有很高的诊断价值。     

胆总管下段梗阻44例影像学检查鉴别诊断体会

目的 总结影像学检查对胆总管下段梗阻的鉴别诊断经验.方法 选取胆总管下段梗阻住院患者44例作为研究对象,其中A组25例,为壶腹癌及胆总管下段癌患者;B组19例,为胆总管结石患者.统计两组患者的年龄、性别、首发症状和腹部B超、腹部CT、核磁共振（MRCP）、内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）测量的胆总管宽度及其对病变的诊断情况.结果 A组患者胆总管扩张程度高于B组,两组比较差异有显著性.对于胆总管结石的患者,除CT检查和B超与CT联合检查诊断率高于单用B超检查外,MRCP对胆总管下段结石的诊断率较高.结论 胆总管下段恶性梗阻患者的胆总管扩张程度高于胆总管结石,MRCP作为一种无创检查,在胆总管结石的诊断上具有较大优势.     

Pancreatitis complicating mucin-hypersecreting common bile duct adenoma

Villous adenomas of the bile ducts are extremely uncommon. We describe a 58-year-old man presenting with clinical signs and laboratory findings of acute pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice. Preoperative investigation demonstrated a dilated papillary orifice with mucus exiting (fish-mouth sign) and a filling defect in the distal common bile duct. He underwent a modified Whipple operation and histological examination of the surgical specimen showed villous adenoma with rich secretion of mucus.     

Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice： A case report

Metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct is very rare with only 18 cases reported so far. We report a 46 year old women who, 18 mo after excision of a skin melanoma, developped a painless progressive obstructive jaundice. At operation a melanoma within the distal third of the common bile duct was found. There were no other secondaries within the abdomen. The common bile duct, including the tumor, was resected and anastomosed with Roux-en-Y jejunal limb. The patient survived 31 mo without any sign of local recurrence and was submitted to three other operations for axillar and brain secondaries, from which she finally died. Radical resection of metastatic melanoma to the common bile duct may result in lifelong relief of obstructive jaundice. It is safe and relatively easy to perform. In other cases, a less aggressive approach, stenting or bypass procedures, should be adopted.     

胆总管十二指肠吻合术治疗胆总管结石远期疗效326例

目的:总结胆总管十二指肠吻合术的远期疗效方法:回顾性分析1962-2002年胆总管十二指肠吻合术326例的临床资料．结果:1982年以前178例,其中36例因吻合口狭窄致胆管炎或胆总管盲端综合征,其中4例死亡,死亡率为2．2％(4／178);1983后强调低位大口径吻合,其中5例出现胆管炎或胆总管盲端综合征,无死亡病例．吻合口径<2．0 cm 85 例,2．0-2．5 cm 153例,2．6-3．0 cm 83例,资料不详5例．经3．-0 a随访278例,随访率为85．3％, 其中1983年以后手术效果的优良率达到 96．6％(143／148)．结论:胆总管十二指肠吻合口径要>2．5 cm, 吻合口位置要低,才可避免逆行性感染和盲端综合征．     

Percutaneous transhepatic extraction and balloon dilation for simultaneous gallbladder stones and common bile duct stones: A novel technique

AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of an innovative percutaneous transhepatic extraction and balloon dilation(PTEBD) technique for clearance of gallbladder stones in patients with concomitant stones in the common bile duct(CBD).METHODS The data from 17 consecutive patients who underwent PTEBD for clearance of gallbladder stones were retrospectively analyzed. After removal of the CBD stones by percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilation(PTBD), the gallbladder stones were extracted to the CBD and pushed into the duodenum with a balloon after dilation of the sphincter of Oddi. Large stones were fragmented using a metallic basket. The patients were monitored for immediate adverse events including hemorrhage, perforation, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. During the two-year follow-up, they were monitored for stone recurrence, reflux cholangitis, and other longterm adverse events.RESULTS Gallbladder stones were successfully removed in 16(94.1%) patients. PTEBD was repeated in one patient. The mean hospitalization duration was 15.9 ± 2.2 d. Biliary duct infection and hemorrhage occurred in one(5.9%) patient. No severe adverse events, including pancreatitis or perforation of the gastrointestinal or biliary tract occurred. Neither gallbladder stone recurrence nor refluxing cholangitis had occurred two years after the procedure.CONCLUSION Sequential PTBD and PTEBD are safe and effective for patients with simultaneous gallbladder and CBD stones. These techniques provide a new therapeutic approach for certain subgroups of patients in whom endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic sphincterotomy or surgery is not appropriate.     

Restoration of common bile duct diameter within 2 weeks after endoscopic stone retraction is a preventive factor for stone recurrence

Background: Little information is available about the relationship between restoration of common bile duct(CBD) diameter after endoscopic stone retraction and recurrence of CBD stones in elderly patients.The present study was to determine whether restoration of CBD diameter is a preventive factor for CBD stone recurrence in elderly patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).Methods: From January 2006 to December 2010, 238 patients underwent the first and the second session of ERCP for the removal of CBD stones. Among them, 173 were over 65 years old. These patients were divided into recurrent group and non-recurrent group. Restoration of CBD diameter and patients' characteristics were compared.Results: There was no statistical difference in patients' characteristics, associated diseases, or ERCP-related complications between the two groups. Reduction of CBD diameter was significantly larger in the nonrecurrent group(2.7 ± 1.7 mm) compared to that in the recurrent group(1.4 ± 2.3 mm, P = 0.002). The proportion of patients with restoration of CBD diameter were significantly lower in the recurrent group(6/42, 14.3%) compared with that in the non-recurrent group(67/131, 51.1%)(P 0.01).Conclusions: There is an inverse relationship between restoration of CBD diameter and CBD stone recurrence. Therefore, patients without restoration of CBD diameter within 2 weeks after endoscopic stone removal should be monitored more frequently.     

经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨经内镜乳头气囊扩张术（ＥＰＢＤ）治疗胆总管结石的安全性和疗效。方法经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石８８例。其中单颗结石４５例,２颗结石３３例,３颗以上结石１０例,最多１例１２颗结石,选择结石直径为２～１２ｍｍ。结果治疗成功８５例,占９６．５％,失败３例。８１例采用网篮或取石气囊取出结石,４例采用金属碎石篮碎石后排出,１例改用内镜乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）。７９例病人经ＥＰＢＤ后即取出结石,７例经２～３次再次取石后取净。术后出现胆管炎１例、胰腺炎１例,４４例术后行胃肠钡餐Ｘ线检查,胆道内无钡剂反流。结论经内镜乳头气囊扩张术是一种安全有效的方法,有望替代部分括约肌切开术。     

Innovative technique of needlescopic grasper-assisted single-incision laparoscopic common bile duct exploration: A comparative study

AIM: To investigate the safety and feasibility of needlescopic grasper-assisted single-incision laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (nSIL-CBDE) by comparing the surgical outcomes of this technique with those of conventional laparoscopic CBDE (CL-CBDE).METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients who underwent CL-CBDE or nSIL-CBDE for the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones between January 2000 and December 2014. For performing nSIL-CBDE, a needlescopic grasper was also inserted through a direct puncture below the right subcostal line after introducing a single-port through the umbilicus. The needlescopic grasper helped obtain the critical view of safety by retracting the gallbladder laterally and by preventing crossing or conflict between laparoscopic instruments. The gallbladder was then partially dissected from the liver bed and used for retraction. CBD stones were usually extracted through a longitudinal supraduodenal choledochotomy, mostly using flushing a copious amount of normal saline through a ureteral catheter. Afterward, for the certification of CBD clearance, CBDE was performed mostly using a flexible choledochoscope. The choledochotomy site was primarily closed without using a T-tube, and simultaneous cholecystectomies were performed.RESULTS: During the study period, 40 patients underwent laparoscopic CBDE. Of these patients, 20 underwent CL-CBDE and 20 underwent nSIL-CBDE. The operative time for nSIL-CBDE was significantly longer than that for CL-CBDE (238 ± 76 min vs 192 ± 39 min, P = 0.007). The stone clearance rate was 100% (40/40) in both groups. Postoperatively, the nSIL-CBDE group required less intravenous analgesic (pethidine) (46.5 ± 63.5 mg/kg vs 92.5 ± 120.1 mg/kg, P = 0.010) and had a shorter hospital stay than the CL-CBDE group (3.8 ± 2.0 d vs 5.1 ± 1.7 d, P = 0.010). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups.CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that nSIL-CBDE could be safe and feasible while improving cosmetic outcomes when performed by surgeons trained in conventional laparoscopic techniques.     

Outcome of simple use of mechanical lithotripsy of difficult common bile duct stones

AIM: The usual bile duct stone may be removed by means of Dormia basket or balloon catheter, and results are quite good. However, the degree of difficulty is increased when stones are larger. Studies on the subject reported many cases where mechanical lithotripsy is combined with a second technique, e.g. electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), where stones are crushed using baby-mother scope electric shock. The extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or laser lithotripsy also yields an excellent success rate of greater than 90%. However, the equipment for these techniques are very expensive; hence we opted for the simple mechanical lithotripsy and evaluated its performance. METHODS: During the period from August 1996 to December 2002, Mackay Memorial Hospital treated 304 patients suffering from difficult bile duct stones (stone>1.5 cm or stones that could not be removed by the ordinary Dormia basket or balloon catheter). These patients underwent endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) procedure, and stones were removed by means of the Olympus BML-4Q lithotripsy. A follow-up was conducted on the post-treatment conditions and complications of the patients. RESULTS: Out of the 304 patients, bile duct stones were successfully removed from 272 patients, a success rate of about 90%. The procedure failed in 32 patients, for whom surgery was needed. Out of the 272 successfully treated patients, 8 developed cholangitis, 21 developed pancreatitis, and 10 patients had delayed bleeding, and no patient died. Among these 272 successful removal cases, successful bile duct stone removal was achieved after the first lithotripsy in 211 patients, whereas 61 patients underwent multiple sessions of lithotripsy. As for the 61 patients that underwent multiple sessions of mechanical lithotripsy, 6 (9.8%) had post-procedure cholangitis, 12 (19.6%) had pancreatitis, and 9 patients (14.7%) had delayed bleeding. Compared with the 211 patients undergoing a single session of mechanical lithotripsy, 3 (1.4%) had cholangitis, 1 (0.4%) had delayed bleeding, and 7 patients (3.3%) had pancreatitis. Statistical deviation was present in post-procedure cholangitis, delayed bleeding, and pancreatitis of both groups. CONCLUSION: Mechanical bile stone lithotripsy on difficult bile duct stones could produce around 90% successful rate. Moreover, complications are minimal. This finding further confirms the significance of mechanical lithotripsy in the treatment of patients with difficult bile duct stones.     

Synchronous double cancers of the common bile duct

We report an extremely rare case of synchronous double cancers of the common bile duct without pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Only two similar cases have been reported in the English literature. Endoscopic re-trograde cholangiopancreatography showed a tuberous filling defect in the middle and superior parts of the common bile duct, and mild stenosis in the inferior duct. Computed tomography (CT) showed a well enhanced mass in the middle and superior parts of the common bile duct. A single cancer of the middle and superior bile duct was suspected and extra-hepatic bile duct resection was performed. CT eleven months after surgery revealed enhanced inferior bile duct wall and a slightly enhanced tumor within it. Retrospective review of the CT images taken before first surgery showed enhanced inferior bile duct wall without intrabiliary tumor only on the delayed phase. The inferior bile duct tumor was suspected to have originally co-existed with the middle and superior bile duct tumor. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed subsequently. Histopathological examination revealed that the middle and superior bile duct tumor was a moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma while the inferior bile duct tumor was a papillary adenocarcinoma. The two tumors were separated and had different histological findings and growth patterns, further suggesting that they were two primary cancers.