肾移植术后肺部感染的影像诊断

目的：探讨肾移植术后肺部感染的影像学诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析158例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的影像学资料，所有患者均有X线胸片，28例患者行CT检查。由三名有经验的医生进行双盲法阅片，然后共同分析并达成一致意见。结果：肾移植术后肺部感染的发生率为13．8％，其中主要的病原菌依次为细菌、真菌和病毒。影像学诊断为正常者30例（19．0％），诊断为肺纹理增多增粗模糊者44例（27．8％），肺部感染者84例（53．2％）。结论：胸片与CT扫描在肾移植术后肺部感染并发症的诊断中具有很重要的价值。     

股骨头缺血坏死的X线、CT和MRI表现和诊断价值

目的;分析股骨头缺血坏死的X线、CT和MRI早期表现,评价它们的诊断价值。方法：73例双侧股骨头行X线、CT和MRI检查,分析其对早期ANFH的早期显示能力。结果：X线发现Ⅰ-Ⅱ期ANFH31例,诊断准确率42．5％（31／73）;CT发现Ⅰ-Ⅱ期ANFH43例,诊断准确率为58．9％（43／73）;MRI发现Ⅰ-Ⅱ期ANFH65例,诊断准确率为78．2％（57／73）。结论：X线平片难以发现ANFH的早期表现,MRI是显示早期ANFH有效而可靠的方法,可提供更多的诊断信息,诊断价值高于CT和X线平片。     

肺炎性假瘤15例的X线CT诊断与误诊分析

目的：探讨肺炎性假瘤的X线CT征象及鉴别诊断，减少误诊率。方法：回顾性分析我院15例经手术病理证实的肺炎性假瘤的临床及X线CT表现。结果：X线CT诊断正确者7例，误诊为周围性肺癌4例，结核球3例，球形肺炎1例。结论：全面分析X线CT征象，并结合肺内感染病史能提高肺炎性假瘤诊断的正确率。     

CT与X线平片对强直性脊柱炎的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT与X线平片对强直性脊柱炎的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析84例强直性脊柱炎患者的X线表现，其中46例行骶髂关节，髋关节CT扫描，18例行腰椎CT扫描。结果：病变主要累及双侧骶髂关节84例（100％），其次为脊柱（74．8％）和双髋关节（37．9％），其他周围关节炎仅6例。结论：强直性脊柱炎的X线表现有一定的特性性，对临床疑强直性脊柱炎患者X线检查十分必要，CT对病变的显示更清晰，对于X线平片可疑的病变，CT常可排除或肯定诊断，但不能取代X线平片检查。X线平片仍是诊断本病首选和基本的方法。     

股骨头缺血性坏死的影像诊断评价与临床病理对照分析

目的：评价X线、CT、MRI对股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）诊断价值及早期诊断的临床意义。材料与方法：对30例怀疑为（ANFH）患者进行了x线检查,其中8例行MRI检查,18例行CT检查,且作了X线、CT与MRI征象的对照观察,并与同期临床和病例比较。结果：30例经X线检查诊断ANFH者22例39髋。CT诊断ANFH者17例29髋,8例（包括8例X线片,CT检查阴性者）MRI检查均证实为ANFH16髋。统计结果表明ANFHX线、CT、MRJ表现与其临床功能无显著相关性。结论：X线平片、CT难以显示ANFH的早期病变。MRI不仅能发现其早期病变,且能反映病变的确切范围和程度,对临床早期治疗和预后都有积极意义。     

创伤性湿肺的平片与螺旋CT诊断

目的总结X线平片、螺旋cT胸部检查对创伤性湿肺的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经临床证实的创伤性湿肺患者52例,全部病例行胸部X线平片与CT检查。结果创伤性湿肺多出现在一侧和／或两侧中下肺野,表现为：①间质型（9例）：肺血管影增粗、模糊;②弥漫实变型（18例）：肺实质内散在斑点状、小片状稍高密度灶;③云雾型（17例）：呈磨砂玻璃样改变的云雾状稍高密度灶（即“面纱征”）;④节段实变型（8例）：大片状或呈叶、段分布的高密度灶;对病变的显示CT明显优于X线平片。结论胸部X平片与cT检查是目前诊断创伤性湿肺有效的检查手段,对临床疑为创伤性湿肺的患者首次建议行胸部X平片与CT检查,对确诊的患者行胸部X线监测。     

原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤的X线诊断

目的：探讨原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤双重对比造影X线征象。材料与方法：对采用上消化道双重对比造影剂检查,经手术及病理证实的15例,原发性胃恶性淋巴瘤,着重分析X线表现探讨其X线特点。结果：多发结节型6例（40％）;充盈缺损型3例（20％）;溃疡型5例（33％）;胃黏膜皱襞异常肥大9例（60％）;多种形态病灶并存11例（73％）;病变范围超过5cm者12例（80％）;多发者13例（90％）;胃壁增厚僵硬13例（90％）;胃蠕动减弱但存在者15例（100％）;胃腔明显缩小且狭窄者1例。结论：病变多形性、多灶性、浸润范围广,胃壁增厚但保持一定的柔软性和蠕动型为原发性恶性淋巴瘤的重要X线征象,且X线表现临床症状的严重程度常不成比例。上消化道双重对比造影对本病的术前诊断有一定的价值。     

骨嗜酸性细胞肉芽肿的X线、CT诊断

目的：讨论骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT表现。材料与方法：回顾分析经病理证实的11例骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线、CT表现。结果：本病基本X线表现有：（1）骨质破坏;（2）骨皮质改变;（3）病理性骨折;（4）骨膜增生;（5）软组织肿块,CT对病变范围、皮质、骨膜、软组织改变、死骨及邻近结构受累与否显示更清楚。结论：X线平片是诊断本病的首选方法,CT能进一步显示病变的病理解剖结构,对本病的诊断价值更大。     

特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的X线和CT诊断

目的 探讨特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症（IPH）的X线和CT诊断。方法 收集2000年1月-2004年12月我院诊治的IPH15例，所有病例均行X线胸片及CT常规检查。其中10例加行HRCT检查。回顾性分析其X线和CT影像表现。结果 X线表现：9例表现为双肺小片状阴影或（和）磨玻璃样改变。8例表现为肺内弥漫性分布的片絮状阴影，6例表现为肺内弥漫分布网格影，4例表现为双肺散在分布的粟粒状、结节状阴影。CT表现：6例表现为双肺广泛结节及小片状阴影，5例表现为双肺不同程度纤维化。结论 IPH的X线和CT表现多样化，不具有特征性，当l艋床具有反复咳嗽咯血、呼吸困难和不明原因缺铁性贫血时，应考虑本病的诊断。     

40例胸膜间皮瘤影像学诊断分析

目的：评价不同影像学检查方法对胸膜间皮瓣的诊断意义。方法：回顾性分析40例经临床、手术及病理学证实的胸膜间皮瘤的胸部X线平片、CT及磁共振检查资料。结果：40例中X线检查能提示胸膜间皮皮瘤诊断者不仅12例（30％）;CT检查10例,结合X检查能提示胸膜间皮瘤诊断者8例（8／10）;磁共振检查3例,结合X线与CT检查均能提示胸膜间皮瘤诊断。结论：胸部X线平片是诊断胸膜间皮瘤的首选方法,但敏感性和特异性低。CT和磁共振在评价肿瘤的侵犯范围和程度方面优于X线平片,具有互补作用。影像学检查发现广泛胸膜增厚、胸膜结节或肿块,伴邻近软组织和器官受侵犯,穿过膈肌向上腹部或腹膜后延伸可视为恶性胸膜间皮瘤较具特征性的表现。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.