Parental influences on young girls' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate parents' fruit and vegetable intake and their use of pressure to eat in child feeding as predictors of their 5-year-old daughters' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. SUBJECTS: Data were obtained from 191 non-Hispanic white families with 5-year-old girls. DESIGN: Parent data included reports of pressure in child feeding and their own fruit and vegetable intake. Girls' intakes of fruits and vegetables, selected micronutrients, and fat were the main outcomes of interest. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Structural equation modeling was used to test a model describing relationships among parents' fruit and vegetable intake, parents' use of pressure in child feeding, and daughters' fruit and vegetable, micronutrient, and fat intakes. RESULTS: The model provided a good fit to the data, revealing that girls' fruit and vegetable intake was positively related to their parents' reported fruit and vegetable intake. Parents who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables tended to report greater pressure in child feeding and had daughters who consumed fewer fruits and vegetables. Girls' reported fruit and vegetable intakes were positively related to their micronutrient intakes and negatively associated with fat intake. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that parents' own fruit and vegetable intake may encourage fruit and vegetable intake in their daughters, leading to higher micronutrient intakes and lower dietary fat intakes. Conversely, pressure to eat may discourage fruit and vegetable intake among young girls.     

Parental pressure, dietary patterns, and weight status among girls who are "picky eaters"

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mothers' fruit and vegetable intake and mothers' use of pressure in the feeding domain when their daughters were 7 years old predicted picky eating and dietary intake when their daughters were 9 years old, and to examine diet and weight status in picky and nonpicky eaters. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: Participants were 173 9-year-old non-Hispanic white girls and their mothers. A longitudinal analysis was used to assess maternal influences on picky eating and diet. A cross-sectional analysis was used to examine diet and weight status between picky and nonpicky eaters. Measures included maternal feeding practices, daughters' pickiness, mothers' fruit and vegetable intake, daughters' food intake, and weight status. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: t tests examined differences between picky and nonpicky eaters. Structural equation modeling examined relationships among mothers' fruit and vegetable intake; child feeding practices; daughters' pickiness; and fruit, vegetable, micronutrient, and fiber intakes. RESULTS: Mothers consuming more fruits and vegetables were less likely to pressure their daughters to eat and had daughters who were less picky and consumed more fruits and vegetables. Picky eaters consumed fewer fruits and vegetables, but also fewer fats and sweets. All girls consumed low amounts of vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium, but more picky girls were at risk for not meeting recommendations for vitamins E and C and also consumed significantly less fiber. In addition, picky eaters were less likely to be overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers influenced daughters' fruit and vegetable intake via their own patterns of fruit and vegetable intake and by influencing their daughters' tendencies to be picky eaters. Both picky and nonpicky eaters had aspects of their diets that did not meet recommendations. Taken together, these findings suggest that parents should focus less on "picky eating" behavior and more on modeling fruit and vegetable consumption for their children.     

Predictors of mother-daughter resemblance in dietary intake. The role of eating styles, mothers' consumption, and closeness

The present study examined the resemblance between daughters’ and mothers’ intake of energy-dense food (EDF) and vegetables as perceived by daughters and the potential moderating influence of relationship closeness. One-hundred and twelve female first-year psychology students (aged 17-25 years) completed an online measure incorporating questions on demographic information, food frequency, eating style, and mother-daughter closeness. The EDF and vegetable consumption of daughters and their perception of their mothers’ consumption were significantly related. Daughters who ate more EDF perceived that their mothers consumed more EDF and vegetables overall and had lower levels of restrained eating. Both mothers’ consumption of vegetables (as perceived by daughters) and the number of meals consumed within the family home had a strong influence on daughters’ vegetable intake. Closeness of the mother-daughter relationship did not moderate the relationship between the EDF or vegetable intake of mothers and daughters. Overall, these findings are consistent with the contention that mothers may have a significant influence on the EDF consumption and vegetable intake of their young adult daughters. The mechanism of this influence requires further investigation.     

Kinder sollten mehr Obst und Gemüse essen

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables in schoolchildren is important for the physical and cognitive development of the child as well as for the prevention of nutrition-related diseases. In Germany, 816?schoolchildren (boys and girls, aged 10-13?years) from 14?public schools in the central region of Hesse were asked about their fruit and vegetable intake in May?2009. The results show that the mean fruit intake is 185?g fruit per day and 83?g vegetables per day in all schoolchildren. There is no significant difference in the amounts of fruit consumed by boys and girls. Regarding the amounts of consumed vegetables, there is a significant difference between gender (p?=?0.004). Schoolchildren eat fruits more frequently than vegetables. Furthermore, they prefer sweet fruits and convenient vegetables. German schoolchildren still do not reach national recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake, although current results show slightly equal or rather lower intake levels for fruits, but not for vegetables, in comparison to other national studies (e.g., National Consumption Study II, Donald Study, and EsKiMo Study). Health-promotion strategies should focus on both fruit and vegetable consumption to ensure a large variety of food choices and nutrient intake.     

Predictors of fruit and vegetable intakes in young adults by gender

The objective of this study was to identify predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption by gender in collegiate young adults to guide interventions to help increase intakes. A sample of 294 subjects reported demographics, self-efficacy, dietary patterns, and food group intakes from 3 days of food records. Average daily servings of fruits and of vegetables were 1.9 ± 2.0 and 3.9 ± 2.6, respectively, for men, and 2.0 ± 1.6 and 2.9 ± 1.7, for women. For both genders, living in a residence hall and frequency of eating breakfast were positively associated with intakes of fruit and of fruit juice, whereas vegetable intakes were positively associated with intakes of energy and discretionary fat (P < .01). Self-efficacy to eat fruit predicted 8% and 9% of the variance in fruit intakes for women and men, respectively, with percentages increasing to 11% and 17% when juice was removed from the total. Self-efficacy to eat vegetables did not predict vegetable intake in men as it did for women. Predictors of fruit and vegetable intakes in this group of young adults varied by gender and by whether juice was included with fruit and fried potatoes with vegetables.     

母亲不同喂养行为与学龄前儿童蔬菜水果摄入的相关性分析

了解母亲喂养行为对学龄前儿童蔬菜水果摄入的影响,为指导学龄前儿童科学喂养提供依据.方法 采用综合喂养行为问卷及每周水果和蔬菜摄入问卷对杭州市分层抽取的1 157名3~6岁儿童的母亲进行调查,分别评估母亲的喂养行为及学龄前儿童水果和蔬菜的摄入量.分析母亲不同喂养行为对学龄前儿童水果蔬菜摄入的影响程度.结果 学龄前儿童每天摄入水果报告率为72.8%,每天摄入蔬菜的报告率为66.4%.建立健康的家庭进餐环境、鼓励均衡和多样化饮食、让孩子参与制备食物对学龄前儿童蔬菜摄入量呈正向影响(β值分别为0.43,0.33,0.19,P值均<0.05),限制不健康食物对学龄前儿童蔬菜摄入量产生负向影响(β=-0.30,P=0.015);鼓励均衡和多样化饮食、监督、建立良好的进餐环境对学龄前儿童水果摄入量产生正向影响(β值分别为0.47,0.39,0.35,P值均<0.05),限制不健康食物对学龄前儿童水果摄入量产生负向影响(β=-0.31,P=0.036).结论 父母亲应建立良好的家庭进餐环境,鼓励孩子均衡和多样化饮食,让孩子参与准备食物等积极的喂养方式有利于提高学龄前儿童水果和蔬菜的摄入量.     

Dietary intakes of urban, high body mass index, African American children: family and child dietary attributes predict child intakes

ObjectiveTo identify family and child nutrition and dietary attributes related to children's dietary intakes.DesignAfrican American children (ages 8-11 years, n = 156), body mass index > 85th percentile, from urban, low-income neighborhoods. Baseline, cross-sectional data collected as part of an ongoing diabetes prevention intervention. Dietary intakes were collected by 3-day food diary to assess total energy, percent fat, discretionary fat, added sugar, whole grains, vegetables, fruit, meat, and dairy. Questionnaires on nutrition and dietary attributes administered to children and parents were used to develop 5 diet-related indices: child knowledge, child preferences, child snack habits, child beverage habits, and family food habits.ResultsA higher child nutrition knowledge score was significantly related to a lower starchy vegetable intake. Higher scores on the child snack habits index were significantly related to higher intakes of fruit, total fruits and vegetables, total fruits and nonstarchy vegetables, and to lower intakes of added sugars. A higher score on the family food habits index was significantly related to lower intakes of total energy and discretionary fat.Conclusions and ImplicationsTargeting both child and family food and nutrition attributes may be used to promote more healthful eating among urban, low-income, overweight African American children.     

Food spending behaviors and perceptions are associated with fruit and vegetable intake among parents and their preadolescent children

OBJECTIVE: Examine the role of food spending behaviors and perceptions on fruit and vegetable intake among preadolescent children and their parents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Metropolitan city. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred fifty-five parent/child dyads participating in the PARADE study. More than 50% of participants were African American and nearly 40% of households were low income. VARIABLES MEASURED: Body mass index calculated from child anthropometric data and parents' self-reported height and weight. Adult and child fruit and vegetable intake, annual household income, and food purchase behavior and perceptions obtained from parent questionnaire. ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance used to identify differences in means at P<.05 level. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in fruit and vegetable intake by income status were observed. Children in households spending the least per week on groceries consumed fewer daily fruits and vegetables. Perceptions of cost of fruits and vegetables were also found to be significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake among children and parents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Public health efforts to raise awareness of the relatively low cost of fruits and vegetables should be continued. These efforts may be complemented with policy strategies that make fruits and vegetables more viable options for low-income households.     

Demographic and Psychosocial Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes Differ: Implications for Dietary Interventions

Objective The National Cancer Institute (Rockville, Md) has launched a nationwide initiative—5 A Day for Better Health—to encourage consumption of fruits and vegetables. Because the tastes and culinary uses of fruits and vegetables differ, however, it is not known whether a general 5-A-Day message is an effective intervention strategy. This study examined whether there are differences between the demographic and psychosocial correlates of fruit and vegetable intakes.

Design Data are from the Washington State Cancer Risk Behavior Survey (1995-1996), a cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone survey representative of the adult population of Washington State.

Subjects/setting Interviews were completed with 1,450 adults. Data were collected about demographic characteristics, health status, health-related behavior, fruit and vegetable intakes, and the following diet-related psychosocial factors: beliefs, motives, barriers, attitudes, and stages of dietary change.

Statistical analyses Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test whether the associations of demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors with fruit intake differed from associations with vegetable intake.

Results In general, health status, health-related behavior, and psychosocial factors were more strongly associated with fruit intakes than vegetable intakes. For example, regular exercisers consumed 0.44 more daily servings of fruits and 0.36 more servings of vegetables than nonexercisers. Compared with those in the preaction stage of dietary change, adults in the maintenance stage consumed 0.99 more daily servings of fruits and 0.68 more servings of vegetables. Intrinsic motivations for eating a healthful diet (eg, to feel better) were strongly associated with both fruit and vegetable intakes, and these associations were stronger for fruit. Extrinsic motivations were not associated with either fruit or vegetable intakes.

Applications Dietary interventions based on a general 5-A-Day message may be more effective in increasing fruit intakes than vegetable intakes. Targeted interventions that focus specifically on vegetables are probably necessary. Intrinsic motives for eating a healthful diet should be key components of interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1412-1417.     

How Parenting and Family Characteristics Predict the Use of Feeding Practices among Parents of Preschoolers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Beijing,China

Parental coercive and structured feeding practices are linked with children’s weight gain. Thus, identifying their predictors will assist in childhood obesity prevention. We explored how parents’ concerns and perceptions of children’s weight, parenting stress, parenting competence, parents’ family roles, and only child status (of both parent and child) predict the use of restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring practices among parents of preschoolers. Parent–child dyads (n = 2990) were recruited in Beijing in 2019. Parenting competence, parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were assessed using the Chinese version of Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), respectively. Parenting stress and other variables were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Multivariate linear associations between parents’ weight perceptions and feeding practices were significant among normal-weight children. Parents’ concerns about children being overweight were positively associated with restriction and monitoring, and negatively associated with pressure to eat. Higher levels of parenting stress and parenting competence significantly improved the adoption of restriction and pressure to eat. Parents’ only child status and that of children had an impact on parents’ feeding practices. The fathers’ feeding preferences were substantially different from what mothers preferred. In conclusion, such parenting and family characteristics significantly influenced feeding practices of preschoolers’ parents. These were long neglected in China.     

Maternal feeding practices predict fruit and vegetable consumption in young children. Results of a 12-month longitudinal study

This study aimed to explore the prospective relationship between maternal feeding practices and young children's frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and sweets, and also child weight-for-height z-scores. Participants were 60 mothers who completed questionnaires when their children were 1 year old and again when their children were 2 years old. Regression analyses were performed. After controlling for availability and prior child consumption of the target food, maternal use of pressure to eat at 1 year predicted lower child frequency of fruit consumption at 2 years and approached significance for lower vegetable consumption. Maternal modelling of healthy eating at 1 year predicted higher child frequency of vegetable consumption at 2 years. Restriction did not significantly predict child frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables or sweets over time. Child weight-for-height scores at 2 years were predicted by weight-for-height at 1 year but not by feeding practices. The findings suggest that maternal feeding practices can influence child eating at a very young age. Interventions should focus on encouraging parents to model healthy eating to promote healthy eating in children.     

Parents’ Restrictive Feeding Practices are Associated with Young Girls’ Negative Self-evaluation of Eating

Objective This study was conducted to determine whether parents’ restriction of young girls’ access to palatable foods promotes the consumption of those foods while evoking negative self-evaluation.Design Girls’ intake of 10 snack foods was measured immediately following a standard lunch, in a setting with free access to palatable snack foods. Girls’ self-evaluation about their eating was assessed following the free access snack session. In addition, reports of parental restriction were obtained from mothers, fathers, and girls.Participants Participants were 197 girls aged 4.6 to 6.4 years and their parents.Statistical analysis Structural equation modeling was used to test models describing relationships between parents’ restriction and girls’ eating.Results Following the standard lunch, girls’ snack food intake during the 10-minute free access session ranged from 0 to 436 kcal, with a mean of 123±7 kcal. Approximately half of the girls reported negative self-evaluation about eating 1 or more of the 10 foods provided. The revised path model indicated that parents’ restriction predicted both girls’ snack food intake and girls’ negative self-evaluation of eating. Girls’ negative self-evaluation of eating was not associated with the amount of food that they consumed when not hungry, but was linked to their perceptions of being restricted from those foods.Applications/conclusions These findings indicate that restricting young girls’ access to palatable foods may promote the intake of restricted foods and may also generate negative feelings about eating restricted foods. JAm DietAssoc. 2000;100:1341-1346.     

Fruit,Vegetable, and Antioxidant Intakes Are Lower in Older Adults with Depression

Studies have shown an association between depression and both antioxidant levels and oxidant stress, but generally have not included intakes of antioxidants and antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables. This study examined the cross-sectional associations between clinically diagnosed depression and intakes of antioxidants, fruits, and vegetables in a cohort of older adults. Antioxidant, fruit, and vegetable intakes were assessed in 278 elderly participants (144 with depression, 134 without depression) using a Block 1998 food frequency questionnaire that was administered between 1999 and 2007. All participants were aged 60 years or older. Vitamin C, lutein, and beta cryptoxanthin intakes were significantly lower among individuals with depression than in comparison participants (P<0.05). In addition, fruit and vegetable consumption, a primary determinant of antioxidant intake, was lower in individuals with depression. In multivariable models controlling for age, sex, education, vascular comorbidity score, body mass index, total dietary fat, and alcohol; vitamin C, beta cryptoxanthin, fruits, and vegetables remained significant. Antioxidants from dietary supplements were not associated with depression. Antioxidant, fruit, and vegetable intakes were lower in individuals with late-life depression than in comparison participants. These associations may partially explain the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease among older individuals with depression. In addition, these findings point to the importance of antioxidant food sources rather than dietary supplements.     

Urinary total flavonoid excretion but not 4-pyridoxic acid or potassium can be used as a biomarker for the intake of fruits and vegetables

To gain better insight into the potential health effects of fruits and vegetables, reliable biomarkers of intake are needed. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of flavonoid excretion in both 24-h and morning urine samples to reflect a low intake and moderate changes in fruit and vegetable consumption. Furthermore, the urinary excretions of 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) and potassium were investigated as other potential biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake. The study was designed as a 5-d randomized, controlled crossover study. On d 1-3, the men (n = 12) consumed a self-restricted flavonoid-free diet. On d 4, they were provided a strictly controlled diet containing no fruits or vegetables (basic diet). On d 5, they consumed the basic diet supplemented with 300 or 600 g of fruits and vegetables. The total excretion of flavonoids in 24-h urine samples increased linearly with increasing fruit and vegetable intakes (r(s) = 0.86, P < 1 x 10(-6)). The total excretion of flavonoids in morning urine also increased, but the association was weaker (r(s) = 0.59, P < 0.0001). Urinary 4-PA in 24-h and morning urine samples increased significantly only with the 600-g increase in fruit and vegetable intake, whereas the excretion of potassium in urine did not reflect the changes in fruit and vegetable intake. We conclude that the total excretion of flavonoids in 24-h urine may be used as a new biomarker for fruit and vegetable intake.     

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

OBJECTIVE: To determine vitamin C intakes among adults and to identify differences in dietary intake associated with vitamin C consumption. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study compared vitamin C intake, nutrient intake, and food group choices of adults with low (<30 mg/d), marginal (30-60 mg/d), and desirable (>60 mg/d) vitamin C intakes. SUBJECTS: Data from 2472 men and 2334 women aged 25-75 y were obtained from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). RESULTS: Overall, 18% of the sample had low vitamin C intakes, 24% had marginal intakes, and 58% had desirable intakes. In addition to consuming less vitamin C, adults with low vitamin C intakes consumed significantly less (P相似文献   

Estimates of fruit and vegetable intake in childhood and adult dietary behaviors of African American women

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examined how estimates of one's fruit and vegetable intake in childhood are related to 3 current dietary behaviors among African American women: intake of fruits and vegetables, exposure to and preference for fruits and vegetables, and preference for trying new foods. DESIGN: Baseline data from a randomized dietary intervention trial. Setting: Ten urban public health centers in St. Louis, Missouri. PARTICIPANTS: 1227 African American women. Variables Measured: A 33-item fruit and vegetable food frequency questionnaire, items measuring estimates of childhood fruit and vegetable intake, adult fruit and vegetable intake, exposure to and preference for fruit and vegetable, and preference for trying new foods. ANALYSIS: Linear regression evaluated the association between predictors and continuous measures; logistic regression determined the association between predictors and categorical measures. RESULTS: Estimates of one's vegetable intake as a child were significantly related to exposure and preference for both fruits and vegetables, trying of new foods, and intake of both fruits and vegetables in adulthood. Estimates of eating fruit as a child were not significantly associated with these adult dietary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Developmental influences on adult dietary patterns may be stronger for vegetables than fruits among African American women. Additional emphasis is needed regarding exposure to and preference for vegetable intake in childhood.     

Fruit, vegetable, and fat intake among non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adolescents: associations with home availability and food consumption settings

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to explore home food availability and common settings of food consumption as correlates of fruit, vegetable, and fat intake among a sample of non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: Adolescents (n=144 black, 84 white) and their parents completed a cross-sectional survey in an urban adolescent health clinic. The adolescent survey included screening measures for fruit, vegetable, and fat intake and items on frequency of eating meals with family, while watching television, and at three types of restaurants. Parents provided information on home availability of foods. MAIN OUTCOMES: Correlates of fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Spearman correlations for associations among variables, t tests for mean comparisons, and multiple stepwise regression conducted separately for black and white adolescents. RESULTS: In multiple regression, home availability was not significantly associated with fruit, vegetable, or fat intake except for fruit intake among white adolescents only. Use of non-fast-food restaurants was the strongest positive predictor of vegetable intake. For both black and white adolescents, fast-food and buffet restaurant use and eating while watching television were the strongest predictors of fat intake. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with restaurant use and eating while watching television, home availability had a relatively small impact on fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption for both black and white adolescents. Intervention programs on adolescent nutrition should target not just availability of healthful foods, but also ease of access, such as the preparation of fruits and vegetables so that they are flavorful and ready to eat.     

Assessment of fruit and vegetable intake among the population of junior high school students from Oleśnica

The aim of this study was to assess fruit and vegetable intake among the population of junior high school students. 113 students from Junior High School No. 2 in Ole?nica participated in the research. In order to assess the intake of fruit and vegetables, the method of food frequency questionnaire was used. It was stated that vegetables appearing most frequently in the diet of girls were: tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers and fresh vegetable salads, and in the meals of boys were: tomatoes, fresh vegetable salads, cucumbers and vegetable salads. Boys and girls declared that the most often consumed fruits were: apples, oranges, mandarins and bananas. The mean daily total consumption of fruit and vegetables by the junior high school students was 358.5 g/day. Compared with current dietary recommendations, intakes of fruit and vegetables were too low.     

Fruit and vegetable intake in the United States: the baseline survey of the Five A Day for Better Health Program

PURPOSE. The purpose of the Five A Day Baseline Survey was to assess fruit and vegetable intake and associated factors among US adults. DESIGN. Questionnaires querying frequency of intake of 33 fruits and vegetables, as well as demographics, attitudes, and knowledge related to fruits and vegetables were administered by telephone. SETTING. The study was a nationally representative random digit dial survey conducted by telephone in the summer of 1991; response rate was 42.8%. SUBJECTS. Respondents were 2811 US adults (including an oversample of African-Americans and Hispanics). MEASURES. Mean and median self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables were calculated. Estimated servings per week were adjusted on the basis of responses to summary questions regarding overall fruit and vegetable intakes. RESULTS. Median intake of fruits and vegetables was 3.4 servings per day. Linear regressions (accounting for no more than 10% of the variation) showed that education, income, and smoking status were predictors of fruit and vegetable intake and that intake increased with education, income, and nonsmoking status. Women had higher intakes than men at all ages; these differences between men and women increased with age. Fruit and vegetable intakes increased with age for whites and Hispanics, but not for African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS. Fruit and vegetable intake among adults in the United States is lower than the recommended minimum of five daily servings. These data will be useful in targeting campaign efforts and in assessing progress of the Five A Day for Better Health Program.