兰州理工大学新生吸烟认知情况调查分析

目的了解大学新生吸烟及其对吸烟的认识现状。为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取兰州理工大学新生735名进行问卷调查,内容包括吸烟情况、吸烟认知和态度。结果尝试吸烟率男生为57.87%,女生为15.23%;现吸烟率男、女生分别为18.66%和2.65%。绝大多数学生95.64%知道吸烟有害健康,知道吸烟与肺癌、慢性支气管炎(分别占92.51%和93.87%)有关,但知道吸烟与消化性溃疡、膀胱癌疾病有关的比例较低,分别为32.38%和17.06%。结论大学新生吸烟率较高,少数新生对吸烟与健康关系的认知不足,态度消极。     

青岛市大学生吸烟相关知识、态度、行为调查

[目的]了解大学生有关吸烟的知识、态度与行为,为开展控烟健康教育提供依据。[方法]随机抽取青岛市某高校1、2年级学生进行问卷调查。[结果]调查的499名大学生中,尝试吸烟率男生为54.5%,女生为16.0%,现吸烟率男、女生分别为17.2%和0.6%,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=27.22,P﹤0.01）。知道吸烟与气管炎、肺癌有关的分别占87.9%和92.1%。尝试吸烟动机主要为摆脱烦恼和不想拒绝别人递烟。[结论]正确引导大学生心理健康发展,提高健康教育的广度和深度,有利于控制大学生吸烟。     

大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为的调查

[目的]调查某市高校大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为（KAP）,为高校开展大学生控烟工作提供科学依据。[方法]选取某市3所高校（医学院校1所、非医学院校2所）的在校大学生,按照年级分层整群抽样,使用统一问卷进行有关吸烟与控烟知识、态度和行为的调查。[结果]共调查2500名,获得有效问卷2472份,应答率为98．9％。大学生吸烟率为21．9％（542名）,其中男生吸烟率为34.8％（506名）,女生吸烟率为3．5％（36名）,男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．001）。烟草相关知识的了解情况、吸烟与控烟态度等与吸烟行为相关（P〈O．05）。多因素分析显示,男性、年龄增长、非医学专业、城镇、对烟草危害知晓率低、对被动吸烟态度忍让、对他人吸烟持赞成态度的均是吸烟行为的危险因素。[结论]大学生对烟草相关知识、对吸烟和控烟的态度与吸烟行为有关。     

五城市大学生吸烟状况调查与分析

为了解目前我国大学生吸烟状况，并为控制吸烟立法提供科学依据，我们对五城市3340名大学生吸烟状况以及大学生对吸烟行为的认识和态度进行了调查．结果表明；男生吸烟率为29.4％，偶尔吸烟率45．0％，女生吸烟率为1.8％，偶尔吸烟率9．9％．近90％大学生不同程度地了解吸烟的危害；大学男生吸烟者与不吸烟者对控制吸烟措施的反映基本一致．     

理工科大学毕业生吸烟及其影响因素

目的了解大学毕业生就业前吸烟的社会心理因素，为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据。方法采用个别访谈和随机抽样的方法。抽取兰州理工大学毕业生365名进行问卷调查。结果尝试吸烟率男生为87．94％，女生为79．52％；现吸烟率男女生分别为65．60％和22．89％；每天吸烟2—10支的男生占62．41％，女生每天吸烟少于2支的占65．06％。结论大学毕业生离校前尝试吸烟和吸烟率很高，好奇、人际交往、同学和朋友是吸烟的主要社会心理影响因素。大学校园开设戒烟干预任重道远。     

中小学生吸烟状况及行为干预措施研究

我县以９所小学高年级和３所中学学生为研究对象，开展了中小学生吸烟状况调查及行为干预研究。干预前调查５１６７名学生的结果表明：总吸烟率为４８．００％，其中男生吸烟率６８．２５％，女生吸烟率４．１２％。在调查的基础上，将上述学校分成干预组与对照组，在干预组学校开展了１年时间多种形式的吸烟行为干预研究，其结果显示：干预组学生的吸烟率由４９．７１％降至３８．２２％，且年龄越小其吸烟率下降速度越大，说明吸烟行为干预应从尽早年龄开始的观点。同时，学生吸烟与健康知识应答正确率、态度正确率及良好行为率均有显著性提高，说明了学校全面开展吸烟行为健康教育是很有必要的。     

豫北地区大学生吸烟行为现状

目的了解豫北地区大学生吸烟状况以及对禁烟的态度,为高校大学生控烟健康教育提供依据。方法根据不同学校类型在豫北地区随机选择4a制大学6所,3a制大学4所,采用分层整群抽样的方式抽取学生953名。对其吸烟相关行为、态度进行问卷调查。结果有24.66%的大学生喜欢吸烟;男生吸烟率为72.84%,女生吸烟率为17.60%,男生吸烟率显著高于女生。吸烟的首要原因为解闷、泄愤,其次为社交需要和提神、解乏。初次尝试吸烟的时间主要在初中和小学阶段;家长吸烟与大学生的吸烟行为密切相关;大学生缺乏禁烟教育。结论应采取积极有效的综合干预策略,控制大学生的吸烟行为。     

兰州市某大学毕业生吸烟及其认知现状

目的了解大学毕业生离校时的吸烟及其对吸烟的认识现状。为学校开展控烟健康教育工作提供依据方法采用个别访谈和随机抽样的方法。抽取兰州某大学毕业生365名进行问卷调查。结果尝试吸烟率男生为87.63%,女生为79.52%;现吸烟率男、女生分别为65.60%和23.17%。绝大多数学生70.21%知道吸烟有害健康,但知道吸烟与消化性溃疡、膀胱癌疾病有关的仅有36.43%、18.90%。结论大学毕业生吸烟率高,少数毕业生对吸烟与健康关系的认知不足,态度消极。大学校园开设戒烟干预是必要和紧迫的。     

安徽师范大学学生的吸烟行为及认知调查

目的了解安徽师范大学学生吸烟现状及烟草相关知识和态度,为今后健康教育和控烟措施提供科学理论依据。方法整群抽取该师范大学1—3年级在校学生1100名,调查学生的一般特征和吸烟相关的知识、信念、行为。结果1100名调查对象中总吸烟率为11．4％,其中男生吸烟率为21．8％,女生吸烟率为2．2％,男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．01）。吸烟者与不吸烟者在年级和专业上差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。学生吸烟的主要原因依次是好奇、社交需要、周围朋友影响等。结论师范生虽然对吸烟危害健康的认识程度较高,但吸烟现象不容忽视,社会和学校必须采取积极有效的综合干预策略,以控制师范生的吸烟行为。     

某医学院2005级新生健康状况分析

目的：了解和掌握大学新生的健康状况，为学校开展相应的健康教育提供科学依据。方法：收集某医学院2146名新生体检结果进行描述性分析。结果：至少一项异常的新生异常率为23.25％，其中营养不良发生率占7．5％。女生营养不良发生率为9．62％，男生为4．61％，女生比男生发生率高；超重肥胖检出率为2．8％，女生发生率为1．27％，男生为3．93％，男生比女生高。乙肝HBsAg阳性新生44人，占4．4％。结论：该校新生的营养健康状况值得重视，应在高校大力开展健康教育，促进大学生合理营养，加强乙肝的防治知识宣传，开展新生的乙肝预防工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.