前交叉韧带损伤膝关节侧副韧带变化的静态加载在体稳定性研究

[目的]对前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤膝关节侧副韧带长度变化进行静态加载在体稳定性研究.[方法]8名志愿者单侧膝关节ACL断裂而对侧正常,由加载架上对膝关节在屈曲0°、30°、60°和90°时分别进行134 N前加载.采集各角度的相互垂直的2D图像,与CT(3D)图像在虚拟X线投射系统进行2D/3D图像配准,还原膝关节不同角度时的股骨和胫骨相对3D位置关系,并通过韧带止点还原的方法对MCL、LCL进行韧带长度分析并两侧对比.[结果]在134 N前加载下ACL断裂后各个角度MCL长度大于ACL正常膝关节,而LCL长度小于ACL正常膝关节,差异有显著性(P<0.05).各角度间MCL和LCL长度无统计学差异.[结论]通过2D/3D图像配准技术可以实现对ACL损伤膝关节内外侧副韧带长度变化规律进行在体稳定性研究.ACL损伤对MCL和LCL有着不同的在体稳定性影响.     

有关膝关节复合韧带损伤诊治中的一些问题

膝关节复合韧带损伤最常见的为膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)合并内侧副韧带(MCL)损伤,其次是后交叉韧带(PCL)合并MCL损伤;ACL合并外侧副韧带(LCL)和ACL合并PCL及MCL损伤。随着目前交通事故的增多和竞技体育运动的普遍开展,膝关节复合韧带损伤亦日趋常见。然而,复合韧带损伤的诊断与治     

前交叉韧带断裂对外侧副韧带生物力学影响的研究

目的 探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂后,外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL)的生物力学常变化.方法 自愿捐献新鲜成年男性正常膝关节标本共6具,年龄26～35岁,平均31.4岁,为非对称性,左、右膝关节各3具.置于自制运动夹具上并通过电子试验机轴向加载400 N负荷模拟膝关节的正常受力,采用压力感受器分别测定ACL完整及ACL断裂时LCL于屈膝0、30、60及90°时应变值.结果 屈膝0、30、60及90°位时,ACL完整组LCL承受应变分别为(0.00±1.63)、(-17.20±8.57)、(-24.00±4.80)及(26.50±4.65)με;ACL断裂组分别为(0.75±8.22)、(-52.75±3.33)、(24.30±4.99)及(26.30±4.27)με.屈膝0°和90°时两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);30°和60°时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在屈膝30°和60°时,ACL断裂后LCL承受异常负荷.屈膝30°时,LCL松弛度增加,其损伤可能性相对较小;屈膝60°时,LCL高度紧张,处于易损伤高危状态.     

关节镜下一期修复重建膝关节多发韧带损伤

目的 探讨关节镜下一期修复重建膝关节多发韧带损伤的近期疗效. 方法 2009年2月至2012年4月共收治19例单侧膝关节多发韧带损伤患者,男15例,女4例;年龄为18 ～53岁,平均33.5岁.所有患者均存在前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤,合并内侧副韧带(MCL)损伤15例,外侧副韧带(LCL)损伤3例.受伤至手术时间为10～ 18 d,平均14.1d.采用关节镜下自体胭腘肌腱修复重建ACL、PCL,用十字带线锚钉固定修复MCL和LCL. 结果 19例患者术后获6～ 24个月(平均18个月)随访.14例患者运动功能恢复至受伤前水平,4例患者得到明显改善,1例患者出现关节粘连引起僵硬.所有患者术后Lachman试验、前、后抽屉试验及膝内外翻应力试验均为阴性,胫骨前后移距离均＜5 mm.术后12个月17例患者Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前平均(46.3±5.6)分提高至(89.0±7.0)分,差异有统计学意义(t=9.291,P＜0.001);关节活动范围由术前平均64.5°±17.5°改善至121.0°±7.2°,差异有统计学意义(t=8.020,P＜0.001).结论 对于膝关节多发韧带损伤,一期关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,同时修复MCL和LCL,可恢复膝关节的稳定性,功能恢复快,关节粘连率低,疗效较满意.     

关节镜下修复重建膝关节脱位合并多发韧带损伤的疗效观察

目的 探讨关节镜下重建断裂的前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)和后交叉韧带(posteriorcruciate ligament,PCL)及修复膝关节内部结构,治疗膝关节脱位合并多发韧带损伤的临床疗效.方法 2003年7月-2006年8月,收治24例膝关节脱位患者,采用关节镜下重建ACL和PCL,修复内侧副韧带(medial collateral ligament,MCL)、外侧副韧带(lateral collateralligament,LCL)和其他膝关节损伤结构.男19例,女5例;年龄20～69岁,平均42岁.均为单膝损伤,其中左膝11例,右膝13例.于伤后4h～6个月入院.ACL、PCL、MCL及LCL损伤8例,ACL、PCL及MCL损伤12例,ACL、PCL及LCL损伤4例.合并腓总神经损伤1例,内侧半月板损伤3例,外侧半月板损伤7例.评估患者术后并发症、膝关节活动范围和手术前后症状改善情况,Lysholm评分评估手术前后膝关节功能情况.结果 术后患者均获随访11～36个月,平均25个月.4例出现轻微关节僵硬,3例出现轻微关节疼痛,均未作特殊处理.11例(45.8%)运动功能恢复至伤前运动水平;13例(54.2%)显著改善,不需要辅助独立行走.24例Lachman试验、膝内外翻应力试验及前、后抽屉试验均为阴性,胫骨前后移动均<5 mm.1例腓总神经损伤者感觉运动恢复良好.Lysholm膝关节功能评分术前(41.8 ±4.3)分,术后(87.0±6.0)分:关节活动范围术前(87.5±12.5).术后(125.0 ±9.2)°术前、后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 膝关节脱位后关节镜下重建ACL、PCL和修复其他膝关节结构是治疗膝关节脱位的一种有效方法.     

ACL损伤膝关节6个自由度变化的运动还原在体稳定性研究

目的对前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤膝关节进行6个自由度变化的运动还原在体稳定性研究。方法对8例患者的健、患膝关节在生理负重屈曲状态下采集0°、15°、30°、60°和90°时的相互垂直的2D图像,将二维动态的X线影像转化为三维模型的仿真运动,模拟人体膝关节在生理负重情况下骨性结构的变化,准确模拟膝关节的生理运动,并通过健膝和ACL损伤膝关节的对比,研究ACL损伤后膝关节6个自由度的参数变化。结果 ACL损伤膝关节在0～30°范围胫骨有轻度的内旋,和其他角度的差异有统计学意义;在0～90°间胫骨均有轻度的内移,各角度间的差异均无统计学意义;在0°和15°时,胫骨前移分别为(3.61±1.56)mm及(2.12±0.89)mm,而在30～90°范围内无明显胫骨前移增加,与0°及15°的差异均有统计学意义。结论在体稳定性研究可以实行对膝关节的生理运动6个自由度运动参数测量,ACL损伤后膝关节的生理负重运动有显著的6个自由度运动变化。     

关节镜下一期重建修复膝关节多韧带损伤

2015年4月~2017年12月,我科采用健侧腘绳肌肌腱联合同种异体肌腱在关节镜辅助下一期重建11例患者的膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)和后交叉韧带(PCL),并修复膝关节内侧副韧带(MCL)或外侧副韧带(LCL),疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组11例,男8例,女3例,年龄23~57岁。4例骑摩托车摔伤,7例骑摩托车被汽车撞伤。按Schenck膝关节脱位多韧带损伤分型:KDⅢM型8例,KDⅢL型3例。前、后抽屉试验均为阳性。膝外翻应力试验阳性8例,膝内翻应力试验阳性3例。伤后2周内完成手术。     

膝关节多韧带损伤

目的探讨膝关节多韧带损伤的临床特点,并评估其治疗效果。方法9例患者(9膝)经临床及关节镜检查证实前交叉韧带(ACL)和后交叉韧带(PCL)均断裂,其中5膝伴后内侧角(PMC)、内侧副韧带损伤(MCL),急性期4膝伴后外侧角损伤(PLC)。4膝行膝后内侧角、内侧副韧带修复。9例患者于伤后4~10周在关节镜下行自体移植物单束ACL和PCL联合重建术,其中4例同期后1/2股二头肌肌腱重建后PLC,1例同期阔筋膜PMC、MCL重建。结果术后随访10~39个月,平均(23·0±9·5)个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为70~95分,平均(85·0±8·3)分。国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)综合评定由入院时显著异常(D级)9例,改进为随访时正常(A级)2例、接近正常(B级)6例、异常(C级)1例。结论膝关节多韧带损伤可在关节镜下ACL、PCL联合重建,分期或同期关节外韧带修复或重建,具有安全可靠、手术创伤小的优点,其治疗效果满意。     

后十字韧带单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带重建治疗严重膝关节不稳定

目的 评估后十字韧带(posterior cmciate ligament,PCL)单束重建联合小切口切开腘腓韧带(popliteofibular ligament,PFL)重建治疗严重的膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定的临床结果.方法 自2003年7月至2007年4月,共有28例连续的患者接受关节镜下PCL单束重建联合小切口切开PFL重建手术.人选条件:所有患者均为严重的膝关节不稳定,后抽屉试验为3~+或以上,胫骨后移程度与健侧相比≥12mm,胫骨外旋程度大于健侧10°以上,同时不合并外侧副韧带的损伤.入选的患者接受关节镜下单束PCL重建,使用异体跟腱作为移植物.在膝关节外侧通过两个小切口切开,使用异体胫前肌腱重建PFL.股骨侧切口位于股骨外上髁,长度为2cm;腓骨侧切口位于腓骨头,长度为3 cm.结果 术后平均随访时间为39.7个月.使用膝关节应力像评估后向稳定性,胫骨后移程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前(17.7±4.5)mm减小为术后(4.5±3.9)mm,胫骨外旋程度(患侧与健侧的差值)由术前16.0°±4.7°减小为术后-2.8°±6.4°,术前与术后的差异有统计学意义.IKDC评分:术前28例均为D级,术后A级为10例,B级9例,C级8例和1例D级.结论 关节镜下PCL单束重建联合使用小切口切开PFL重建能够有效地改善膝关节后向和后外旋转不稳定.     

膝关节多韧带损伤Ⅰ期修复重建

[目的]探讨关节镜下一期修复重建膝关节多韧带损伤的疗效。[方法]2009年4月~2014年12月收治膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)、后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤及合并内侧副韧带(MCL)Ⅲ度损伤患者39例,男23例,女16例,年龄22~50岁,平均41.4岁。损伤至手术时间10~16 d,平均13 d。所有病例均于早期行关节镜下前、后交叉韧带重建以及内侧副韧带修复。重建材料选择双侧自体腘绳肌腱,内侧副韧带修复采用有限切开缝合或带线锚钉修复。术前、术后采用Lysholm功能评分、IKDC评分及主动关节活动度评估患膝功能。[结果]所有患者均得到随访,随访时间16~30个月,平均20.6个月。末次随访时患者伸膝无明显受限,膝关节屈曲(115±15)°,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为(88.16±5.72)分,关节活动范围为(115±15)°,IKDC评分为(89.25±4.93)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。[结论]关节镜下Ⅰ期修复重建膝关节多韧带损伤安全、有效,治疗效果满意。     

Pressure distribution in the knee joint

Biomechanical factors influencing the patterns of pressure distribution at the articular surface and the subchondral bone are suggested to be most important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and ostechondritis dissecans at the knee joint. Besides this, chronic joint instability is another important factor under discussion in the etiology of osteoarthritis of the knee. The patterns of pressure distribution on the femoral condyles of weight-bearing knee joints were investigated in a biostatic cadaver model. The pressure on the femoral condyles was evaluated using pressure-sensitive films with the knee in different physiological joint positions (extension, 15° and 30° flexion) with and without division of either the medial collateral ligament (MCL), the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), the MCL and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), or the LCL and the ACL. Results showed that the location of the contact area and peak pressure depended on the joint position and stage of ligament division. Without ligament division the maximum peak pressure was always observed on the medial condyle. Only after MCL and combined MCL + ACL division did the lateral condyle show in extension a higher peak pressure than the medial condyle. Division of the LCL and LCL + ACL resulted in an increase in peak pressure on the medial condyle, particularly in flexion. The highest peak pressure of all was measured in the 30° flexion position on the medial condyle after division of the LCL. The lowest at all was found on the lateral condyle in 15° flexion after LCL division. Additional ACL division resulted in only minor further changes. These results are important for the interpretation of clinically observed factors discussed in the etiology of secondary osteoarthritis of the knee and contribute to the theory of mechanical induction of osteoarthritis and osteochondritis dissecans.Presented in part at the 21st Congress of the Austrian Society of Orthopedic Surgery; May 5th–June 1st, 1991 in Linz/Austria     

Complex instability of the anterior knee

Complex knee instability involves the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and one or more major stabilizers of the knee [medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)]. The medial side has a high healing potential and does not need operative treatment in most cases if ACL reconstruction is performed. Reconstruction of the medial ligament complex is indicated in gross instability of the medial meniscus fixation, dislocation of the MCL into the joint, and large dislocated bony avulsions. Injuries on the lateral side do not heal spontaneously and require acute operative treatment (first 2 weeks). Frank knee dislocations and gross multiligament injuries should be reduced acutely, and the integrity of the vascular structures must be examined closely. In a European multicenter study, operative treatment with reconstruction of both cruciate ligaments and functional rehabilitation gave better results than conservative treatment with immobilization of the joint.     

Pressure distribution at the knee joint

Traumata or repetitive microtraumata, malalignment with varus or valgus deviation, or chronic joint instability are discussed in the aetiology of osteoarthritis and osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Biomechanical factors influencing the patterns of pressure distribution at the articular surface and the subchondral bone are suggested to be most important in the pathogenesis. Consequently, the patterns of pressure distribution at the femoral condyles of weight-bearing knee joints were investigated in a cadaveric biostatic model. The pressure in the articular joint space was evaluated with pressure-sensitive films of the knee in different joint positions in the coronal plane (10° varus, 10° valgus, and neutral position) without and with medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral CL (LCL), MCL + anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or LCL + ACL ligament division. Results demonstrated that the location of the contact area and the peak pressure depended on the joint position and stage of ligamentous division. Without ligament division, a maximum peak pressure was observed at the medial condyle in the neutral and varus positions. Only in the valgus position did the lateral condyle show a higher peak of pressure than the medial condyle. Ligament division of the LCL and LCL + ACL resulted in an increase of peak pressure at the medial condyle, particularly in the varus position. Division of the MCL and MCL + ACL ligament complex reduced the differences between the medial and lateral condyle. In the valgus position, the peak pressure was significantly higher at the lateral condyle. The absolute maximum peak pressure was measured in the varus position at the medial condyle after division of the LCL and ACL. The absolute minimum was found in the valgus position at the medial condyle after division of the MCL and ACL. No significant change of the location of the centre of peak pressure area was observed due to the different joint positions.Presented in part at the 21st Congress of the Austrian Society of Orthopaedic Surgery, 5 May–1 June 1991, Linz, Austria     

In-vitro ligament tension pattern in the flexed knee in passive loading

Tensions generated in selected bands of the four major ligaments of the flexed knee (40-90 degrees) have been measured in vitro when the tibia is subjected to passive anterior translation and axial rotation with and without a compressive preload. The measurements were made in 30 fresh-frozen specimens using the buckle transducer attached to the anteromedial band of the anterior cruciate ligament [ACL (am)], the posterior fibres of the posterior cruciate ligament [PCL (pf)], the superficial fibres of the medial collateral ligament [MCL (sf)], and in the total lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Particular attention was placed on the evaluation of the performance of the transducer specific to such measurements in order to minimize the errors associated with the use of this transducer. The results indicate that, among the measured ligaments, substantial tension (greater than 20 N) is generated only in the ACL (am) in tibial anterior translation up to 5 mm. The tension pattern generated in response to tibial axial rotation, however, is complex and exhibits considerable variation between specimens. In general, both the MCL (sf) and LCL are tensed at all tested flexion angles, with the tension in external rotation being significantly greater than in internal rotation. At 40 degrees of flexion, the ACL (am) bears tension mainly in internal rotation, while at 90 degrees of flexion the PCL (pf) is tensed in both senses of rotation. The response of the LCL shows marked variation among specimens; very small tension (less than 15 N) is generated in internal rotation in 48% of the specimens, and in either sense of rotation in 20% of the specimens. The tension in the ACL (am) in internal rotation is invariably greater in those specimens in which LCL tension is negligible. This correlation between increased ACL (am) function and inadequate LCL restraint appears significant in terms of ACL injury and repair.     

Simultaneous reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament by using allogeneic patellar tendon under arthroscopy

With fast development of arthroscopic surgery inChina, simple reconstruction of ACL (anteriorcrucial ligament) or PCL has been reported in number. However , the methods concerningsimultaneous reconstruction of ACL and PCL are rarelyreported. Simultaneous …     

Periarticular ligament changes following ACL/MCL transection in an ovine stifle joint model of osteoarthritis.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often lead to significant functional impairment, and are associated with increased risk for induction of degenerative joint disease. However, few studies have described the effect of ligament transection on the remaining intact knee ligaments. This study sought to determine specifically what impact combined ACL/medial collateral ligament (MCL) transection had on the remaining intact knee ligaments, particularly from the histological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. Twenty weeks post-ACL/MCL transection, the cut ends of sheep MCLs were bridged by scar, while the posterior cruciate ligaments (PCLs) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCLs) seemed gross morphologically normal. Water content and cell density increased significantly in the MCL scars and the intact PCLs but were unchanged in the LCLs. Collagen fibril diameter distribution was significantly altered in both MCL scar tissue and uninjured PCLs from transected joints. MMP-13 mRNA levels in MCL scars and PCLs from ligament transected joints were increased, while TIMP-1 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the PCLs only. This study has shown that some intact ligaments in injured joints are impacted by the injury. The joint appears to behave like an integrated organ system, with injury to one component affecting the other components as the "organ" attempts to adapt to the loss of integrity.     

Posttraumatic incarceration of medial collateral ligament into knee joint with anterior cruciate ligament injury

Medial collateral ligament of the knee is an important coronal stabiliser and often injured in isolation or as combination of injuries. The article reports a case of incarcerated medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury in combination with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in 20 year old male who presented to us 4 weeks after injury. Clinical examination and MRI was correlated to complete ACL tear with torn distal MCL and incarceration into the joint. Patient was taken up for ACL hamstring graft reconstruction with mini-arthrotomy and repair of the torn MCL. Patient was followed up with dedicated rehabilitation protocol with good functional results. At one year follow-up, patient exhibited full range of motion with negative Lachman, Pivot shift and valgus stress tests. This article highlights the rare pattern of MCL tear and also reviews the literature on this pattern of injury.     

How to treat knee ligament injuries?

Indications for conservative treatment of knee ligament injuries can be established for all grade I or II sprains (partial tears), as well as isolated grade III sprains (complete tears) of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL). These injuries should be treated with immediate mobilization. Only in isolated partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears without a positive pivot shift phenomenon is conservative treatment justified. However, many of these injuries may require operative reconstruction later. In complete ACL tears the surgical treatment consists of primary reconstruction or augmented primary repair. Today, the middle third of the patella tendon with the bone blocks is regarded as the "gold standard" for augmented repairs and late reconstructions. For the present, there is no place for synthetic prostheses in the treatment of an acute ACL rupture. Allograft replacement of the ACL must now be considered an experimental procedure. In the reconstruction of the PCL the above mentioned patella tendon graft is also preferable. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) tears, especially if they are combined with ruptures of posterolateral ligament complex, should be repaired immediately after the injury. In these injuries late reconstructions are difficult and the results are poor. Conservative treatment of partial tears and postoperative treatment of reconstructed ligaments is twofold: on the one hand, the healing tissue should be protected and on the other hand, atrophy and wasting of uninjured tissue should be avoided. Overload and stretching of the injured ligaments should be eliminated with the aid of a suitable knee brace, but early range of motion exercises of the knee are allowed immediately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)