踝关节骨折畸形愈合的重建手术

目的 总结踝关节骨折畸形愈合重建术的临床疗效.方法 2006年1月至2009年1O月,共收治23例踝关节陈旧性骨折畸形愈合患者.男14例,女9例;平均年龄45岁(21～69岁).初次受伤至最终重建术平均间隔18个月(12～36个月),其中11例患者曾接受切开复位内固定术.术前常规行X线及CT检查,对畸形进行个体化评估:所有患者均有不同程度的腓骨短缩或旋转,合并内、外翻畸形者4例,下胫腓联合间隙增宽者5例.对所有腓骨短缩或旋转的患者行腓骨延长截骨术,内外翻畸形则行开放或闭合楔形截骨,而下胫腓增宽者则须行下胫腓功能性融合.术后定期行影像学随访评估骨愈合情况,记录并发症发生情况,并采用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节与后足功能评分来评估治疗效果.结果 共21例患者获随访,平均随访36个月(12～58个月).所有随访患者均无感染、内固定失败、骨不连、畸形复发等发生.影像学随访显示于术后平均12周(10～14周)骨愈合,且力线恢复良好.AOFAS踝关节与后足功能评分从术前平均28分(15～39分)改善为术后1年平均82分(70～94分).2例患者因严重创伤性关节炎分别于术后18个月和术后2年行踝关节融合术.结论 对于踝关节骨折畸形愈合的患者,通过早期重建手术恢复腓骨长度和旋转及踝穴的匹配,踝关节功能可获得极大的改善,也可延缓创伤性关节炎的发展.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical outcomes of reconstruction of malunited ankle fractures.Methods From January 2006 to October 2009,23 malunited ankle fractures were treated in our department.All deformities were evaluated individually based on pre-operatively X-ray and CT scan.Varying degrees of fibular shortening or rotational deformity were found in all patients,with 4 cases of varus or valgus deformity,and 5 of a widen syndesmosis.Then different reconstructive techniques were chosen according to the type of malunion:a lengthening fibular osteotomy was performed in patients with fibular shortening or rotational deformity;an opening or closing wedge osteotomy was chosen correspondingly in patients with varus or valgus deformity;functional fusion of syndesmosis was performed in cases of widen syndesmosis.The postoperative follow-up included standard radiography to evaluate bone union;relative complications were also recorded and functional outcome were assessed with American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS)ankle-hindfoot scores.Results Twenty-one patients were followed up with an average period of 36 months (12-58 months).There were no complications of infection,implant failure,nonunion or malunion.Solid union with a favorable alignment was obtained at an average of 12 weeks (10-14 weeks).The mean pre-operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 28 (15-39).While the score increased to 82 (70-94) one year after operations.But 2 patients underwent ankle arthrodesis correspondingly 18 months and 24 months post-operatively due to severely post-traumatic arthritis.Conclusion An early realignment reconstruction of the length and rotation of fibula and the congruity of ankle mortise may improve the ankle function and slow down the development of post-traumatic arthritis for patients who suffered from malunited ankle fractures.     

Corrective arthrodeses and osteotomies for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment: indications, techniques, results

Hindfoot malunions after fractures of the talus and calcaneus lead to severe disability and pain. Corrective osteotomies and arthrodeses aim at functional rehabilitation and reduction of pain resulting from post-traumatic arthritis, eccentric loading and impingement due to hindfoot malunion. Preoperative analysis should include the three-dimensional outline of the malunion, the presence of post-traumatic arthritis, non-union, or infection, the extent of any avascular necrosis or comorbidities. In properly selected, compliant patients with intact cartilage cover little or no, AVN, and adequate bone quality, a corrective joint-preserving osteotomy with secondary internal fixation may be carried out. In the majority of cases, realignment is augmented by arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis. Fusion is restricted to the affected joint(s) to minimise loss of function. Correction of the malunion is achieved by asymmetric joint resection, distraction and structural bone grafting with corrective osteotomies for severe axial malalignment. Bone grafting is also needed after resection of a fibrous non-union, sclerotic or necrotic bone. Numerous clinical studies have shown substantial functional improvement and high subjective satisfaction rates from pain reduction after corrective osteotomies and fusions for post-traumatic hindfoot malalignment. This article reviews the indications, techniques and results of corrective surgery after talar and calcaneal malunions and nonunions based on an easy-to-use classification.     

Medial malleolar osteotomy for the correction of varus deformity during total ankle arthroplasty: results in 15 ankles

BACKGROUND: Preoperative deformity in the frontal plane in the arthritic ankle is a risk factor for failure after total ankle arthroplasty. Medial malleolar lengthening osteotomy was developed to correct varus malalignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1998 to 2005 total ankle arthroplasty combined with medial malleolar lengthening osteotomy was done in 15 ankles (13 patients) with a mean preoperative varus deformity of 14.9 (SD, 7.8) degrees. Diagnosis was arthritis with instability in 11 ankles (9 patients) and inflammatory joint disease in 4 ankles. Two mobile-bearing designs were used. Osteosynthesis of the osteotomy was done in 2 ankles; for the remaining 13 osteotomies, no fixation was used. RESULTS: Followup was 5 (range 2 to 8) years. Neutral alignment was obtained in all ankles. In 3 patients residual hindfoot varus remained, for which a second-stage hindfoot correction was done. Two rheumatoid ankles developed a symptom-free nonunion of the medial malleolus, all other malleolar osteotomies united. One tibial component, implanted with too much anterior slope, developed early aseptic loosening and was revised. Debridement for talar-malleolar arthritis was done in two ankles. Of the 14 ankles in followup, 12 were rated as excellent or good, one as fair. One ankle with subsidence of the talar component was rated as unsatisfactory. AOFAS score increased from 30.8 preoperative to 81.0 at followup (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Medial malleolar lengthening osteotomy is an easy technique for the realignment of the varus ankle at the time of total ankle arthroplasty, and served as an alternative to medial ligament release or lateral ligament reconstruction.     

A new finite element model of intra-articular impacted fragment in posterior malleolar fractures: A technical note

Intra-articular impacted fragment (IAIF) was considered as the articular surface fragment resulting from impact and compressive forces. Malreduction of IAIF in posterior malleolar fractures was associated with the cause of talus subluxation and long-term arthritis. The effect of IAIF on ankle pressure and stress has not been studied, and it's difficult to do this in cadaver bone. So we established IAIF defect finite element model in posterior malleolar fractures and explored the effect of IAIF defect in ankle joint. We also discussed the relation between IAIF defect and post-traumatic arthritis.     

经腓骨骨折端辅助复位治疗外后踝合并关节面压缩骨折的病例对照研究

目的 :比较经腓骨骨折端辅助复位和经跟腱内侧辅助复位结合外后侧内固定治疗外后踝合并关节面压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2012年1月至2015年1月,治疗外后踝合并关节面压缩骨折52例,采用经腓骨骨折段辅助复位内固定治疗24例(A组),男16例,女8例;年龄20~65岁,平均(35.2±6.4)岁;经跟腱内侧入路辅助复位内固定治疗28例(B组),其中男18例,女10例;年龄22~62岁,平均(36.4±4.8)岁。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、出血量、切口长度、X线暴露次数及并发症发生情况,术后采用美国足踝外科协会踝-足(AOFAS)评分对两组患者的功能进行评价。结果:所有患者均获得随访,A组随访时间13~55个月,平均(27.5±2.5)个月;B组随访时间12~54个月,平均(28.5±2.4)个月。所有患者获得骨性愈合,愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。B组有2例出现切口感染,1例出现螺钉松动;A组无切口感染发生,1例出现螺钉松动。两组手术时间、出血量、X线暴露次数及并发症情况比较差异有统计学意义;两组踝关节AOFAS功能评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论:与经跟腱内侧辅助复位相比,经腓骨骨折端辅助复位治疗外后踝合并关节面压缩骨折具有出血少、手术时间短、X线暴露次数少、踝关节功能恢复好的优点,特别在处理常规入路难以复位的嵌夹的后外侧关节面压缩骨块,优势明显。     

踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的外科矫形

目的 观察腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效.方法 自2005年10月至2008年7月,对23例术前诊断为踝部骨折后外踝畸形愈合合并早、中期创伤性关节炎患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,采用腓骨斜形或横形截骨,旋转延长后植骨内固定.17例获得完整的随访资料,应用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节功能评分系统进行评分.结果 17例获得12～45个月(平均29.1个月)随访.骨折全部愈合,平均X线愈合时间13.1周(11～16周).完全负重时间平均为12.1周(11～15周).术前踝关节AOFAS评分为21～47分(平均29分),术后12个月评分为56～91分(平均81分),优5例,良8例,一般3例,差1例,优良率76.5%.术后1例发生切口皮缘部分坏死,经保守治疗痊愈.2例术后出现足外侧皮肤感觉麻木.2例患者在随访时X线片示关节炎有轻微进展,予以关节腔内注射施沛特,保守治疗后获得较满意的临床效果.无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等其他并发症.结论 外踝畸形愈合的踝关节骨折采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,近期可获得满意效果.     

踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的外科矫形

目的 观察腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效.方法 自2005年10月至2008年7月,对23例术前诊断为踝部骨折后外踝畸形愈合合并早、中期创伤性关节炎患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,采用腓骨斜形或横形截骨,旋转延长后植骨内固定.17例获得完整的随访资料,应用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节功能评分系统进行评分.结果 17例获得12～45个月(平均29.1个月)随访.骨折全部愈合,平均X线愈合时间13.1周(11～16周).完全负重时间平均为12.1周(11～15周).术前踝关节AOFAS评分为21～47分(平均29分),术后12个月评分为56～91分(平均81分),优5例,良8例,一般3例,差1例,优良率76.5%.术后1例发生切口皮缘部分坏死,经保守治疗痊愈.2例术后出现足外侧皮肤感觉麻木.2例患者在随访时X线片示关节炎有轻微进展,予以关节腔内注射施沛特,保守治疗后获得较满意的临床效果.无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等其他并发症.结论 外踝畸形愈合的踝关节骨折采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,近期可获得满意效果.     

Pre-and postoperative factors associated with functional outcomes in patients with posterior malleolar fractures

IntroductionRecent studies on posterior malleolar fractures mainly focus on the reduction quality and fixation of the posterior fragment since it contributes to ankle stability and articular congruency. However, the association of pre-and postoperative factors considering the whole ankle joint in postoperative functional outcomes remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association between pre-and postoperative variables for postoperative functional outcomes in patients with posterior malleolar fragments (classified as Haraguchi type I or II) and considered the association between reduction and fixation for small posterior malleolar fragments of less than 25% of the intra-articular surface.MethodsThis multicenter retrospective cohort study included 110 adult patients who underwent internal fixation for ankle fractures with posterior malleolar fragments. The primary outcome was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score 12-months postoperatively. As pre-and postoperative variables, the preoperative demographic data, radiographic findings, operative method, postoperative radiographic findings, and complications were evaluated. In addition, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between pre-and postoperative variables and AOFAS scores.ResultsTwenty-four (21.8%) cases had postoperative complications. Univariate analysis showed that age was significantly according to AOFAS score-stratified groups in patients with Haraguchi type II fractures. Multivariable logistic regression analysis using bootstrapping in the Haraguchi type II group showed that postoperative complications were significantly associated with low AOFAS scores, indicating poor functionality. In both fracture types, postoperative complications had the highest odds ratio among the explanatory variables. In patients with small posterior malleolar fragments, fragment reduction, fixation, and ankle stability were not associated with AOFAS scores.ConclusionsOur results suggest that postoperative complications were associated with AOFAS scores at postoperative 12 months in patients with ankle fractures with posterior malleolar fragments. In patients with small posterior malleolar fragments, reduction and fixation were not associated with AOFAS scores. Therefore, clinical decisions for posterior fragment fixation should be made based on the possible risk of complications related to the surgical procedures in addition to the posterior malleolar fragment size.     

"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨采用距下关节"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年4月至2007年12月收治且获得完整随访的26例跟骨骨折畸形愈合Stephen Ⅲ型患者资料,男21例,女5例;年龄23～55岁,平均32.2岁;左足15例,右足11例.其中22例为后足内翻畸形,4例为外翻畸形.26例患者采用距下关节"双楔形"撑开植骨融合术进行治疗,术中行跟骨外侧壁骨赘切除及腓骨肌腱松解;撑开距下关节并刮除软骨关节面,植入前低后高,外侧低内侧高(双楔形)的三层皮质的自体髂骨;再用2～3枚空心钛钉固定距下关节.比较手术前、后距骨第一跖骨角及距骨跟骨角、美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分(VAS).结果 26例患者术后获得平均18.9个月(12～38个月)随访.其中23例跟骨内外翻畸形明显改善,22例患足疼痛消失或明显减轻,未发生融合失败.3例切口皮缘坏死,经短期换药愈合.距骨第一跖骨角自术前17.40±2.90改善至术后6.1°±1.60°距骨跟骨角南术前16.2°±2.5°啵善至术后23.7±°3.0°,AOFAS评分自术前(34.8±8.2)分升至术后(83.9±7.0)分,疼痛评分自术前(7.8±0.7)分降至术后(2.1±1.5)分,以上指标手术前、后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 "双楔形"撑开植骨距下关节融合术可明显改善跟骨内外翻畸形及疼痛症状,避免了复杂的跟骨截骨移位术.该术式并发症较少,是治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的较好选择.     

Osteochondral autograft transplantation in the treatment of AO/OTA type C3 tibial plafond fractures with irreducibly comminuted area and/or cartilage delamination in the distal tibial facet

IntroductionTibial plafond fractures, especially the AO/OTA type C3 ones that take place in young patients with excessive facet fragmentation and cartilage loss that preclude anatomical reduction and effective internal fixation, are devastating situations that often subject to primary arthrodesis. The aim of the current study is to introduce a joint preserving technique by using osteochondral autograft to treat such difficult cases and to evaluate its short-term outcome.MethodsA total of 11 patients suffering AO-OTA type C3 tibial plafond fractures with irreparable area treated with osteochondral autograft and ORIF, with an average follow-up period of 34 months, were analyzed. Visual analogue scale (VAS), short-form 36 (SF-36), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and ankle range of motion (ROM) were assessed for functional outcome evaluation. The weight-bearing AP and lateral radiograph, as well as CT reconstructive images were examined to evaluate bony union and the occurrence of post-traumatic arthritis.ResultsAt the final follow-up, the mean VAS scale was 2.2. The mean AOFAS and SF-36 scores were 86.3 and 84.5 respectively. Among all the included patients, 8 achieved both AOFAS and SF-36 scores above 80. The average ankle range of motion was 29.9°. No infection, compartment syndrome, post-traumatic arthrosis or donor site pain was noted in the current study. No patient received secondary ankle arthrodesis at the end of the follow-up.ConclusionsAlthough primary ankle arthrodesis is an effective method, routine ankle arthrodesis should be carried out with second thoughts in patients, especially patients with relatively young age, suffering AO-OTA type C3 tibial plafond fractures with irreducible area. On the other hand, osteochondral autograft transplantation may provide a chance to relieve pain without sacrificing the joint.     

Mimics软件重建距骨模型结合踝后内侧入路治疗距骨后突骨折

目的评价术前Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型,结合踝后内侧入路治疗距骨后突骨折的优势。方法回顾性分析北京积水潭医院创伤骨科2015年5月至2019年2月采用术前Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型结合踝后内侧入路治疗的7例距骨后突骨折患者资料。男5例,女2例;年龄20~70岁,平均39岁。术前常规行CT检查,应用Mimics软件基于CT扫描数据三维重建距骨后突以明确骨折块大小、数量和移位程度,踝后内侧入路切开复位螺钉内固定治疗距骨后突骨折。术后采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)的踝-后足评分系统评估功能恢复情况。结果本组患者手术时间70~105 min,平均87.1 min。术后早期伤口均愈合良好,无神经、肌腱损伤。所有患者术后随访4~24个月,平均12个月。10~16周复查X线片骨折愈合,未发现断钉、骨不连和畸形愈合及创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时AOFAS的踝-后足评分为80~98分,平均87分。结论术前CT影像基于Mimics软件重建距骨后突骨折三维模型可精确定位进钉点和进钉方向,用于踝后内侧入路术中有清楚显露、骨折易复位、置钉方便的优势。     

后路行陈旧性后踝合并腓骨骨折畸形愈合重建的疗效

目的 治疗陈旧性后踝合并腓骨骨折畸形愈合时,总结联合后路行切开复位、重建踝关节的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年12月至2021年12月,共收治的18例陈旧性后踝骨折合并腓骨骨折畸形愈合的患者,均经联合后内+后外入路行后踝、腓骨骨折畸形愈合切开复位、并重建踝关节解剖对位;其中男11例,女7例;平均年龄41岁（19～61岁）;初次受伤至最终切开复位术平均间隔10个月（8～30个月）,术前后常规行X线及CT检查以评估骨折复位、踝关节解剖对位及骨折愈合情况,记录并发症发生情况,并应用美国骨科足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝关节与后足功能评分、VAS疼痛评分及踝关节活动度来评估临床疗效。结果 共11例患者获随访,平均随访32个月（14～48个月）。术后经X光、CT评估,所有患者踝关节解剖对位较术前均有较明显的改善,且力线恢复良好;AOFAS踝关节与后足功能评分从术前平均40分提高到术后平均84分;VAS评分从术前平均5.3分改善到术后1.5分;踝关节活动度从术前平均15°提高到术后平均35°。结论 对于陈旧性后踝合并腓骨骨折畸形愈合患者,联合后路切开解剖复位后踝及腓骨骨折,重建踝关节解剖对位,...     

Corrective supramalleolar osteotomy for malunited pronation-external rotation fractures of the ankle

We undertook a prospective study to analyse the outcome of 48 malunited pronation-external rotation fractures of the ankle in 48 patients (25 females and 23 males) with a mean age of 45 years (21 to 69), treated by realignment osteotomies. The interval between the injury and reconstruction was a mean of 20.2 months (3 to 98). In all patients, valgus malalignment of the distal tibia and malunion of the fibula were corrected. In some patients, additional osteotomies were performed. Patients were reviewed regularly, and the mean follow-up was 7.1 years (2 to 15). Good or excellent results were obtained in 42 patients (87.5%) with the benefit being maintained over time. Congruent ankles without a tilted talus (Takakura stage 0 and 1) were obtained in all but five cases. One patient required total ankle replacement.     

Posterior Locking Plate Fixation of Bartoníček Type IV Posterior Malleolar Fracture: A Focus on Die-Punch Fragment Size

Die-punch fragments refer to articular cartilage and subchondral bone embedded in cancellous bone as part of an intra-articular fracture. Bartoní?ek type IV posterior malleolar fractures with associated die-punch fragments are rare, and the appropriate surgical approach remains unclear. We determined outcomes, and the effect of die-punch fragment size on outcomes, for 32 patients with Bartoní?ek type IV posterior malleolar fractures with die-punch fragments between January 2015 and December 2017. Mean follow-up for all patients was 23.8 (range 20.0-30.0) months. At the final follow-up visit, mean ankle dorsal extension was 24.6° and plantar flexion was 40.0°; American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score was 88.6 ± 4.3; visual analog scale weightbearing pain score was 1.5 ± 0.6; and Bargon traumatic arthritis score was 0.8 ± 0.4. There were no severe complications. We divided patients into a small-fragment (≤3 mm) group (n = 12) and large-fragment (>3 mm) group (n = 20). The Bargon scores at final follow-up were 0.5 and 1, respectively (P=.02). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups for the other outcome scores at various time intervals. The posterolateral approach with distal locking plate internal fixation for Bartoní?ek type IV posterior malleolar fractures with die-punch fragments can result in excellent anatomical reduction of the collapsed articular surface and the displaced fragment from the tibial plafond, recovery of articular surface congruity, and maintenance of joint stability. Die-punch fragment size may not impact clinical and functional outcomes but may contribute to post-traumatic arthritis.     

Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Relieves Pain and Improves Function in Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Background  

Posttraumatic arthritis secondary to lateral tibial plateau fracture malunion causes pain and limited function for patients. It is sometimes technically challenging to correct malalignment in these patients with advanced arthritis using osteotomies. Lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) may be an option to treat such patients.     

Arthroscopic assessment of medial malleolar reduction

Introduction

Ankle fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation are fixed in an effort to reestablish anatomic bony alignment and avoid a malunion, thereby diminishing the risk of post-traumatic arthritis. For a medial malleolar fracture, an articular step-off is likely more related to the risk of post-traumatic arthritis than is a cortical step-off. However, the external cortical alignment is often used to judge the adequacy of reduction, as the articular component of the fracture is not as readily visualized. Arthroscopy has been used in various articular fractures as an aid to diagnosis and treatment. The current study prospectively assessed both the quality of medial malleolar reduction on the articular side using arthroscopy and the adequacy of using cortical cues to guide the articular reduction.

Methods

Twelve consecutive patients were enrolled in this prospective diagnostic study. All patients had medial malleolar fractures that required fixation. The outcome variables of interest were extra-articular fracture displacement and articular surface displacement.

Results

After reduction and provisional fixation, 10 of the 12 patients had an anatomic reduction based on cortical cues. On arthroscopy 7 of the 12 patients had an anatomic reduction. Four of the patients had a slight gap (<1 mm) at the anterior edge of the fracture. The last patient had an anterior gap just under 2 mm. Two patients had impaction of the medial malleolus that made reduction difficult and was recognized during arthroscopy after obtaining a reduction based on cortical cues.

Conclusion

The cortical reduction of the medial malleolus often matched up with the articular reduction. However, in some patients, impaction of the medial malleolus made it so that the two did not match up. There are some cases in which extra-articular cues are insufficient to evaluate for intra-articular reduction.     

Functional results and complication analysis after total ankle replacement: Early to medium-term results from a Portuguese and Spanish prospective multicentric study

BackgroundAnkle arthroplasty is increasingly being used to treat end-stage ankle osteoarthritis.MethodsBetween January 2005 and January 2011, 159 patients have been included in an ongoing prospective multicentric study analysing the results of total ankle arthroplasty in Portugal and Spain. 119 patients (119 replacements) were available for review and were evaluated for range of motion (ROM), clinical status (American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score), complications and survivorship rate.ResultsMean follow-up was 39 months. A total of 17 complications were reported, with 7 leading to subsequent surgery (94.1% survivorship rate). Of these, there were two infections (98.3% survivorship rate), two painful subtalar arthritis, one instability, one malalignment and one tibial bone cyst. Complications not requiring further surgery were 6 intra-operative malleolar fractures and 4 cases of skin necrosis.ConclusionsAdequate patient selection and a thorough knowledge of the surgical technique are mandatory to reduce the number of complications and increase ankle arthroplasty survivorship.     

Gelenkerhaltende Osteotomien fehlverheilter Sprunggelenk- und Pilonfrakturen

Malunion and nonunion after ankle and pilon fractures regularly lead to the development of painful functional impairment even in cases of only mild axial deviation or residual joint incongruity. Involvement of the tibial pilon results in rapid progression of posttraumatic ankle arthritis. Corrective osteotomy with joint preservation aims at secondary anatomical reconstruction with functional rehabilitation. This requires a careful preoperative analysis and will be possible in carefully selected cases only. Prerequisites for successful reconstruction are intact cartilage, sufficient bone quality, residual joint function and good patient compliance. Since the works of B. G. Weber, joint-sparing osteotomy is an established treatment option for malunited malleolar fractures with reliable long-term results and low rates of complications and secondary fusions. Key to success is the re-establishment of the length of the distal fibula and repositioning into the tibial incisura in cases of syndesmotic instability. Corrections of the medial malleolus and posterior tibial fragment are less frequent. Corrective intra-articular osteotomies for malunited pilon fractures are rarely feasible because of manifest arthritis at the time of patient presentation in most cases. Besides case reports there is only one series of 14 patients available in the literature. At 5-year follow-up, a good to excellent result was seen in 10 cases and secondary ankle fusion was done in 2 patients with a poor result. Anatomical reconstruction of malunited tibial pilon fractures appears to be a viable treatment option besides arthroplasty and fusion in carefully selected patients.     

Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis for ankle fractures: a prospective observational cohort study

Background

The gold standard for the surgical management of ankle fractures is through open reduction and internal fixation. The rate of wound problems has been reported to be as high as 18 %, especially in patients with poor vascular supply or in diabetics. Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) has been described as a potential solution for these patients.

Patients and methods

This is a prospective observational cohort study. From October 2009 to February 2010, and following ethical approval of our research, adult patients admitted at our level I trauma center with a closed lateral malleolar displaced unstable fracture (Lauge-Hansen supination-external rotation) with or without a medial-sided injury and patients with an undisplaced fracture associated with medial clear space opening on external rotation stress radiographs were recruited and managed using MIPPO technique. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months post-surgery (12–20 with a mean of 16.5 months). Trauma mechanism, comorbidities, classifications, trauma-surgery interval, image intensifier duration, surgery duration, complications, and function American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) were analyzed.

Results

Thirty-two patients were recruited of which 20 fulfilled the inclusion criteria (16 females, 4 males) and were available for follow-up. Ten fractures (50 %) were classified as 44-B1, 7 fractures (35 %) as 44-B2, and 3 fractures (15 %) as 44-B3 according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification (100 % were supination-external rotation injuries). At 8 weeks post-surgery, all fractures had healed. The duration of surgery ranged between 15 and 73 min (average 32.8) from skin incision to closure. There were 2 complications (1 malunion and 1 skin necrosis requiring implant removal). At 12-month follow-up, AOFAS average was 88.3 (72–100 standard deviation of 6.8 points).

Conclusion

MIPPO technique proved to be a viable option for lateral malleolar fracture treatment with a low complication rate and high functional outcome at 1 year. It is particularly useful in patients with a high risk of wound complication.     

关节镜辅助踝关节融合术治疗晚期创伤性踝关节炎

 目的 探讨关节镜辅助踝关节融合术对保守治疗无效的晚期创伤性踝关节炎的治疗价值。方法 2007年7月至2010年12月,采用关节镜辅助踝关节融合术治疗晚期创伤性踝关节炎21例,男14例,女7例;年龄21～68岁,平均(37±13)岁。均为单侧手术。首次踝关节外伤至踝关节融合术的时间为1~41年,平均12.6年。患者术前均接受保守治疗无效,疼痛明显。术中彻底清除关节面软骨,行关节端“微骨折”处理,初步复位后以克氏针临时固定;“C”型臂X线机透视确认位置,拧入空心螺钉固定。2例同期行关节镜辅助距下关节融合术。术后石膏固定6~10周,部分负重锻炼直至骨性愈合。结果 全部患者获得随访,随访时间1～4年,平均1.8年。术后10~16周骨性愈合,平均12周。步态均得到改善,无切口愈合不良和感染等早期并发症。3例单纯踝关节融合患者术后出现距下关节炎伴疼痛,2例经保守治疗后症状缓解、1例行开放距下关节融合术后症状缓解。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分平均(8.1±1.5)分,术后1年平均(2.7±1.1)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.153,P=0.005)。结论 对晚期创伤性踝关节炎,关节镜辅助踝关节融合术创伤小、切口小、融合率高,但对设备条件要求高,掌握该技术需要一定的学习曲线。