关键词索引1995年第15卷

Chang肠杆菌细菌学Ma 大肠杆菌I型、,粘附体纤毛,(99);毒素源性, shi 重组纤毛抗原,免疫原性,可逆性肠结扎,成免 腥泻(336);阴沟肠杆菌,诊断噬菌体(332) shuFa 发酵芽殖菌 16 S rRNA序列,定位(92)Tn Fen 分枝杆菌 多糖,免疫调节,促造血功能作用(328) Yie Huo 霍乱弧菌 多价菌苗受体,O抗原,霍乱毒素B亚单位 You (225);霍乱弧菌0139,毒力因子,核酸脉冲场 凝胶电泳(230)Jiao 酵母菌 临床感染,鉴定(250*)Jie 结核杆菌 主要蛋白抗原,小鼠淋巴细胞,增殖(81*);二 氧化硅吸附,PCR(35I’,434)’;Bactec 460 TB 系统(434) Ai Jin 金黄色葡…     

抗宋内氏志贺菌脂多糖单克隆抗体对小鼠免疫保护作用的初步研究

本文用宋内氏志贺菌加热致死后的菌体免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，以纯化脂多糖筛选，获得２株稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株，并以小鼠腹腔感染作为实验动物模型，进行单克隆抗体被动保护实验。结果表明，在攻击前输入单克隆抗体，对同型菌感染有显著保护作用，保护率随抗体剂量增加而增高。提示识别脂多糖分子上某一抗原决定簇的抗体，能够对感染起到良好的保护作用。脂多糖是志贺菌毒力相关因子之一。     

霍乱弧菌不携带毒素基因的溶原性噬菌体nct-CTXΦ基因组RS区具有复制与整合功能

目的 研究霍乱弧菌中不携带霍乱毒素基因的溶原性噬菌CTXΦ基因组（nct-CTX^classΦ）的RS区的复制与整合功能。方法 将这种噬菌体基因组的RS区克隆到不能在霍乱弧菌中复制的自杀质粒载体中，经接合转入含CTXΦ的整合位点attRS、但不含CTXΦ基因组的O1群El Tor型和O139群菌株中，分析含RS的重组自杀质粒在这些被接合菌株中的存在形式。结果 克隆了RS区的重组自杀质粒高频接合入受体菌中，在这些被接合菌株中既发生了染色体整合，同时又以质粒的形式存在于菌细胞内。结论 霍乱弧菌不携带霍乱毒素基因的CTXΦ基因组的RS区仍具有整合与质粒复制功能，可介导该基因组的复制与染色体整合。     

宋内志贺菌S7株作为活疫苗受体的研究

目的 了解一株自发突变的穴内志贺菌S7株作为活疫苗受体的安全性。方法 应用肠道细菌毒力和侵袭力检测,宋内菌大质粒DNA图谱分析和猴体口服耐受试验对S7株,S7R株进行安全性和稳定性分析。结果 S7株能很好的表达宋内O抗原,有免疫原性,毒力,侵袭力试验阴性;细菌侵入HeLa细胞的侵袭百分率为4.3%,毒株S512为83.6%;Westernblot结果表明无4种侵袭性外膜蛋白（IpaA、B、C、D）;质粒稳定性试验表明,连续传代36次,Ⅰ相大质粒仍稳定存在,S7含的Ⅰ相大质粒,猴体口服实验等与宋内毒株S512有明显的区别。结论 宋内菌S7株作为活疫苗受体是安全的,其形态的变化代表抗原的有无,标志明显,易于检测。     

El Tor型霍乱弧菌口服活疫苗候选株IEM108的构建

目的 构建能够诱导抗菌抗毒素免疫和抵抗CTXΦ转染的霍乱弧菌生物安全性口服活疫苗候选株。方法 以不产毒的EI Tor型霍乱弧菌疫苗候选株IEMl01为出发菌株，以管家基因thyA为选择压力，在IEMl01的thyA基因缺失株IEMl01-T中，通过质粒．染色体致死平衡系统表达霍乱毒素B亚单位基因ctxB和介导CTXΦ噬菌体免疫的rstR基因。在家兔模型中，通过检测血清杀弧菌抗体和抗CTB的IgG抗体来评价该新建疫苗候选株的免疫原性；以对家兔攻毒试验后肠段积液量来评价其保护力。结果 含ctxB、rstR和大肠杆菌来源的thyA基因的重组质粒在：IEMl01-T中稳定存在，GMI-ELISA检测ctxB基因能够很好表达。动物试验表明，该新建疫苗候选株能刺激机体产生高滴度的血清杀弧菌抗体和抗CTB IgG抗体，能较好抵抗至少4μg纯品CT和不同毒株的攻击。结论 应用质粒．染色体致死平衡系统构建了能抵抗CTXΦ转染和稳定表达ctxB的生物安全性抗菌抗毒口服活疫苗候选株，其在家兔模型中有较好的免疫原性和保护力。     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白真核表达质粒的构建及免疫原性的初步研究

目的 构建狂犬病病毒糖蛋白基因DNA真核表达质粒,并检测其免疫原性.方法 用RT-PCR法扩增和分离CTN株狂犬病病毒糖蛋白基因,测序后克隆至pcDNA5.0载体,构建重组质粒pcDNA5.0-G,提取质粒,转化293T细胞,检测糖蛋白瞬时表达,并以该重组质粒肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,狂犬病病毒CVS株攻击,观察小鼠存活情况.结果 酶切、测序结果显示重组质粒pcDNA5.0-G构建成功,瞬时表达结果显示糖蛋白获得大量表达.经肌肉注射质粒常规免疫小鼠,病毒攻击后小鼠保护率为73.3％,对照组为6.7％.结论 所构建狂犬病病毒糖蛋白真核表达质粒pcDNA5.0-G经肌肉注射免疫后可有效保护小鼠免受狂犬病病毒攻击,具有良好的免疫原性,这为后期核酸疫苗的研发奠定基础.     

7株O139霍乱弧菌CT基因阴性菌的生物学性状研究

目的拟从毒力基因ｃｔｘ阴性的Ｏ１３９霍乱弧菌中筛选疫苗候选株。方法用常规鉴定技术、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ技术和兔肠段结扎试验检测了７株霍乱肠毒素（ＣＴ）基因阴性的Ｏ１３９霍乱弧菌的一般特性、毒性和毒性基因;通过小肠免疫家兔,用ＰＢＬ－ＥＬＩＳＡ、ＥＬＩＳＡ和杀弧菌抗体试验评价抗原性;用家兔主动保护试验和乳鼠被动保护试验研究保护效果。结果７株菌都具有Ｏ１３９霍乱弧菌的一般特性,均不引起肠段积液,毒力基因ｃｔｘ、ｚｏｔ、ａｃｅ和ＲＳ１探针杂交结果均为阴性。Ｂ１３和９４００１免疫后０～２８天血清抗体ＩｇＧ效价一直上升,而９４００２免疫后１４天最高;９４００２的血清杀弧菌抗体峰值最高。Ｂ１３免疫家兔后可保护１０５ＣＦＵ毒株的攻击,９４００１和９４００２免疫后可保护１０５～７ＣＦＵ毒株的攻击,９４００２加强免疫后能保护１０７ＣＦＵ毒株的攻击。Ｂ１３免疫血清１４稀释后对乳鼠的保护率为２０％,９４００１和９４００２的免疫血清１１６稀释后的保护率为５０％。结论７株Ｏ１３９霍乱弧菌属于毒力基因遗传单元缺失,无毒或毒性低,其中９４００２的免疫原性和保护效果较好,且初次免疫后存在免疫记忆     

空肠弯曲菌PEB1-LTB DNA疫苗构建及其对小鼠免疫保护性的研究

目的:研究粘膜佐剂大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)辅助的空肠弯曲菌(C.jejuni)外膜蛋白PEB1基因重组DNA疫苗诱导小鼠免疫应答水平。方法:构建pcDNA3.1(-)-PEB1-LTB真核重组表达载体,转染Hela细胞,Westernblot鉴定蛋白表达。滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠,末次免疫后2周,测定小鼠血清中IgG、IgA及气管、小肠粘膜冲洗液sIgA抗体;脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-4水平。末次免疫后4周,采用空肠弯曲菌重复攻击的方式进行灌胃攻击,攻击后,根据动物疾病指数评价疫苗临床保护率。结果:构建的重组表达质粒能在Hela细胞内表达,重组蛋白。疫苗免疫小鼠后,不仅诱导了高水平血清IgG、IgA抗体,而且诱导了高水平粘膜sIgA抗体。其诱导的特异性免疫应答能有效保护免疫后小鼠免遭空肠弯曲菌的感染攻击。结论:构建的DNA疫苗经粘膜免疫能诱导小鼠产生较高水平的特异性免疫应答,能有效预防空肠弯曲菌感染。     

幽门螺杆菌全长cagA基因和霍乱毒素B亚单位基因的克隆与表达

目的：构建表达幽门螺杆菌（Hp)细胞毒素相关蛋白（CagA)及粘膜免疫佐剂量霍乱毒素B亚单位（CTB）的重组质粒，并在大肠杆菌中表达获得基因重组蛋白。方法：用PCR方法从幽门螺杆菌扩增CagA基因片段，从霍乱弧菌扩增CTB基因片段，将它们转入原核载体质粒pGEMEX-1，在大肠杆菌DH5α中克隆，并在JM109DE3中表达。结果：重组质粒pEGEMEX-CTB的全长序列经分析与GenBank公布的序列相符；各表达蛋白经SDS－PAGE分析，相对分子量与文献相符；重组蛋白经Westem blot检测有较强的抗原性。结论：基因重组菌表达的融合蛋白有可能作为有效抗原用于幽门螺杆菌疫苗的研制及检测试剂盒的制备。     

天津地区抗霍乱弧菌单克隆抗体(McAb)细胞系的建立及其应用的研究

应用天津市防病中心保存的EL-Tor霍乱弧菌小川型和稻叶型菌体抗原,混合免疫BALB/c小鼠,小鼠免疫脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞Sp 2/0-Ag 14融合,采用ELISA法筛选抗霍乱弧菌McAb阳性孔,细胞融合率为328/384(85.2％);经过三次克隆化后筛选出9株分泌抗霍乱弧菌菌体抗原的McAb杂交瘤细胞系。取其中两株细胞进行分析研究;培养上清抗体效价在     

宋内氏福氏2a双价志贺氏菌芳香族氨基酸营养缺陷型减毒株的生物学特性

ＦＳ５４－２、ＦＳ５４－３、ＦＳ５４－４、ＦＳ５４－５、Ｐｓ５４－６、ＰＳ５４－７及ＦＳ５４－７ｂ等株为本室构建的宋内氏福氏２ａ双价志贺氏菌芳香族氨基酸营养缺陷型减毒株，不但其Ｔｎ１０所携带的四环素抗性已消除，ＦＳ５４－７ｂ株的Ⅰ相大质粒Ｔｎ５所携带的卡那霉素抗性亦已消除。本文为在此基础上，进一步对双价减毒株的侵入力、毒力、免疫原性与免疫保护性及遗传稳定性等进行的研究，证明双价减毒株仍保持了入侵肠上皮细胞的能力，动物实验安全低毒，有很好的免疫原性，对小白鼠有很好的双重免疫保护性。此株显示了良好的应用前景。     

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentered trial of the efficacy of a single dose of live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in preventing cholera following challenge with Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor inaba three months after vaccination

CVD 103-HgR is a live oral cholera vaccine strain constructed by deleting 94% of the gene for the enzymatically active A subunit of cholera toxin from classical Inaba Vibrio cholerae O1 569B; the strain also contains a mercury resistance gene as an identifying marker. This vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in double-blind, controlled studies and was protective in open-label studies of volunteers challenged with V. cholerae O1. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of vaccine efficacy was designed to test longer-term protection of CVD 103-HgR against moderate and severe El Tor cholera in U.S. volunteers. A total of 85 volunteers (50 at the University of Maryland and 35 at Children's Hospital Medical Center/University of Cincinnati) were recruited for vaccination and challenge with wild-type V. cholerae El Tor Inaba. Volunteers were randomized in a double-blind manner to receive, with buffer, a single oral dose of either CVD 103-HgR (2 x 10(8) to 8 x 10(8) CFU) or placebo (killed E. coli K-12). About 3 months after immunization, 51 of these volunteers were orally challenged with 10(5) CFU of virulent V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961, prepared from a standardized frozen inoculum. Ninety-one percent of the vaccinees had a >/=4-fold rise in serum vibriocidal antibodies after vaccination. After challenge, 9 (39%) of the 23 placebo recipients and 1 (4%) of the 28 vaccinees had moderate or severe diarrhea (>/=3-liter diarrheal stool) (P < 0.01; protective efficacy, 91%). A total of 21 (91%) of 23 placebo recipients and 5 (18%) of 28 vaccinees had any diarrhea (P < 0.001; protective efficacy, 80%). Peak stool V. cholerae excretion among placebo recipients was 1.1 x 10(7) CFU/g and among vaccinees was 4.9 x 10(2) CFU/g (P < 0.001). This vaccine could therefore be a safe and effective tool to prevent cholera in travelers.     

宋内氏福氏2a双价志贺氏菌芳香族氨基酸营养缺陷型减毒株的构建

ＦＳ５４是本室构建的宋内氏福氏２ａ双价志贺氏菌杂交株，具有志贺氏菌的毒力。本研究通过遗传重组，给ＦＳ５４株引入了ａｒｏＤ基因的转座于Ｔｎ１０插入失活物（ａｒｏＤ：：Ｔｎ１０），构建了ＦＳ５４株的芳香族氨基酸营养缺陷型减毒株，并进一步去除了Ｔｎ１０所携带的四环素抗性和宋内氏１相大质粒（ｐＳＳ１２０：：Ｔｎ５）上所携带的卡那霉素抗性，得到了宋内氏福氏２ａ双价志贺氏菌芳香族氨基酸营养缺陷型减毒株Ｆｓ５４－７ｂ．     

Characterization of Aeromonas trota strains that cross-react with Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal.

It has previously been shown that Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal shares antigens with V. cholerae serogroups O22 and O155. We detected six surface water isolates of Aeromonas trota that agglutinated in polyclonal antisera to V. cholerae O139 and V. cholerae O22 but not in antiserum to V. cholerae O155. On the basis of agglutinin-absorption studies, the antigenic relationship between the cross-reacting bacteria were found to be in an a,b-a,c fashion, where a is the common antigenic epitope and b and c are unique epitopes. The antigen sharing between A. trota strains and V. cholerae O139 was confirmed in immunoblot studies. However, A. trota strains did not react with two monoclonal antibodies specific for V. cholerae O139 and, consequently, tested negative in the Bengal SMART rapid diagnostic test for V. cholerae O139 which uses one of the monoclonal antibodies. A polyclonal antiserum to a cross-reacting A. trota strain cross-protected infant mice against cholera on challenge with virulent V. cholerae O139. All A. trota strains were cytotoxic for HeLa cells, positive for adherence to HEp-2 cells, and weakly invasive for HEp-2 cells; one strain was heat-stable toxin positive in the suckling mouse assay; however, all strains were negative for cholera toxin-like enterotoxin. Studies on bacteria that share somatic antigen with V. cholerae O139 may shed further light on the genesis of V. cholerae O139.     

CpG DNA, liposome and refined antigen oral cholera vaccine

An oral cholera vaccine made up of three Vibrio cholerae antigens, i.e. lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant toxin co-regulated pili (rTcpA) and heat-treated cholera toxin (H-CT) has been developed in six different formulations. Eight-week-old Wistar rats were divided into nine groups and immunized as follows: the first group received the oral vaccine 1 consisting of the three antigens (LPS, rTcpA and H-CT) associated with a liposome (L) and bacterial CpG-DNA (ODN#1826). The rats of groups 2 and 3 received oral vaccines 2 and 3 consisting of the liposome-associated three antigens with and without non-bacterial CpG-DNA (ODN#1982), respectively. Rats of groups 4 received oral vaccine 4 consisting of the three antigens mixed with the ODN#1826, similar to vaccine 1, but without liposome. Rats of groups 5 and 6 received oral vaccines 5 and 6 consisting of the three antigens with and without ODN#1982, respectively, similar to vaccines 2 and 3, but without liposome. Rats of groups 7, 8 and 9 received oral placebos, namely liposomes (L), ODN#1826 (CpG), and vaccine diluent, i.e. 5% NaHCO3 solution, respectively. All vaccines were given in three doses at 14-day intervals. It was found that the combination of liposome and ODN#1826 in vaccine 1 evoked the highest immune response to V. cholerae antigen compared to other vaccine formulations and placebos, as measured by the appearance of antigen-specific antibody-producing cells in the intestinal lamina propria. The immunogenicity according to the magnitude of the immune response was: V1>V2=V3>V4>V5=V6>V7=V8=V9. The results of this study indicate that CpG-DNA and liposome are effective mucosal adjuvants for an oral cholera vaccine prepared from refined V. cholerae antigens and their combination seems to be synergistic. The potential role of liposome as a vaccine delivery vehicle has been confirmed.     

Development of a germfree mouse model of Vibrio cholerae infection.

A mouse model of Vibrio cholerae infection was successfully developed with germfree mice. Three- to four-week-old germfree mice were orally inoculated with strains of V. cholerae to be tested and then moved to normal housing after inoculation. Stool culture, measurement of serum vibriocidal antibody titers, and determination of immune responses to the cholera toxin B subunit demonstrated that germfree mice are readily colonized by V cholerae and develop systemic and mucosal immune responses to antigens expressed by these organisms. Immune responses to the B subunit of Shiga toxin 1, which was expressed from a V. cholerae vaccine vector, were less pronounced. This model should be valuable for studying immune responses to V. cholerae infection and immunization, including responses to heterologous antigens expressed by cholera vector strains.     

一株来自我国海南的O139霍乱弧菌与8株国外流行菌株特性比较

一株由海南某地一名霍乱患者水样便中分离的Ｏ１３９霍乱弧菌，通过表型和遗传特性测定；并与来自印度等国家的８株Ｏ１３９霍乱流行菌株作比较，结果证实此海南菌株具有与国外Ｏ１３９流行菌株相同的特性；它属于ＨｅｉｂｅｒｇＩ群，具Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌相同的生化特性，但对弧菌抑制剂（Ｏ／１２９）不敏感，它不能被Ｏ１群多价血清凝集，也不与其他型非Ｏ１群血清产生凝集。不能产生Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌的杀菌抗体。但携带与Ｏ１群霍乱弧菌同源性毒素（ＣＴ）基因，并能表达，在其培养物上清中可测到ＣＴ活性。     

Determinants of immunogenicity and mechanisms of protection by virulent and mutant Vibrio cholerae O1 in rabbits.

The colonizing capacities of 16 Vibrio cholerae strains, including nine genetically and/or phenotypically defined parent-mutant pairs, were determined in unobstructed adult rabbit small bowel. There were marked interstrain differences in colonizing capacity, which was enhanced by bacterial motility and the production of cholera holotoxin but was unrelated to production of cholera toxin B-subunit or hemolysin or to bacterial serotype or biotype. The role of colonizing capacity and other bacterial features in determining the immunizing efficiency of live V. cholerae was studied by determining the efficiency with which graded inocula of each strain immunized against attempted recolonization of the ileum or induction of choleralike diarrhea by the RITARD (removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea) challenge technique using standard inocula of virulent V. cholerae. Mucosal colonizing capacity was the only quantitative predictor of bacterial immunizing capacity; none of the other bacterial features cited above influenced bacterial immunogenicity against either type of challenge, except as they affected colonizing capacity. Live V. cholerae immunized much more efficiently than Formalin-killed bacteria; the former caused marked protection after a single inoculum of 10(2) CFU, whereas the latter gave only partial protection after three inoculations of 10(11) killed organisms. Protection induced by live bacteria was due largely to resistance to colonization and included marked inhibition of bacterial growth within the bowel lumen. These findings strongly suggest that an optimally efficient oral cholera vaccine would be composed of avirulent live V. cholerae selected for their capacity to colonize the small-bowel mucosa.     

Development and testing of a nonradioactive DNA oligonucleotide probe that is specific for Vibrio cholerae cholera toxin.

An alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probe (CTAP) that was specific for the cholera toxin gene (ctxA) was identified. All cholera toxin-producing strains of Vibrio cholerae, regardless of serotype, hybridized with the CTAP probe, while nontoxigenic strains from either environmental sources or from deletion or substitution mutations did not hybridize. Unlike the whole-gene probes for either ctxA or for the heat-labile toxin or Escherichia coli (eltA), this 23-base sequence did not hybridize with E. coli or with vibrios other than V. cholerae that produce related toxins. By using CTAP to identify colonies grown on nonselective medium, V. cholerae was enumerated at concentrations of 10(3) to 10(7)/g from stool samples of volunteers who had ingested V. cholerae O1 strain 569B. CTAP provides a specific and sensitive tool for diagnosis and environmental monitoring of cholera toxin-producing V. cholerae.     

Immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae O1 toxin-coregulated pili in experimental and clinical cholera.

A functional tcpA gene, encoding the major subunit of toxin-coregulated pili (TCP), is necessary for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa strain 395 to colonize the human intestine and confer protective immunity to virulent challenge. The immunogenicity of TCP and other antigens in experimental and naturally acquired cholera was determined. Seroconversion to cholera toxin (CT), whole cell preparations, and to Ogawa lipopolysaccharide but not to purified native TCP or to a TcpA mimiotope was found in volunteers. Local intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A from volunteers showed conversions to cholera toxin and lipopolysaccharide but not to TCP. Cholera patients in Indonesia showed a seroconversion rate to TCP of 3 of 6 and a seroconversion to a TcpA mimiotope of 1 of 6. Volunteer and patient sera showed similar vibriocidal seroconversions when assayed against either TCP-positive and TCP-negative V. cholerae O1 strains, suggesting that TCP do not contribute demonstrably to the vibriocidal antigen. We conclude that although seroconversion to TCP can occur in naturally acquired cholera, solid long-term protection can be engendered in the absence of a detectable anti-TCP immune response.