Stearic acid protects primary cultured cortical neurons against oxidative stress

AIM: To observe the effects of stearic acid against oxidative stress in primary cultured cortical neurons. METHODS: Cortical neurons were exposed to glutamate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or NaN3 insult in the presence or absence of stearic acid. Cell viability of cortical neurons was determined by MTT assay and LDH release. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes activity[superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation in cultured cortical neurons were evaluated using commercial kits. {3-[1(p-chlorobenzyl)- 5-(isopropyl)-3-t-butylthiondol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid, Na} [MK886; 5 micromol/L; a noncompetitive inhibitor of proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha], bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE; 100 micromol/L; an antagonist of PPAR gamma), and cycloheximide (CHX; 30 micromol/L, an inhibitor of protein synthesis) were tested for their effects on the neuroprotection afforded by stearic acid. Western blotting was used to determine the PPAR gamma protein level in cortical neurons. RESULTS: Stearic acid dose-dependently protected cortical neurons against glutamate or H2O2 injury and increased glutamate uptake in cultured neurons. This protection was concomitant to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to the promotion activity of Cu/Zn SOD and CAT in cultured cortical neurons. Its neuroprotective effects were completely blocked by BADGE and CHX. After incubation with H2O2 for 24 h, the expression of the PPAR gamma protein decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on the expression of PPAR gamma can be attenuated by stearic acid. CONCLUSION: Stearic acid can protect cortical neurons against oxidative stress by boosting the internal antioxidant enzymes. Its neuroprotective effect may be mainly mediated by the activation of PPAR gamma and new protein synthesis in cortical neurons.     

硬脂酸对兴奋性损伤的原代培养海马细胞的神经保护作用

目的评价硬脂酸对兴奋性损伤大鼠海马细胞的神经保护作用;对硬脂酸神经保护机制进行初步探索。方法利用MTT染色法检测细胞活力,从而检测硬脂酸对不同损伤大鼠海马神经细胞活力的影响,结合信号通路阻断剂、线粒体呼吸链阻断剂和PPARγ受体阻断剂研究信号通路、线粒体以及PPARγ对硬脂酸神经保护作用的影响。结果谷氨酸损伤、缺氧缺糖损伤以及H2O2损伤中,损伤组与对照组细胞相比,MTT染色A570值均发生了明显的降低。3~30μmol.L-1硬脂酸对3种损伤大鼠海马细胞具有不同的神经保护作用,30μmol.L-1硬脂酸保护作用最强,与损伤组相比,细胞MTT染色A570值均明显升高(P<0.01);硬脂酸对NaN3损伤大鼠海马细胞的MTT染色A570值没有影响;PPARγ受体阻断剂BADGE及PI-3K信号转导阻断剂wort-m ann in可完全取消脂肪酸对谷氨酸损伤大鼠海马细胞的神经保护作用。结论硬脂酸具有剂量依赖性的神经保护作用,线粒体的完整性是硬脂酸神经保护作用的必要条件;PPARγ受体和PI-3K信号通路在硬脂酸的神经保护途径中起着关键的介导作用。     

Effects of ketamine, midazolam, thiopental, and propofol on brain ischemia injury in rat cerebral cortical slices

AIM: To compare the effects of ketamine, midazolam, thiopental, and propofol on brain ischemia by the model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in rat cerebral cortical slices. METHODS: Cerebral cortical slices were incubated in 2 % 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution after OGD, the damages and effects of ketamine, midazolam, thiopental, and propofol were quantitativlye evaluated by ELISA reader of absorbance (A) at 490 nm, which indicated the red formazan extracted from slices, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) releases in the incubated supernate were also measured. RESULTS: Progressive prolongation of OGD resulted in decreases of TTC staining. The percentage of tissue injury had a positive correlation with LDH releases, r=0.9609, P<0.01. Two hours of     

大鼠脑片损伤模型和新型定量评价方法的建立

目的　建立不同性质脑损伤实验模型和一种方便、快速、灵敏的定量评价方法。方法　制备大鼠皮层和海马脑片 ,检测活性后 ,分别接受缺氧缺糖 (OGD)、谷氨酸、过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )损伤 ,氯胺酮、D AP5、异丙酚预处理 ,随后与TTC溶液共同孵育 ,有机溶剂抽提 ,酶标仪测定OD4 90 值 ,同时测定孵育上清液乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)释放率。结果　室温下恢复孵育 90min后 ,海马脑片CA1区锥体细胞层可记录到群体峰电位。随着OGD时间延长 ,皮层和海马脑片TTC染色明显降低 ,孵育上清液LDH释放率逐渐增加 ,组织损伤百分率与LDH释放率明显正相关 :皮层r =0 960 9,P <0 0 1 ;海马r =0 892 1 ,P <0 0 5。和对照组相比 ,谷氨酸 1mmol·L- 1 和H2 O2 2mmol·L- 1 明显降低脑片TTC染色。氯胺酮5μmol·L- 1 、D AP550 μmol·L- 1 、异丙酚 5μmol·L- 1 分别抑制OGD 1 0min、谷氨酸、H2 O2 损伤所致脑片TTC染色降低。结论　利用大鼠脑片建立的缺氧缺糖、谷氨酸和过氧化氢损伤实验模型 ,以及新鲜脑片与TTC溶液共同孵育 ,有机溶剂抽提、比色的定量评价方法具有方便、快速、灵敏的特点 ,能有效的用于脑缺血损伤和药效评价的研究     

Protection with metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor antagonists in models of ischemic neuronal death: time-course and mechanisms.

In order to study the role of metabotropic glutamate 1 (mGlu1) receptors in ischemic neuronal death, we examined the effects of the recently characterized and relatively selective mGlu1 receptor antagonists 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA) and (S)-(+)-2-(3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)-glycine (CBPG) in murine cortical cell cultures and rat organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and in vivo, following transient global ischemia in gerbils. AIDA and CBPG significantly reduced neuronal death when added to the incubation medium during the OGD insult and the subsequent recovery period. Neuroprotection was observed even when these compounds were added up to 60 min (in cortical neurons) or 30 min (in hippocampal slices) after OGD. In vivo, i.c.v. administration of AIDA and CBPG reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell injury following transient global ischemia. Neuroprotection was also observed when AIDA was added to the hippocampal perfusion fluid in microdialysis experiments, and this effect was associated with an increase in the basal output of GABA. These findings demonstrate that AIDA and CBPG are neuroprotective when administered during the maturation of ischemic damage and that different mechanisms are likely to be involved in mediating their effects following blockade of mGlu1 receptors in cortical and hippocampal neurons.     

Monosialoganglioside protected ischemic rat hippocampal slices through stabilizing expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit

INTRODUCTION Monosialoganglioside(GM1) can alleviatecerebraledema and reduce cerebral infarct volume in in vivoanimal models[1-3], and can prevent death of culturedgranule cells in vitro from anoxia as well[4]. However,meaning of data derived from a neural preparation with-out a vasculature and mammalian systemicinteractionis limited. The direct protective effect of GM1 on is-subunits are mainly distributed in the forebrain[5], and μmol/L (control group), 0.01 μmol/L(gr…     

牛磺酸对皮质神经元急性氧糖缺失所致损伤的保护作用(英文)

目的已证实牛磺酸对在体脑缺血有保护作用,本研究观察其对缺失氧糖的离体神经元是否有直接的保护作用及可能的作用机制。方法制备离体大鼠脑皮质神经元的氧糖缺失模型。在氧糖缺失前20 h及氧糖缺失4 h过程中,分别给予牛磺酸5,10和20 mmol·L-1。MTT法和流式细胞术检测神经元的死亡率;Fura-2/AM负载检测神经元内游离钙离子水平([Ca2 +]i);高效液相色谱法检测培养基中谷氨酸水平。结果氧糖缺失可致神经元死亡增加,[Ca2 +]i和培养基中谷氨酸水平异常升高;牛磺酸处理可使氧糖缺失引起的神经元死亡率明显降低,抑制氧糖缺失引起的神经元[Ca2 +]i和胞外谷氨酸浓度的异常升高。结论牛磺酸可以减轻氧糖缺失引起的大鼠皮质神经元损伤,其机制可能与其抑制胞内钙超载和抑制谷氨酸释放或漏出有关。     

H2受体介导组胺对大鼠海马缺氧缺糖诱导细胞水肿及活性降低的保护作用

目的探讨组胺对海马脑片缺血诱导细胞水肿及活性降低的作用，以及与受体亚型的关系。方法大鼠海马脑片以缺氧缺糖(OGD)诱导缺血损伤后，实时检测CA1区透光度变化评价细胞水肿；并测定2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)产物甲，评价脑片活性。观察不同浓度组胺的作用，以及组胺受体拮抗剂对组胺作用的影响。结果 组胺(0.01～10 μmol·L^-1)明显抑制OGD诱导的海马脑片透光度增加，并提高脑片活性。H₁受体拮抗剂苯海拉明(0.1～10 μmol·L^-1)不影响组胺的作用，H₂受体拮抗剂西咪替丁(0.1～10 μmol·L^-1)则部分拮抗组胺的保护作用。结论组胺对大鼠海马脑片缺血诱导细胞水肿及活性降低有保护作用，该作用与H₂受体有关。     

Protective effects of baicalin on oxygen/glucose deprivation- and NMDA-induced injuries in rat hippocampal slices

Baicalin is a flavonoid derivative from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi with various pharmacological effects. Recently, the neuroprotective effect of baicalin was reported. To confirm this effect and explore the possible mechanism, we have investigated the protective effect of baicalin on ischaemiclike or excitotoxic injury and the activation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC(alpha)) in rat hippocampal slices. In-vitro ischaemic-like injury was induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and the excitotoxic injury by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The viability and swelling of the slices were detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and image analysis of light transmittance (LT), respectively. The translocation of PKC(alpha) was measured by immunoblotting. Baicalin was added during both injuries. Baicalin (0.1, 1, and 10 micromol L(-1)) concentration-dependently inhibited OGD-induced viability reduction and acute neuron swelling, and inhibited the increased portion of PKC(alpha) present in the membrane fraction over the total PKC(alpha). Baicalin ameliorated NMDA-induced viability reduction (not LT elevation) and inhibited the NMDA-increased membrane portion of PKC(alpha) at 1 micromol L(-1). We concluded that baicalin had a protective effect on ischaemic-like or excitotoxic injury in rat hippocampal slices, which might have been partly related to inhibition of PKC(alpha) translocation.     

小鼠脑片Formazan定量测量方法评价缺血性损伤及神经保护作用

目的　建立一种定量测量 2 ,3,5 三苯基四氮唑(TTC)红色还原产物formazan的方法 ,用于评估离体脑片缺血性损伤以及依达拉奉和ONO 10 78的神经保护作用。方法　以TTC为底物在小鼠脑片生物合成formazan标准品 ,并进行分离、纯化和鉴定。小鼠脑片以缺氧缺糖 (OGD)方法诱导损伤 ,用分光光度法在 4 90nm处测量皮质和纹状体formazan合成量。依达拉奉和ONO 10 78加入培养液 ,观察其神经保护作用。结果　合成并纯化了formazan标准品 ,其纯度为 0 993,线性测量范围在 0 0 5～ 1g·L-1。OGD减少formazan合成 ,与处理时间有依赖性。依达拉奉 (0 0 1～ 1μmol·L-1)抑制OGD诱导的formazan合成减少 ,而ONO 10 78无作用。结论　定量测量formazan是一种评价离体脑片损伤及药物神经保护作用的有用方法。     

CB1 receptors and post-ischemic brain damage: studies on the toxic and neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids in rat organotypic hippocampal slices

Cannabinoids (CBs) are implicated in a number of physiological and pathological mechanisms in the central nervous system, but their exact role in post-ischemic brain injury is unclear. The toxic and neuroprotective effects of synthetic and endogenous CBs were evaluated in rat organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to 20 min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and in gerbils subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion for 5 min. When present in the incubation medium, the synthetic CB agonists WIN 55212-2 and CP 55940 (1-30 μM) and the CB1 agonist ACEA exacerbated CA1 injury induced by OGD, whereas the CB1 receptor antagonists AM 251 and LY 320135 were neuroprotective with maximal activity at 1 μM. AM 251 (at 3 mg/kg, i.p.) also attenuated CA1 pyramidal cell death in gerbils in vivo. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) reduced OGD injury in hippocampal slices at 0.1-1 μM, whereas anandamide (AEA) was neurotoxic at the same concentrations. The effects of WIN 55212-2, AEA and 2-AG in slices were all dependent on the activation of CB1 but not CB2 receptors, except for the toxic effects of AEA that were also dependent on vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. Our results suggest that exogenous administration of CB1 agonists and the production of endocannabinoids “on demand” may produce different, if not opposite, effects on the fate of neurons following cerebral ischemia.     

灯盏花素对谷氨酸诱导大鼠海马神经细胞毒性的保护作用

选用培养的海马神经细胞研究灯盏花素(breviscapine，Bre)对谷氨酸(glutamate，Glu)诱导神经细胞毒性的保护作用及其机制。新生大鼠海马神经细胞体外培养8 d后， 用L-谷氨酸(0.1， 0.5及1.0 mmol·L^-1)处理30 min； 灯盏花素处理组在加入L-谷氨酸的同时给予不同剂量的灯盏花素(10， 20及40 μmol·L^-1)； 继续正常培养24 h后， 用Annexin V联合流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡和坏死率； RT-PCR分析凋亡蛋白抑制剂XIAP mRNA的表达。结果表明， L-谷氨酸浓度依赖性地诱导神经细胞发生凋亡和坏死， 并使细胞XIAP mRNA表达发生浓度依赖性的双向变化： 0.1 mmol·L^-1 L-谷氨酸使神经细胞XIAP mRNA表达增强， 而较高浓度使XIAP mRNA表达下调。灯盏花素(20和40 μmol·L^-1)可有效抑制谷氨酸诱导的神经细胞死亡， 分别使细胞凋亡率下降30.4%和40.1%， 坏死率下降32.5%和38.8%； 并上调XIAP mRNA表达45.1%和54.9%。激光共聚焦显微技术联合Fluo-3荧光标记检测表明，L-谷氨酸处理过程中海马神经细胞内Ca²⁺水平显著升高， 而灯盏花素可抑制谷氨酸引起的细胞内Ca²⁺超载(P<0.01)。以上结果提示， 灯盏花素可能通过抑制细胞Ca²⁺超载， 调节凋亡抑制因子XIAP的表达而有效保护谷氨酸对神经细胞的兴奋性毒性作用。     

A study of the neuroprotective effect of the phenolic glucoside gastrodin during cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro

The phenolic glucoside gastrodin (Gas) is a main component extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata, a Chinese herbal medicine, which has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of Gas on cerebral ischemic injury in rats caused by transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO), oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced injury in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Additionally, the effects of Gas on the extracellular glutamate level and changes in intracellular Ca (2+) and the generation of nitric oxide (NO) were examined in cultured hippocampal neurons subjected to OGD in vitro. The results showed that the high dose of Gas (100 mg/kg) markedly decreased the infarct volume and edema volume, and improved the neurological functions after MCAO. Gas treatment (15 microg/mL, 30 microg/mL) also significantly inhibited OGD- and glutamate-induced neuronal cell death and reduced the extracellular glutamate level following OGD. Moreover, Gas treatment significantly inhibited the OGD-induced Ca (2+) and NO increases. In conclusion, the present study indicates that Gas has a neuroprotective action.     

The novel and systemically active metabotropic glutamate 1 (mGlu1) receptor antagonist 3-MATIDA reduces post-ischemic neuronal death

We examined the pharmacological properties of 3-methyl-aminothiophene dicarboxylic acid (3-MATIDA) by measuring second messenger responses in baby hamster kidney cells stably transfected with mGlu1a, mGlu2, mGlu4a or mGlu5a receptors and ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist-induced depolarizations in mouse cortical wedges. 3-MATIDA was a potent (IC(50)=6.3 microM, 95% confidence limits 3-15) and relatively selective mGlu1 receptor antagonist. When tested on mGlu2, mGlu4 or mGlu5 receptors its IC(50) was >300 microM. When tested in cortical wedges, however, 3-MATIDA was also able to antagonize AMPA or NMDA responses with an IC(50) of 250 microM. When present in the incubation medium of cultured murine cortical cells, 3-MATIDA (1-100 microM) significantly reduced the death of neurons induced by 60 min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), even when added up to 60 min after OGD. A similar neuroprotective activity was observed when 3-MATIDA was present at 10-100 microM in the medium of rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures exposed to 30 min OGD. Systemic administration of 3-MATIDA (3-10 mg/kg, immediately and 1 h after the onset of ischemia) reduced the volume of brain infarcts following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Our results show that 3-MATIDA is a potent and possibly selective mGlu 1 receptor antagonist that may be considered as a novel prototype neuroprotective agent.     

Neuroprotective effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia

Neuroprotective effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), the precursor of glutamate and a selective agonist at the Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor, against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were examined in a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. The neonatal hypoxia-ischemia procedure (unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to an 8% oxygen hypoxic condition for 1.5 h) was performed in 7-day-old rat pups. Following unilateral carotid artery ligation, NAAG (0.5 to 20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered before or after the hypoxic exposure. Brain injury was examined 1-week later by weight reduction in the ipsilateral brain and by neuron density in the hippocampal CA1 area. In the saline-treated rat, neonatal hypoxia-ischemia resulted in severe brain injury as indicated by a 24% reduction in the ipsilateral brain weight. Low doses of NAAG (2-10 mg/kg, but not 0.5 mg/kg), administered before or even if 1 h after the hypoxic exposure, greatly reduced hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury (3.8-14.2% reduction in the ipsilateral brain weight). A high dose of NAAG (20 mg/kg) was ineffective. While L(+)-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) and trans-[1S,3R]-1-Amino-cyclopentane-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) were unable to provide protection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), an inhibitor of N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase), which hydrolyzes endogenous NAAG into N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate, significantly reduced neonatal hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury. (alphaS)-alpha-Amino-alpha-[(1S, 2S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl]-9H-xanthine-9-propanoic acid (LY341495), a selective antagonist at the mGlu2/3 receptor, prevented the neuroprotective effect of NAAG. Neuron density data measured in the hippocampal CA1 area confirmed that ipsilateral brain weight reduction was a valid measure for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia stimulated an elevation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration in the saline-treated rat brain. NAAG, L-AP4 and t-ACPD all significantly decreased hypoxia-ischemia-induced elevation of cAMP. LY341495 blocked the effect of NAAG, but not of L-AP4 or t-ACPD, on hypoxia-ischemia-stimulated cAMP elevation. The overall results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of NAAG is largely associated with activation of mGlu2/3 receptor.     

Galantamine elicits neuroprotection by inhibiting iNOS, NADPH oxidase and ROS in hippocampal slices stressed with anoxia/reoxygenation

Galantamine is a drug currently used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD); in this group of patients it has been observed that concomitant ischemic brain injury can accelerate their cognitive deficit. We have previously shown that galantamine can afford neuroprotection on in vitro and in vivo models related to brain ischemia. In this context, this study was planned to investigate the intracellular signaling pathways implicated in the protective effect of galantamine on an in vitro brain ischemia-reperfusion model, namely rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation. Galantamine protected hippocampal slices subjected to OGD in a concentration-dependent manner; at 15 μM, cell death was reduced to almost control levels. The neuroprotective effects of galantamine were reverted by mecamylamine and AG490, but not by atropine, indicating that nicotinic receptors and Jak2 participated in this action. Galantamine also prevented p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by OGD; this effect was also linked to nicotinic receptors and Jak2. Furthermore, galantamine reduced iNOS induction and production of NO caused by OGD via Jak2. ROS production by NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation was also inhibited by galantamine. In conclusion, galantamine afforded neuroprotection under OGD-reoxygenation conditions by activating a signaling pathway that involves nicotinic receptors, Jak2 and the consequent inhibition of NOX and NFκB/iNOS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.     

脉络宁对原代大鼠海马神经元在氧糖剥夺/复氧中的保护作用

目的:观察脉络宁对氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)诱导的SD大鼠原代培养海马神经元损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:原代培养从新生24 h内SD乳鼠取材的海马神经元,建立氧糖剥夺30 min/复氧8 h海马神经元损伤模型。实验分为正常对照组、OGD/R模型组、脉络宁低、中、高剂量组(5,10和20μg.mL-1)。采用Hoechest33258染色测定细胞凋亡,免疫细胞化学检测各组细胞中脑红蛋白(neuroglobin,NGB)及Bcl-2的表达,PCR检测其mRNA的表达情况。结果:与OGD/R模型组比较,各剂量脉络宁组神经元凋亡率均不同程度降低(P<0.01),且随药物浓度的升高而降低;NGB和Bcl-2蛋白表达不同程度地升高(P<0.01),且随药物浓度升高而升高;NGB及Bcl-2蛋白的mRNA亦升高(P<0.01)。结论:脉络宁发挥神经保护作用可能的机制之一是抑制OGD/R诱导的海马神经元细胞凋亡,促进NGB和Bcl-2蛋白的表达。     

Neuroprotective effects of a novel poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 inhibitor,JPI‐289, in hypoxic rat cortical neurons

Excessive activation of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) is known to develop neuronal apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation after ischaemic brain injury. Therefore, PARP‐1 inhibition after ischaemic stroke has been attempted in successful animal studies. The purpose of present work was to develop a novel water soluble PARP‐1 inhibitor (JPI‐289) and explore its neuroprotective effect on ischaemic injury in an in vitro model. The half‐life of JPI‐289 after intravenous or oral administration in rats was relatively long (1.4‐1.5 hours) with 65.6% bioavailability. The inhibitor strongly inhibited PARP‐1 activity (IC₅₀=18.5 nmol/L) and cellular PAR formation (IC₅₀=10.7 nmol/L) in the nanomolar range. In rat cortical neuronal cells, JPI‐289 did not affect cell viability up to 1 mmol/L as assayed by Trypan blue staining (TBS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Treatment of JPI‐289 for 2 hours after 2 hours of oxygen glucose deprived (OGD) rat cortical neuron attenuated PARP activity and restored ATP and NAD+ levels. Apoptosis‐associated molecules such as apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), cytochrome C and cleaved caspase‐3 were reduced after JPI‐289 treatment in the OGD model. The present findings suggest that the novel PARP‐1 inhibitor, JPI‐289, is a potential neuroprotective agent which could be useful as a treatment for acute ischaemic stroke.     

Attenuation of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by specific activation of Kv7/KCNQ/Mchannels

OBJECTIVE To test any neuroprotective effect of KCNQ channel openers on ischemic injury in mice. METHODS Mouse model of ischemic-reperfusion(I/R) was established by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(t MCAO). Neurologic deficit scores and infarct volume measurement were assessed. Open field, accelerating rotarod and grip strength were performed for assessment of neurological behaviors. The in vitro model of oxygenglucose deprivation(OGD)-induced injury in mouse primary culture of cortical neurons was used, and cell viability was determined by measurement of release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and using Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8) assay after OGD injury. Whole-cel clamp recordings of cortical neuronswere carried out before and after OGD injury. RESULTS The t MCAO caused predictable and consistently sized necrotic brain lesions and behavioral deficits. Injection of KCNQ channel openersretagabine(10 mg·kg-1) or SCR2862(1 mg·kg-1) into tail vein 30 min before surgery significantly decreased neurological scores and brain infarct size in male mice(8-10 weeks)at 24 h after t MCAO. Kv7 activation improved the track length and speed of mice in open field test, and increased the latency to fallon rotarod test. The grip strength of affected side forelimb was also enhanced in mice treated with KCNQ channel openers. Furthermore, neurons incubated with KCNQ channel openers 1 h before OGD exposure showed an increased cell vitality and decreased release of LDH when subjected to OGD injuryfor 20 min.OGD exposure for 5 min caused a significant depolarization of resting membrane potential and action potential threshold in cortical neurons. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that Kv7 opener retigabine can suppress neuronal excitability by reducing the resting membrane potential, decreasing firing frequency and prolonging the action potential latency. CONCLUSION An obvious improvement in the reduction of brain injury and was observed in mouse model of ischemic injury after administration of KCNQ channel openers attenuates brain ischemic injury and also improves functional outcome. Activation of Kv7 channel function also protects cortical neurons against OGD-induced injury. Mechanistical y, KCNQ channel openers suppress neuronal hyperexcitability after OGD and brain ischemia injury.     

氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片和原代神经元缺糖/缺氧和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸损伤的保护作用

目的观察氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片和原代神经元的缺糖/缺氧(OGD)和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)损伤的潜在保护作用及其机制。方法海马脑片OGD以无葡萄糖的人工脑脊液中通95% N₂+5% CO₂诱导。通过测定TTC染色后形成的红色产物来分析脑片活性。结果氟哌啶醇(1和10 μmol·L^-1)抑制OGD损伤,抑制率分别为17.7%和25%,而D₂多巴胺受体拮抗剂多潘立酮无此作用。NMDA也能显著降低海马脑片及原代神经元的活性,而氟哌啶醇可抑制这一损伤作用。结论氟哌啶醇对大鼠离体海马脑片OGD和原代神经元NMDA损伤有保护作用。