联合血液滤过、腹腔镜等治疗急性重症胰腺炎

目的探讨联合血液滤过、腹腔镜下置管引流和丹参治疗急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）的价值。方法30例SAP患者分为两组，A组20例行常规治疗，同时施行血液滤过、腹腔镜下置管引流。应用施他宁和丹参等扩张胰腺微循环药物；B组10例仅采用常规治疗（支持治疗，应用抑制胰腺分泌药，如施他宁、胰酶抑制剂及抗生素等），分别观察TNF、IL-6、IL-8、Balthazar CT积分、APAC职Ⅱ积分。结果A组TNF、IL-6、IL-8、Balthazar CT积分、APACHEⅡ积分较B组显著降低（P〈0．05）。病死率A组为15％，B组为30％。结论联合血液滤过、腹腔镜等方法治疗SAP可提高SAP的治愈率。     

不同血液净化方法对蜂蜇伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征疗效的影响

目的 探讨不同血液净化方法对蜂蜇伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)疗效的影响.方法 回顾性分析西南医院、新桥医院和解放军第四五二医院自2000年以来行血液净化治疗的47例蜂蛰伤并发MODS患者,按血液净化方式分A组(血液透析联合血液灌流)、B组(连续性静脉静脉血液滤过联合血液灌流),对比分析两组的死亡率、机械通气时间、少尿期持续时间、住院时间及血液净化开始前的肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分和血液净化治疗48h之APACHEⅡ评分.结果 两组死亡率、血液净化治疗前肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A组机械通气时间、少尿期持续时间及住院时间明显长于B组(P<0.05);血液净化治疗48 h之A组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于B组(P<0.05).结论 与血液透析联合血液灌流相比,连续性静脉静脉血液滤过联合血液灌流治疗蜂蜇伤并发MODS的疗效具有一定的优越性.     

不同血液净化方法对蜂蜇伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征疗效的影响

目的 探讨不同血液净化方法对蜂蜇伤并发多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）疗效的影响.方法 回顾性分析西南医院、新桥医院和解放军第四五二医院自2000年以来行血液净化治疗的47例蜂蛰伤并发MODS患者,按血液净化方式分A组（血液透析联合血液灌流）、B组（连续性静脉静脉血液滤过联合血液灌流）,对比分析两组的死亡率、机械通气时间、少尿期持续时间、住院时间及血液净化开始前的肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分和血液净化治疗48h之APACHEⅡ评分.结果 两组死亡率、血液净化治疗前肌酐、APACHEⅡ评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.A组机械通气时间、少尿期持续时间及住院时间明显长于B组（P〈0.05）;血液净化治疗48 h之A组APACHEⅡ评分明显高于B组（P〈0.05）.结论 与血液透析联合血液灌流相比,连续性静脉静脉血液滤过联合血液灌流治疗蜂蜇伤并发MODS的疗效具有一定的优越性.     

早期血液滤过联合腹腔镜在治疗重症急性胰腺炎中的应用

目的探讨早期血液滤过联合腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的有效性和安全性。方法对42例SAP病人中24例在入院72h内行短期静脉血液滤过＋腹腔镜下手术并置管,此为治疗组（SL组）;18例作常规非手术治疗对照（N组）。结果对比2组的病死率、治愈率、治疗后腹痛消失、腹胀减轻时间、住院时间和费用、治疗后APACHEII评分变化情况,治疗组（SL组）均优于对照（N组）（P〈0．01）,SAP并发症发生率治疗组（SL组）均低于对照（N组（P〈0．01）。结论SAP早期血液滤过联合腹腔镜治疗有利于及早控制病情,提高疗效。     

早期血液滤过对脓毒血症患者血浆IL-10和单核细胞人白细胞抗原-DR表达的影响

目的：探讨持续血液滤过开始时间对脓毒血症患者血浆IL-10和人白细胞抗原-DR表达的影响,评价血液滤过治疗效果。方法：选择本院ICU住院的40例脓毒血症患者,并按随机数字表法分为A组（早期血液滤过）和B组（晚期血液滤过）。在床旁持续血液滤过治疗开始后0h、12h、24h、48h、7d分别采集血液标本并检测细胞因子IL-10和单核细胞人白细胞抗原-DR（HLA-DR）的表达。结果：血液滤过治疗后,血液中细胞因子IL-10较治疗前均有下降,HLA-DR的表达也有所提高,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。但是A组与B组相比较,A组疗效优于B组（P〈0.05）。经治疗后,A组患者APACHEⅡ评分较B组明显降低。结论：血液滤过治疗能显著减少血浆中的抗炎细胞因子IL-10的表达,早期进行血液滤过治疗,能更好的改善预后,减轻患者的危重程度,这可能与患者血浆中HLA-DR表达上调有关。     

应用连续性血液滤过治疗妊娠期并发重症急性胰腺炎患者的临床疗效及对炎症反应的影响

目的探讨应用连续性血液滤过治疗妊娠期并发重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者的临床疗效,及对其炎症反应的影响,为临床诊治SAP提供参考依据。方法选择2012年1月-2017年7月山西省人民医院收治的妊娠期并发SAP患者80例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组40例与观察组40例,对照组采取常规对症支持治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上应用连续性血液滤过治疗。观察对比两组治疗前后生命体征、急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8 (IL-8)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平的变化,对比两组患者治疗后多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生率、多器官功能衰竭(MOF)发生率和死亡率发生情况。结果治疗后两组患者心率、呼吸频率与APACHEⅡ评分均较治疗前显著降低,平均动脉压较治疗前显著升高,且观察组心率、呼吸频率与APACHEⅡ评分低于对照组,平均动脉压高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0. 05),两组患者治疗后体温对比差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。治疗后,两组患者血清TNF-α、IL-8、IL-6、CRP均较治疗前显著降低,且观察组患者血清TNF-α、IL-8、IL-6、CRP低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0. 05)。观察组MODS发生率、MOF发生率、死亡率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0. 05)。结论连续性血液滤过能够有效改善妊娠期并发SAP患者的临床症状,抑制炎症反应。     

高容量血液滤过对重症胰腺炎并发急性肺损伤患者肺功能及肾功能的影响

目的探讨高容量血液滤过对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发急性肺损伤患者肺功能及肾功能的影响。方法根据不同治疗方案将82例SAP并发急性肺损伤患者分为观察组(44例)与对照组(38例),对照组采取常规内科治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加以高容量血液滤过治疗。比较两组治疗前、治疗72 h时APACHEⅡ评分、心肺功能(HR、RR、氧合指数)、肾功能(Cr、BUN)及相关炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、WBC、CRP)指标,并记录两组机械通气时间、并发症及转归情况。结果与治疗前比较,两组治疗72 h APACHEⅡ评分、HR、RR、Cr、BUN、血清WBC、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均显著下降,氧合指数显著上升,且观察组下降或上升幅度均明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组平均机械通气时间显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组并发症发生率及死亡率比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论高容量血液滤过对SAP并发急性肺损伤患者肺、肾脏器有保护作用,能明显抑制炎症因子,可作为临床重要治疗手段。     

宫腹腔镜手术联合中医综合疗法治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症对患者血液流变学的影响分析

目的探讨宫腹腔镜手术联合中医综合疗法治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症对患者血液流变学的影响。方法选取我院就诊的300例输卵管阻塞性不孕症患者,随机均分为A、B、C三组。A组给予中药灌肠、丹参注射液灌肠和中药口服治疗,B组给予丹参注射液灌肠,C组给予常规西药治疗,三组均给予宫腹腔镜手术治疗。分别于三组治疗前后检测患者血液流变学。结果治疗后三组血液流变学指标均显著性降低(P0.05);治疗后A组血液流变学指标较B组和C组显著性偏低(P0.05);治疗后B组和C组血液流变学指标无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论采用宫腹腔镜手术联合中医综合疗法治疗输卵管阻塞性不孕症,能有效的改善患者血液流变学状态,具有较好的疗效。     

甘遂治疗重症急性胰腺炎的前瞻性临床研究

目的探讨中药甘遂在治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)中的作用及其机制.方法将37例SAP患者随机分为甘遂组和对照组,观测和对比两组临床指数,实验室指标和Balthazar CT评分.结果(1)两组入院时的相关指标均无显著性差异(均P＞0.05).(2)血清TNFα、IL-6治疗后3,7,14d甘遂组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(3)血浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1α及TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值入院后3,7,14dTXB2较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而6-keto-PGF1α各时点两组无显著差别(P＜0.05),TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α比值于入院后14d甘遂组显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(4)腹痛缓解时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、血、尿淀粉酶正常时间、体温和白细胞计数恢复时间甘遂组均显著短于对照组(均P＜0.01).(5)APACHEⅡ评分和Balthzar CT分级评分入院后7,14d于APACHEⅡ评分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);Baltharzar CT分级评分于入院后14d甘遂组低于对照组(P＜0.05).(6)平均住院日、并发症发生率甘遂组均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(7)中转手术率、死亡率两组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论(1)甘遂组治疗SAP有确切疗效.(2)甘遂可能通过下调TNFα、IL-6的血清水平达到治疗SAP的目的.(3)甘遂可能通过降低TXA2/PGI2比值从而改善胰腺微循环.(4)甘遂治疗SAP的作用机理可能是多途径、多靶点的.     

杂合式血液净化技术联合胃肠洗消溶液治疗重度有机磷中毒的临床观察

将某医院急诊科2013年1月至2016年6月收治的急性重度有机磷中毒患者,仅采取常规治疗的28例作为对照组(A组),剩余患者随机分为常规治疗加杂合式血液净化治疗组(B组)和常规治疗加杂合式血液净化治疗、胃肠洗消溶液鼻饲治疗组(C组),并比较三组临床疗效。结果显示,与A组比较,B组、C组患者血清胆碱酯酶上升快、呼吸衰竭、中间综合征发生率低,ICU治疗时间短,死亡率低,且C组疗效优于B组(均P0.05),但C组与B组死亡率的差异无统计学意义。三组患者治疗3 d、5 d、10 d后APACHEⅡ评分均较治疗前下降(P0.05),且同一治疗时间B组、C组APACHEⅡ评分均低于A组(P0.05),C组APACHEⅡ评分低于B组(P0.05)。提示杂合式血液净化技术联合胃肠洗消溶液治疗急性重度有机磷中毒疗效较好。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.