臂丛神经根性损伤膈神经移位术对青壮年患者早期呼吸功能的影响

目的研究臂丛神经损伤膈神经移位术对青壮年患者早期呼吸功能的影响.方法对16例接受膈神经移位治疗的患者,在术前、术后（10 d）进行肺功能指标的比较,同时定期进行门诊随访,观察呼吸系统自觉症状程度.结果13例术后出现了不同程度的供氧不足症状,16例全部出现一侧膈肌抬高,术后第10天肺活量（VC）、肺活量预计值百分数（VC%）分别比术前减少37.98%和26.88%,两者差异有统计学意义（tvc=11.532、tvc%=0,P＜0.01）.其它项目如残气量（RV）较术前轻度下降,肺总量（TLC）下降值达到术前肺总量的36.49%,残气量/肺总量比值（RV/TLC%）较术前上升了4.75%,上述各指标的差值均有统计学意义.1 s用力呼气量/用力肺活量比值（FEV1/FVC）和术前比基本无改变,但其差值有统计学意义.膈神经移位右侧（10例）与左侧（6例）术前、术后肺活量比较差异有统计学意义.术后随访8个月～2年,所有患者均无明显呼吸困难和胸闷等症状.结论膈神经移位术后对青壮年患者肺容量有较大的丧失,肺通气功能减弱和小气道阻力增加,但其丧失程度在机体自身代偿耐受范围内,不会导致急剧发生的严重呼吸功能障碍.建议对右侧臂丛神经根性损伤的患者,术前进行严格的肺、心功能检查,避免发生较为严重的并发症.     

术前肺通气功能与术中肺通气功能和术后呼吸衰竭的关系

目的探讨机械通气时呼吸力学与术前肺功能的关系,确定术前肺通气功能参数能否预测术后呼吸衰竭。方法择期行肺切除术的原发性肺癌病人100例,ASAⅠ级或Ⅱ级,术前测定常规肺功能：第1秒用力呼气容量（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量与用力肺活量之比（FEV1/FVC）、最大肺活量（VC）、最大通气量（MVV）、75%肺活量位用力呼气流速（FEF75）、最大中期呼气流速（MMEF75/25）、功能残气量（FRC）和残气量与肺总量之比（RV/TLC）;脉冲震荡肺功能参数：共振频率（Fres）、呼吸总阻抗（Zres）、中心阻力（Rc）、5 Hz和20 Hz时粘性阻力（R5、R20）。插管后机械通气初始时记录双肺气道峰压和双肺胸肺顺应性,开胸单肺通气肺萎陷时记录单肺气道峰压（Ppeak）和单肺胸肺顺应性（CT）。单肺通气时Ppeak和CT与身高、体重及肺功能的关系采用多元逐步回归。一般情况和术前肺功能与术后呼吸衰竭的关系采用非条件logistic回归分析。根据术后是否发生呼吸衰竭分为2组：呼吸衰竭组（RF）和非呼吸衰竭组（NRF）。结果Ppeak与Zres、身高、体重和FEF75呈线性关系（R^2=0.504,P〈0.01）,CT与Zres、身高、VC和RV/TLC呈线性关系（R^2=0.602,P〈0.01）。与NRF组比较,RF组FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV和MMEF75/25均降低（P〈0.05或0.01）。年龄≥60岁的中老年患者FEV1≤60%、FEV1/FVC≤60%、MVV≤50%、MMEF75/25≤35%时,RF组术后呼吸衰竭发生率高于NRF组（P〈0.05或0.01）。logistic回归表明,年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。结论术中单肺通气时Ppeak和CT分别与身高、体重和术前肺功能呈线性关系。年龄和MVV是术后呼吸衰竭的两个主要预测因素。     

进胸膈神经全长切断后的肺功能变化观察

目的 研究全长膈神经移位术对肺功能的影响。方法 对15例行全长膈神经移位肌皮神经术的全臂丛根性撕脱伤病人的术后肺功能进行回顾性分析。11例共随访42～48个月，4例在随访过程中失访。结果 所有病例术后无呼吸功能障碍，胸部X线片中均出现不同程度的术侧膈肌麻痹和抬高（高1．0～1．5个肋间）。肺功能参数如肺活量、肺活量占预期值的百分比、残气量、肺总量、功能残余量、第1秒用力呼气量在术后1年均恢复到术前水平，但所有病例的最大吸气压值即使在术后4年仍比预期值有明显降低（平均降低20％）。结论 单侧膈神经完全切断后的肺功能参数均在术后1年内逐渐恢复到术前水平。     

强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎后凸畸形患者膈肌旋转与肺功能的相关性分析

目的 :分析强直性脊柱炎(AS)胸腰椎后凸畸形患者膈肌矢状位旋转程度与肺功能的相关性。方法 :以2011年6月~2014年1月在我院行截骨矫形术的AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者30例为研究对象,术前均进行肺功能测定,肺功能参数包括:肺活量(lung volume capacity,VC)、每分钟通气量(minute ventilation volume,MVV)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、第1秒最大呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、第1秒最大呼气率(FEV1/FVC)、最大呼气流量(maximum expiratory flow volume,PEF)、补吸气量(inspiratory reserve volume,IRV)和补呼气量(expiratory reserve volume,ERV),根据肺功能实测值计算所有肺功能指标占预计值的百分比;对其躯干进行术前三维CT重建,在正中矢状面上测量膈肌旋转角(diaphragm rotation angle,DA)和T1-S1 Cobb角,应用相关软件对正中矢状面上测量的DA和术前T1-S1 Cobb角及肺功能参数进行相关性分析。结果:手术前30例患者的VC为(68.26±6.78)%,MVV为(56.71±6.90)%,FVC为(69.10±6.34)%,FEV1为(43.24±5.67)%,FEV1/FVC为(46.48±3.81)%,PEF为(78.07±11.91)%,IRV为(54.85±6.37)%,ERV为(63.37±19.73)%;DA为-28.18°±9.67°,T1-S1 Cobb角为49.17°±7.43°。DA与T1-S1 Cobb角呈负相关(r=-0.5337,P0.05),与VC和FVC、PEF、IRV、ERV呈正相关(r=0.6184、0.3893、0.4966、0.3732、0.3633,P0.05),与FEV1、FEV1/FVC和MVV无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论 :AS胸腰椎后凸畸形患者膈肌在矢状位上的旋转程度随后凸程度的增加而加重,肺功能随膈肌旋转程度增加而下降。     

胸廓成形对脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形术后肺功能的影响

目的:探讨胸廓成形术对严重脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形手术后肺功能的影响。方法:我院脊柱外科2007年1月~2009年12月收治的30例胸弯Cobb角大于70°伴有肺功能障碍的脊柱侧凸且有完整资料的患者纳入本研究。男12例,女18例;年龄11~34岁,平均18.8±6.2岁;术前Cobb角70°~140°,平均101.0°±19.9°。所有患者均行后路矫形手术和凸侧胸廓成形术。术前、术后3个月和2年时应用肺功能检查(PFT)评估患者的肺功能状况,分析肺功能变化率与术后恢复时间的关系。结果:侧凸Cobb角矫正至53.0°±20.9°,平均矫正率为49.2%。随访3~24个月,平均12.8个月,与术前肺功能参数相比,术后3个月时患者的肺活量(VC)下降了15.0%,VC实测值与预计值的百分比(VC%)下降了15.8%,用力肺活量(FVC)下降了16.5%,FVC实测值与预计值的百分比(FVC%)下降了17.3%,第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)下降了12.7%,FEV1实测值与预计值的百分比(FEV1%)下降了13.1%,与术前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。其中8例患者随访时间达到2年,末次随访时患者的肺功能参数略高于术前的基础水平,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。术后肺功能参数(VC、VC%、FVC、FVC%、FEV1、FEV1%)变化率均与手术后的恢复时间成正相关。结论:严重脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形同时进行胸廓成形术后肺功能在近期内会明显下降,但是随着恢复时间的延长,肺功能逐渐回到术前基础水平。     

静脉和硬膜外自控镇痛对肺叶切除术后肺功能的影响

目的　比较静脉与硬膜外病人自控镇痛 (PCIA与PCEA)对肺叶切除术后肺功能的影响。方法　 44例择期行单肺叶切除病人 ,随机分成PCIA组和PCEA组。分别于术前、术后 2 4、48h用脉冲振荡肺功能测定仪 (IOS)测定肺功能。结果　PCEA组与PCIA组术前肺功能无统计学差异 ;术后 2 4h两组与术前比较用力肺活量 (FVC)、1秒用力呼气量 (FVE1 )降幅较大 (P <0 0 5) ,呼吸总阻抗 (Zrs)、共振频率(Fres)、35Hz时呼吸阻力 (R35)、5Hz时呼吸电阻 (X5)升高显著 (P <0 0 5) ;术后 48h两组FVC、FEV1 、Zrs、Fres、R35、X5较术后 2 4h有所恢复 ,但PCEA组恢复更好 (P <0 0 5)。结论　胸科手术后用PCEA、PCIA均能获得较好的镇痛效果 ,但PCEA对病人早期肺功能的恢复作用积极明显     

选择进胸取膈神经移位路径的应用解剖学研究

目的 为选择进胸取膈神经移位治疗臂丛神经根性损伤的移位路径提供解剖学依据。方法 对29侧尸体标本，观测进胸获取膈神经，经不同路径移位可到达的上臂部位。结果 进胸取膈神经经肋间引出胸腔作移位时，经第二肋间腋前线处引出的膈神经远端，距肱骨内外髁连线的距离最近，平均为上臂长度的38.6%(左侧）和52.4% (右侧）。膈神经丛颈部抽出经胸腔外移位时，沿臂丛神经行径置于锁骨后方的膈神经远端，距上臂内髁的距离最近，平均为上臂长度的25.9%(左侧）和39.0%(右侧）。结论 上述两种路径分别为进胸取膈神经经肋间和经胸腔外移位，修复上臂部神经的最短路径。     

电视胸腔镜下肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿68例

目的 评价电视胸腔镜肺减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺气肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2012年6月,68例重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者施行肺减容术的随访资料.随访观察对比术前及术后6个月、1年和2年的第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1.0)、最大肺活量(FVC)、残气量(RV)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)和6 min步行距离(6-MWD)的改变.结果 术后患者肺功能、血气指标、6 min步行距离均有明显改善.结论 胸腔镜肺减容术能明显改善部分具有手术适应证的重度慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者的临床症状和生理状况,提高生活质量.     

呼吸训练器在老年病人围术期的应用

将100例行外科手术的老年病人随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,对照组行常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上于术前、术后应用呼吸训练器进行呼吸功能锻炼.结果术前观察组1 s呼气量(FEV1)和深吸气量(IC)较锻炼前有明显改善(均P＜0.05),FEV1较对照组明显好转(P＜0.05);手术后观察组肺功能较对照组恢复迅速,术后3 d两组用力肺活量(FVC)、FEV1和IC及PaO2值比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.05).肺部并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).提示应用呼吸训练器于老年病人围术期行呼吸功能锻炼能显著改善肺功能,增加肺功能储备,降低术后肺部并发症.     

肺功能测定对胸腹部手术危险性的预测

目的:探讨肺功能检测对胸腹部手术患者手术危险性评估的意义.方法:利用MASTER+APS肺功能测量仪对282例病人进行术前肺功能测定,主要指标包括用力肺活量(FVC)、FVC％,1s用力呼气量(FEV1),FEV1％,每分钟最大通气量(MVV),MVV％.分析肺功能与胸腹部手术危险性的关系(包括术后并发症、住院时间等).结果:随着肺功能的下降,手术危险性增加,并发症的发生率上升,住院天数增加.结论:对接受胸腹部手术的病人进行术前肺功能测定,可以了解病人的呼吸系统功能状况,对病人的手术耐受性和术后并发症做出恰当的判断,制定合理的治疗方案,最大限度的利用肺功能,有效减少术后并发症的发生,缩短手术时间,减少创伤,提高治愈率.     

Pulmonary function for pectus excavatum at long-term follow-up

PURPOSE: The aim of this article was to assess whether and to what extent pulmonary function recovered to normal degree postoperatively and to investigate the changes in pulmonary function after surgical correction and the value of surgical correction. METHODS: A total of 27 patients who could be questioned and examined in person at the outpatient department of our hospital were included in this study. Of these patents, 24 were boys and 3 were girls. Their ages ranged from 3 to 16 years (mean, 8.67) at follow-up. The mean age at surgery was 4 years, and mean years of follow-up was 6.8. Pulmonary functional measurements included in vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), RV-TLC ratio, maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), force ventilatory capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal midexpiratory flow curve (MMEF), maximal expiratory flow in 75% vital capacity (V75), maximal expiratory flow in 50% vital capacity (V50), maximal expiratory flow in 25% vital capacity (V25), and breathing reserve ratio (BR). RESULTS: TLC, FRC, MVV, MMEF, V75, and V50 values were not different from the normal values. IVC, FVC, FEV1, and V25 values were decreased significantly compared with the normal values. The RV and RV-TLC were high in 87.5% cases. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative symptoms obviously improved after operation. There was little airway obstruction in the patients postoperatively. The patients with pectus excavatum should be operated on as soon as possible.     

Pattern of lung volumes in patients with sighing breathing.

BACKGROUND--Sighing breathing is observed in subjects suffering from anxiety with no apparent organic disease. METHODS--Lung volumes and expiratory flow rates were measured in 12 patients with a sighing pattern of breathing and in 10 normal subjects matched for age, gender, and anthropometric data. In both groups the measurements were made by spirographic and plethysmographic techniques. In normal subjects functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV) were measured during normal breathing and again during simulated sighing breathing to exclude technical artifacts resulting from hyperventilation during measurement by the helium closed circuit method. RESULTS--Patients with a sighing pattern of breathing had a normal total lung capacity (TLC) but significantly different partitioning of lung compartments compared with normal subjects. The vital capacity (VC) was lower when measured by both spirographic and plethysmographic methods and RV was higher. The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was also lower in patients with sighing breathing. The FEV1/VC and the maximal expiratory flow rates at 50% and at 25% of the forced vital capacity (V50 and V25) were normal and similar in both groups. In normal subjects there were no differences in RV when measured during quiet or simulated sighing breathing. CONCLUSIONS--Subjects with sighing breathing have a normal TLC with a higher RV and lower VC than normal subjects. There was no obvious physiological or anatomical explanation for this pattern.     

Pulmonary function after complete unilateral phrenic nerve transection

OBJECT: The status of pulmonary function following phrenic nerve transfer surgery is still largely unknown because of the high degree of variability in the accessory phrenic nerve that may be involved. In the present study, pulmonary functions were assessed in patients before and after full-length phrenic nerve transfer surgery, in whom the phrenic nerve was severed at a location just before its entry into the diaphragm. METHODS: Fifteen patients (average age 27.4 years) with complete brachial plexus palsy underwent full-length phrenic nerve transfer. The phrenic nerve was harvested from the thoracic cavity by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery and then transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve. Postoperative pulmonary functions were retrospectively analyzed. Patients underwent follow-up evaluation for 42 to 48 months; four patients were eventually lost to follow up. Although no patient experienced pulmonary problems following the surgery, all sustained varying degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis and elevation (for 1-1.5 intercostal spaces) on the surgically treated side as seen on chest x-ray films. Pulmonary functional parameters, including vital capacity, vital capacity in percentage of predicted values, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second, recovered to preoperative levels by 1 year postsurgery. In contrast, the postoperative maximal inspiratory pressure value was significantly decreased compared with the predicted values (average decrease approximately 20%) in all of the patients, even at 4 years after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In young patients with healthy lung function, unilateral phrenic nerve transection surgery can cause unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and reduce the inspiration muscle force; however, most pulmonary function parameters gradually recover to preoperative levels within 1 year.     

Lung volumes in normal Cantonese subjects: preliminary studies.

Measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, functional residual capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), and RV/TLC ratio have been made in 331 normal Cantonese subjects (134 male and 197 female). The results have been expressed in multiple regression equations relating the volumes to age, height, and weight and have been compared with those of other workers. Lung volumes obtained in this study are in general lower for Chinese subjects than those reported for Caucasians. Similar findings for FVC were reported by Chuan and Chia (1969) in Singapore and by Wu and Yang (1962) in Taiwan. Significant differences, however, are noted for FRC, TLC, RV, and RV/TLC between our findings and those of Chuan and Chia. Our series is unbalanced because of an uneven distribution of age groups. In fact in none of the reported studies on Chinese subjects, including that of da Costa (1971), is the series large or balanced. Clearly, further research is required in this ethnic group to get more reliable predictive formulae for lung volumes.     

Pulmonary function after posterior retroperitoneoscopic surgery

Pulmonary function tests were performed in 12 patients who underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic surgery, before and on the 3rd and 7th days after operation. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FCV, vital capacity (VC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV) and functional residual capacity (FRC) were not significantly different between before and after surgery. It is assumed that posterior retroperitoneoscopic surgery could be performed without impairment of pulmonary function after surgery.     

Respiratory evaluation of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis prior to renal transplantation

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) are important in predicting preoperative pulmonary complications and mortality rate in potentially renal transplant recipients. There is no adequate clinical research aimed at learning the effect of empty and full status of the peritoneal cavity on PFTs and CPET for estimating decide PFTs and CPET timing in preoperative evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PFT and CPET results are altered in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) according to the presence of dialysis solution in the abdomen. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 22 subjects were included (12 male, 10 female, mean age 29.64 +/- 8.29 years, CAPD duration, 37.35 +/- 7.15 months). Data were collected from each patient when the peritoneal cavity was filled with solution (full status) and again when the cavity had been drained (empty status). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), and residual volume (RV) were calculated. Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) and exercise duration were determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS: When the peritoneal cavity was empty, mean (+/- SD) values for the parameters tested were % predicted FEV1: 85 +/- 17%, %FEV1/FVC: 84 +/- 8%, % predicted TLC: 98 +/- 17%, % predicted RV: 108 +/- 25%, % predicted DLCO: 90 +/- 14%, peak VO2: 43 +/- 11 ml/kg/min, test duration: 6.8 +/- 1.6 min. When the peritoneal cavity was full, mean (+/- SD) values were % predicted FEV1: 86 +/- 17%, %FEV1/FVC: 83 +/- 7%, % predicted TLC: 91 +/- 14%, % predicted RV: 95 +/- 22%, % predicted DLCO: 87 +/- 16%, peak VO2: 42 +/- 8 ml/kg/min, test duration 6.5 +/- 1.7 min. % predicted FEV1, %FEV1/FVC, % predicted DLCO and peak VO2 were not statistically significant between the mean values at empty status versus those at full status (p < 0.05 for all). There were significant decreases between the mean values for % predicted TLC and % predicted RV at full status versus empty status (p < 0.002 for TLC, p < 0.001 for RV). No statistically significant correlation was found between PFTs and % change ratio of dialysate. CONCLUSION: FEV1, %FEV1/FVC, % predicted DLCO and CPET test results do not differ according to abdomen status in CAPD patients suggesting that the timing of PFT maneuver does not affect preoperative transplantation evaluation. Therefore, when evaluating the results of these tests prior to transplantation period, the presence of dialysis solution in the abdomen may be ignored.     

斜角肌间沟锁骨上入路臂丛阻滞对通气功能的影响

目的：观察两种麻醉方法对患者呼吸功能的影响。方法：用日本产ＭＩＣＲＯＳＰＩＲＯ－２９８型呼吸功能仪检测了１０例肌间沟入路和８例锁骨上入路臂丛神经阻滞患者麻醉前后的通气功能。结果：发现患者肺活量（ＶＣ）、用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ）、１秒钟时间肺活量（ＦＥＶ１）均有显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），其下降幅度与既往报道由于单侧膈肌麻痹所造成的通气降低幅度相近。结论：作者认为此两种麻醉方法均可阻滞膈神经而导致单侧膈肌麻痹，引起通气功能降低，故此提出：（１）并发心肺疾患、呼吸代偿能力低下或有严重胸部损伤、呼吸功能不全者，慎行此两种神经阻滞；（２）不宜同时进行对侧锁骨上和肌间沟阻滞；（３）麻醉中慎用强力镇静药，以避免进一步加重呼吸抑制。     

Forced expiratory indices in normal Libyan men.

Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced expiratory ratio in the first second (FEV1% VC), forced expiratory flow between 200 and 1200 ml (FEF200-1200), and forced mid expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FMF) were measured in 275 Libyan men ranging from 20 to 60 years. All values were lower with increasing age and, apart from FEV1% VC, were positively correlated with standing height. This study can be used as a source of reference for Libyan men.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前肺功能与肺容积相关性研究：利用CT三维重建肺容积

目的 搜集三维CT重建下青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前总肺容积（total lung volume,Vt）、右肺容积（volume of right lung,Vr ）、左肺容积（volume of left lung,Vl ）和左侧肺容积/右侧肺容积比值（Vl/Vr）与年龄相关对照值比较是否存在差异,并且回顾性研究术前肺容积和肺功能参数相关性.方法 共24例患者,平均Cobb角52°.所有患者术前行肺功能检查（通气和弥散）,胸部CT扫描,并进行肺实质三维重建.Vt、Vr、Vl、Vl/Vr和右侧与左侧肺容积差值绝对值（︱Vr-Vl︱）分别与肺功能测量结果进行相关性分析.以肺活量（vital capacity,VC）、用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）和肺总量（total lung capacity,TLC）为因变量,与肺容积数据建立多元线性回归分析模型,获得回归方程.结果 Vt与VC、FVC呈正相关（P＜0.05）,Vt与TLC近似正相关（P=0.055）,与50%肺活量时最大呼气流量（forced expiratory flow of 50% forced vital capacity,FEF50%）、FEF75%呈负相关,与其他参数均无相关性（P＞0.05）.︱Vr-Vl︱与最大通气量占预计值百分比（percentages of maximal ventilatory volume to predicted values,MVV%）呈负相关,与弥散参数无相关性（P＞0.05）;男性和女性患者Vt与Vr较对照值均减小,女性患者Vl/Vr和对照值差异有统计学意义.结论 青少年特发脊柱侧凸术前Vt与VC、FVC、TLC呈明显正相关;侧凸患者Vt、Vr较正常对照值减小.从单纯的保存肺功能角度,建议后路手术尽量减少两侧肺容积不对称性,可以阻止MVV%继续下降.