大肠癌合并肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的：探讨大肠癌并肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1993至2003年收治手术52例大肠癌并肠梗阻临床资料。结果：52例患者中一期右半结肠切除12例；一期左半结肠切除23例；一期左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除、近端结肠造瘘、封闭远端结肠或直肠二期吻合14例：直肠癌晚期无法切除根治行乙状结肠造瘘5例，术后并发症发生率13．46％(7／52)，围手术期死亡率3．85％(2／52)。结论：提高本病认识，合理选择外科治疗；做好围手术期处理是提高疗效和改善生活质量的关键。     

结肠癌致肠梗阻患者的外科治疗（附32例报告）

目的探讨结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析1991—2007年32例结肠癌致肠梗阻的外科治疗资料。结果32例患者中行Ⅰ期结肠癌根治性切除肠管端端吻合术共24例，其中右半结肠切除7例，横结肠切除3例，左半结肠切除5例，乙状结肠切除9例。行左半结肠切除、横结肠造口，关闭远端结肠备Ⅱ期吻合2例；乙状结肠癌根治性切除结肠造口1例；肿瘤无法切除行结肠侧侧吻合或造口5例。术后并发症发生率21．9％（7／32），围术期死亡率3．1％（1／32）。结论重视对结肠癌致肠梗阻的认识，早期诊断，根据病情选择合理手术方式，做好围术期处理是减少术后并发症、提高疗效的重要措施。     

分段切除多原发性大肠癌

本院自 1985～ 1995年共收治大肠癌 843例 ,同时多源性大肠癌 5例 ,其中 3例在非相邻肠段者采用分段切除 ,效果满意 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料5例同时癌中 ,男 4例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 5 0 5 ( 3 7～ 64 )岁 ;均符合Ｍｏｅｒｔｅｌ诊断原则 ,均有二处癌灶。升结肠、乙状结肠各一癌 2例 ;乙状结肠下段、直肠下段各一癌 1例 ;结肠肝曲、脾曲各一癌 1例 ;结肠肝曲、乙状结肠各一癌 1例。其中粘液腺癌 1例 ,中分化腺癌 1例 ,高分化腺癌 2例 ,乳头状腺癌 1例。行右半结肠、乙状结肠切除 3例 ,ｍｉｌｅｓ术 1例 ,横结肠切除 1例。2　讨　　论目前…     

高龄大肠癌外科治疗56例分析

目的探讨高龄大肠癌外科治疗与围手术期处理的有关问题。方法回顾分析2005年6月至2010年6月手术治疗的56例75岁以上高龄大肠癌病例。手术切除50例（89．2％）,其中根治性切除37例（66．1％）,姑息性切除13例（23．2％）,单纯结肠造瘘术6例（10．7％）。结果术后并发症16例（28．6％）,无围手术期死亡。结论充分针对高龄患者特点的围手术期处理、合理选择手术方式是减少高龄大肠癌术后并发症和病死率、改善生存质量的关键。     

腹腔镜结肠直肠肿瘤切除术的临床作用

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术在结肠直肠肿瘤切除术中的应用和临床效果。方法：利用腹腔镜技术对109例结肠直肠肿瘤病人进行手术，并对手术操作、术后情况以及并发症等进行分析。结果：109例病人中转开腹手术11例，占10．1％。98例采用腹腔镜方法完成手术切除，其中结肠直肠腺瘤3例，结肠直肠癌95例。95例结肠直肠癌行姑息性切除5例，根治性切除90例；术式为Miles手术31例，右半结肠切除27例，乙状结肠切除18例，前切除16例，降结肠切除2例，横结肠切除1例。本组病人术中无其他脏器损伤、大出血、气体栓塞等发生，术后无因出现并发症而行再手术治疗者，无一例死亡。在进行根治性切除并达到术后半年以上的病人中，目前有局部复发1例，肝和肺转移各1例，术后复发转移率为5．7％。目前尚未发现有腹壁切口和穿刺孔转移。结论：腹腔镜结肠直肠肿瘤切除手术创伤小，安全、可行，具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

腹腔镜结直肠手术55例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜结直肠手术的优缺点、手术方法及应用价值。方法 经腹腔镜行结直肠手术55例,其中右半结肠切除15例,横结肠癌根治3例,Dixon手术20例,乙状结肠癌姑息切除4例(其中2例肝转移癌电凝固化),左半结肠切除1例,Miles手术6例,乙状结肠腺瘤切除2例,乙状结肠造瘘1例、直肠悬吊1例,先天性巨结肠切除2例。结果 54例成功完成手术,肿瘤侵犯十二指肠及胰头而中转开腹1例。手术时间平均148．8分钟。术后平均30．9小时胃肠功能恢复,且无并发症发生,术后平均住院7．6天。随访1～66月,1例横结肠癌术后23月出现肺转移,32月死亡;1例乙状结肠癌伴肝转移术后23月出现别处肝转移,开腹行右半肝切除。结论 腹腔镜结直肠手术技术上是可行的,具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快、胃肠道干扰小、术后疼痛轻、疤痕小等优点,值得进一步探索。     

大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科手术治疗：附126例报告

目的: 探讨大肠癌致肠梗阻的外科手术治疗方法。 方法:回顾性分析1995年1月—2004年12月间126例大肠癌致肠梗阻外科手术治疗资料。 结果:126例患者中一期行右半结肠切除35例，一期行横结肠切除10例，一期行左半结肠切除48例，一期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除、近端结肠造瘘、关闭远端结肠或直肠备作二期吻合18例；肿瘤无法切除行乙状结肠或横结肠造瘘15例。术后并发症发生率13.5%（17/126），围手术期病死率4.8%（6/126）。随访统计1，3，5年生存率分别为95.1%,52.7%,38.1%。结论:重视结肠癌致肠梗阻的围手术期处理，选择合理的手术方式是提高疗效，减少并发症的重要保证。     

梗阻性大肠癌的诊治体会(摘要)

我院1976~1997年共收治梗阻性大肠癌52例,其中男30例,女22例,年龄最大82岁,最小26岁,平均为55.66岁,这些病人术前分别被诊断为肠梗阻、不完全性肠梗阻、低位肠梗阻和粘连性肠梗阻,还有5例术前诊断为肠套叠,1例诊断为腹痛待查。1例结肠脾曲癌致小肠穿孔,行穿孔修补回肠乙状结肠侧侧吻合,术后发生中毒性休克,自动出院;1例老年升结肠癌病人因肿瘤无法切除,行回肠横结肠侧侧吻合术后第2天死于休克;1例结肠脾曲癌病人行部分结肠、脾胰切除术、术后发生吻合口瘘,自动出院,1例乙状结肠癌穿孔,行肿瘤切除,结肠造瘘;1例老年病人横结肠癌行回肠造瘘;1例横结肠癌病人因病灶无法切除行回肠、降结肠侧侧吻合;1例结肠肝曲癌行根治术加部分肝叶切除术;1例结肠脾曲癌行部分结肠切除术后伤口感染,经换药治愈。余均行根治术加I期吻合术,无吻合口瘘发生。癌灶所分布的部位分别为升结肠和回盲部15例、结肠肝曲12例,横结肠3例,结肠脾曲12例,降结肠3例,乙状结肠7例。     

老年人急性梗阻性大肠癌的诊治体会(附62例临床报告)

目的：探讨老年患者急性梗阻性大肠癌的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析了1991年1月至2000年12月收治的62例62岁以上大肠癌并急性梗阻病例的治情况，62例患者除了具有大肠癌并急性梗阻的临床表现外，均有不同程度的合并症，行右半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合术24例，左半结肠肿瘤Ⅰ期切除吻合，近端造瘘18例，乙状结肠或直肠上段肿瘤Ⅰ期切除双简造瘘11例，Hartmanns手术4例，梗阻近端造瘘Ⅱ期切除吻合1例，乙状结肠永久性造瘘2例，捷径手术2例，结果：手术切除率93.5%(58/62)，切口感染9例，脑出血1例，死亡1例，全组无吻合口瘘。结论：右半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合术，左半结肠Ⅰ期切除吻合，近端造瘘术在老年人急性梗阻性大肠癌的治疗中是合理安全的，加强围手术期的处理，同样是手术成功的关键。     

关于梗阻性大肠癌首次外科处理后并发症的发生率与死亡率的多元分析

梗阻性大肠癌病人的五年生存率低。以往处理这种病人多行转流性结肠造口,二期手术切除肿瘤和关闭造口。本文报告采用APACHE Ⅱ计分法,选择病人及术式,效果较好。病人及方法:1978～1990年间共收治大肠癌合并完全性肠梗阻80例,并在12小时内手术。其中男33,女47,平均年龄68.6。其中右半结肠癌22例,横结肠癌5例,降结肠癌18例,乙状结肠癌29例,直肠癌6例。结果:25例右半结肠癌中,21例行一期肿瘤切除并结肠吻合术。3例只行近端转流性结肠造口术。1例探查发现肿瘤已无法切除。55例左半结肠癌中,33例只行转流性结肠造口术;21例一期切除肿瘤,其     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.