七氟烷或丙泊酚麻醉对老年患者血清同型半胱氨酸以及与术后认知功能的影响

目的 观察七氟烷或丙泊酚麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能及血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的影响,为临床合理选择麻醉药物和麻醉方法提供参考. 方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级行胃大部切除手术的老年患者40例,按随机数字表法分为七氟烷组(A组)和丙泊酚组(B组),每组20例.于术前(T1)、术中2 h(T2)、术后24 h(T3)、术后72 h(T4)抽取外周静脉血,酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定同型半胱氨酸浓度.于术前1d(S1)、术后6 h(S2)、术后24 h(S3)、术后72 h(S4)应用简易智力状态检查表(MMSE),评估认知功能. 结果 A组和B组在S2时点MMSE评分[(26.2±0.6)和(27.1±0.8)]与术前基础值[(29.5±0.5),(29.4±0.6)]比较均有明显下降(P＜0.05),且A组较B组低.A组和B组术前血清Hcy测定值[(5.8±1.4)μmol/L和(5.9±1.6) tLmol/L]基本相同.A组T2血清Hcy测定值[(6.7±1.5) μmol/L]明显比术前高(P＜0.05),T3、T4时点血清Hcy测定值已回落到术前基础值水平(P＞0.05).B组T2、T3和T4时点血清Hcy测定值虽有升高,与基础值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 丙泊酚与七氟烷均能引起老年患者短暂术后认知功能改变,持续吸入1.3最低肺泡有效浓度(minimum alveolar concentration,MAC)七氟醚3.5 h对老年患者术后认知功能障碍的影响比用3μg·kg-1·h-1～5 μg· kg-1·h-1的速率泵注丙白酚3.5 h的影响大.其机制之一可能与血清Hcy的浓度增加有关.     

BIS监测下七氟烷对老年人围术期的影响

目的探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)监测下七氟烷对老年人围术期的影响。方法随机将接受择期腹部手术的30例老年患者分为3组,每组10例。A组采取异丙酚麻醉,B组采取异丙酚联合七氟烷麻醉,C组采取异丙酚联合七氟烷麻醉。比较3组认知功能、苏醒时间、拔管时间、OAA/S拔管10 min评分、麻醉诱导前与术毕BIS值。结果术毕3组BIS值均较麻醉诱导前降低(P0.05),且B组降低幅度大于A、C2组(P0.05),差异均有统计学意义;B、C 2组苏醒时间与拔管时间均短于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);3组OAA/S拔管10 min评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);B、C2组拔管后0.5、1、2 h MMSE评分均高于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用七氟烷作为麻醉维持药物可缩短患者苏醒时间与拔管时间。根据BIS值调整麻醉药物剂量可有效控制麻醉深度。     

全身麻醉术后对中老年病人认知功能的影响

目的 研究全身麻醉对非心脏外科术后认知功能的影响。方法 随机选择40例无神经、精神系统疾病史或服用相应药物的择期非心脏外科手术病人（ASAI－Ⅱ），其中20例施行全身麻醉，20例施行全身麻醉复合硬膜外阻滞，分别就7项认知功能于术前、术后3d和7d进行测定评分。7项测试项目中至少2项，其中单项测试值低于基础值20％以上者即确定为认知功能损害。结果 40例病人术后3d和7d认知功能紊乱发生率分别为65．2％和40％。术后早期认知功能紊乱全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻组间无显著性差异。年龄与术后认知功能测试项目中的视觉再生（r=0.49)和钉板试验（r=0.49)有相关关系（P＜0．05）。结论 非心脏外科手术后病人特别是高龄病人早期存在认知功能紊乱，应当引起临床医生的足够重视。     

异氟烷与七氟烷用于腹部手术闭环靶控吸入麻醉的对照研究

目的:比较在腹部手术闭环靶控吸入麻醉中,七氟烷与异氟烷在脑电双频指数(BIS)波动、血液动力学稳定性、辅助药物应用、苏醒情况与术中知晓等方面的差异。方法:40例择期腹部手术的患者分为七氟烷组(25例)与异氟烷组(15例)。两组均采用经静脉诱导、吸入麻醉药闭环靶控系统维持麻醉;采用BIS为反馈控制变量,并设定BIS值55为控制目标。记录并比较两组的BIS值、血压、心率、辅助药物剂量、苏醒时间、苏醒期躁动和术中知晓等数据。结果:两种药物对麻醉全程的BIS、HR、和脉压差比较差异无统计学意义,但在术中七氟烷组BIS波动与收缩压波动显著小于异氟烷组(P<0.05)。七氟烷组睁眼时间显著少于异氟烷组(P<0.01);两组躁动发生差异无统计学意义。但两组亚宁定与麻黄碱用量比较无统计学显著性差异。两组病人均无术中知晓发生。结论:在腹部手术闭环靶控吸入麻醉中,七氟烷与异氟烷相比,可减少术中的BIS和收缩压的波动,缩短患者的睁眼时间。     

七氟烷和丙泊酚麻醉对高龄患者苏醒质量及术后认知功能的影响

目的探讨七氟烷与丙泊酚麻醉对高龄患者苏醒质量和术后认知功能(MMS)的影响。方法选取全麻手术的86例高龄患者,根据不同麻醉用药分为2组,各43例。观察组应用丙泊酚麻醉,对照组采用七氟烷麻醉,比较不同麻醉用药对患者苏醒质量和术后认知功能评分的影响。结果停药后观察组患者的自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者术后12 h的MMS评分均恢复至术前正常水平,但观察组术后1 h、6 h的MMS评分均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与采用七氟烷比较,对高龄患者手术时应用丙泊酚麻醉,停药后患者苏醒质量高,对术后患者的认知功能影响小。     

七氟烷联合瑞芬太尼对老年患者微创手术后认知功能的影响

目的观察吸入不同浓度和不同时间的七氟烷联合瑞芬太尼对老年患者微创手术后认知功能的影响。方法选择2015~2018年广东省清远市人民医院胃肠外科接受腹腔镜下完全腹膜外腹股沟斜疝修补术(手术时间满足≤1.5 h或≥3 h)的老年患者128例,年龄65~75岁,受教育程度≥6年,体重指数(BMI)19~24,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ,术前1天MMSE评分≥27分。入选研究对象术中吸入不同浓度的七氟烷,术后再根据吸入时间将研究对象分为4组:1.5%七氟烷≤1.5 h组(LS组,n=33)、1.5%七氟烷≥3 h组(LL组,n=30)、3%七氟烷≤1.5 h组(HS组,n=34)、3%七氟烷≥3 h组(HL组,n=31)。术前1 d、术后7 d和术后14 d应用MMSE评分表评估患者的认知功能;分别于麻醉诱导前(T_0)、术后1 h(T_1)、术后6 h(T_2)、术后1 d(T_3)抽取外周静脉血,用ELISA法检测S100β蛋白和IL-6的浓度。结果 4组间术前1 d、术后7 d和术后14 d的MMSE评分均无明显差异(P0.05),HL组术后7 d的认知功能减退发生率明显高于其它3组(P0.05)。LL组T_1、T_2的IL-6和S100β蛋白表达水平明显高于LS组(P0.05),HL组T_1、T_2的IL-6和S100β蛋白表达水平明显高于HS组和LL组(P0.05)。结论吸入1.5%七氟烷联合瑞芬太尼的麻醉方式对老年患者微创手术后认知功能的影响较小,安全性较高。     

术前脑状态指数预测老年患者神经认知功能的有效性

目的观察老年患者术前认知功能损伤的发生率,并探讨脑状态指数(cerebral state index, CSI)评估老年患者术前认知功能损伤的有效性。方法择期肺切除手术的老年患者105例,男54例,女51例,年龄65～80岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。术前行CSI监测和中国改良版蒙特利尔认知功能测试(MoCA)。根据MoCA测试结果将患者分为术前认知功能正常组(MoCA≥26分,N组)和认知功能异常组(MoCA26分,AN组)。以MoCA认知功能测试结果为金标准,基于患者术前CSI建立回归方程,计算认知指数;采用ROC曲线检验认知指数预测术前认知功能损伤的效能。结果有50例(47.6%)患者存在术前认知功能损伤。基于认知指数构建的预测模型诊断老年患者术前认知功能损伤的阈值为0.5,敏感性66.7%,特异性69.2%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.699(95%CI 0.563～0.835,P=0.007)。结论老年患者术前认知功能损伤的发生率较高,术前脑状态指数能够预测其认知功能损伤,但效能一般。     

右美托咪啶对老年患者全麻术后早期认知功能的影响

目的:观察右美托咪啶对老年患者七氟烷全麻术后早期认知功能的影响。方法:择期开腹手术老年患者60例,随机分为D组(七氟烷复合右美托咪啶)和C组(七氟烷复合生理盐水),记录术前(T0)、术后5min(T1)、拔管前15min(T2)、拔管后30min(T3)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),记录患者从停止吸入药到自主呼吸的恢复时间(T4)、呼之睁眼时间(T5)、拔管时间(T6)和定向力恢复时间(T7)及手术前1d和手术后第1d两组患者简易智力状态检查法(MMSE)测试评分,计算POCD发生率。结果:两组在T0比较,D组MAP无变化、HR下降,两组在T2、T3比较,D组MAP和HR降低(P<0.05);两组在T0比较,手术后第1dC组MMSE下降(P<0.01),D组POCD发生率(17%)低于C组(47%)。结论:七氟烷复合右美托咪啶麻醉有利于患者术后恢复期血流动力学稳定,降低老年患者术后早期认知功能障碍的发生率。     

BIS、AAI麻醉深度监测在七氟烷麻醉中的应用评价

目的：观察并分析围术期应用脑电双频谱指数（BIS）及听觉诱发电位指数（AAI）监测对七氟烷用量及对术毕苏醒时间和拔管时间的影响,并与传统以血流动力学指标来判断麻醉深度组相比较。方法：择期七氟烷全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者45例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级．随机分为三组：控制组（根据患者的血压来调节ETsevo。保持血压和心率波动在基础值的±15％）、AAI组（保持术中AAI值维持在15～20）、BIS组（保持术中BIS值维持在45～55）,每组15例。氧流量2L／min。于麻醉诱导前（基础值）．T1．T2、T3,T4、T5和苏醒即刻（T6）记录MAP．HR．SPO2、AAI、BIS和ETsevo,并记录苏醒时间和拔管时间。术毕1小时内取3个时点行OAA／S评分。结果：与AAI组和BIS组相比较,控制组麻醉维持期ETsevo大于其它两组（P〈0．05）。AAI组与BIS组的苏醒时间和拔管时间均较控制组短（p〈0．05）。但是术后1小时内各时点的OAA／S评分三组之间无明显差异。同时．AAI和BIS两组之间无差异。结论：将脑电监测运用于吸入麻醉能在很大程度上减少七氟烷用量,缩短患者麻醉苏醒时间和拔管时间．更有预见性的使用吸入麻醉。     

七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼对全麻患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的 比较七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼对全麻患者术后早期认知功能恢复的影响. 方法 择期行上腹部手术患者60例,年龄60岁～75岁,体重49 kg～80 kg,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机分组法分为瑞芬太尼七氟烷组(R组)和舒芬太尼七氟烷组(S组),每组30例.麻醉诱导以持续吸入3％～5％七氟烷,依次静注瑞芬太尼1.0 μg/kg或舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg,脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)值≤60维持5s后行气管插管.麻醉维持采用吸入七氟烷,小剂量输注瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼维持平均动脉压(mean artery pressure,MAP)在基础值20％的范围内.于麻醉前(T0)和拔管后1(T1)、3(T2)、6(T3)、24 h(T4)采用短期方向记忆注意力试验(the short orientation memory concentration test,SOMCT)和改良的瑞秋洛斯阿米哥斯量表(rancho los amigos scale,RLAS)双盲法评估患者认知功能. 结果 两组SOMCT评分和RLAS评估基础值比较差异无统计学意义,T1和T2时点R组SOMCT评分明显高于S组(P＜0.05);RLAS评估Ⅷ级T1时点R组23例(77％)、S组8例(27％)(P＜0.05),T2时点R组28例(93％)、S组15例(50％)(P＜0.05),T3时点R组30例(100％)、S组28例(93％)(P＞0.05);T4时点两组患者认知功能均回到术前水平. 结论 上腹部手术七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼麻醉患者术后早期皆可出现短暂的认知功能下降,但R组术后早期认知功能恢复较快.     

吸入麻醉药与老年人认识障碍

吸入麻醉药通过对大脑海马多种神经递质．受体以及脑神经营养因子（BDNF）表这的影响,改变突触可塑性,抑制长时程增强（LTP）的形成．从而对学习记忆功能产生广泛作用。因此,研究吸入麻醉药对学习记忆的影响．将对术后认知障碍（POCD）的产生机制作进一步的解释．并为临床指导用药提供理论依据。     

Accuracy of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation in Predicting Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction After Total Hip Arthroplasty : Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Predicts POCD

To estimate the accuracy of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂) in predicting postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, 46 patients aged more than 50 years old were enrolled. We measured the patients’ cognitive function by using a battery of six neuropsychological tests before surgery and then 7 days after surgery again. rSO₂ was continuously monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy during surgery. POCD was present in 9 (19.6%) patients 1 week after surgery. Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age [OR = 1.224, P = 0.035] and maximum percentage drop in rSO₂ (rSO_2%max) [OR = 1.618, P = 0.011] were significant risk factors for POCD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of rSO_2%max was 0.833 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.615–1.051] at cutoff value of 11%. The specificity and sensitivity of rSO_2%max > 11% in predicting POCD were 77.8% and 86.5%, respectively. rSO_2%max more than 11% was a potential predictor for POCD.     

老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍的高危因素分析

目的分析老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍(POCD)发生的高危因素。方法回顾性分析我院2000年2月至2010年10月期间60岁以上2 286例腹部手术后患者的临床资料,根据是否发生POCD将2 286例患者分为POCD组和非POCD组,其中POCD组38例,非POCD组2 248例。分析影响腹部手术后POCD发生的影响因素,包括年龄、性别、麻醉方式、术前是否用药〔地西泮和(或)阿托品或东莨菪碱〕、术前是否存在心肺疾病、术前是否有糖尿病、术前有无黄疸、术前有无贫血或低蛋白血症、手术持续时间及术后是否进行持续镇痛治疗。结果 POCD的发生与患者年龄、麻醉方式、术前是否存在心肺疾病、术前是否有糖尿病、术前有无黄疸、手术持续时间是否超过4 h、术后是否进行持续镇痛有关(P<0.05),而与患者性别、术前是否用药和术前有无贫血或低蛋白血症无关(P>0.05)。结论年龄≥70岁、全身麻醉、术前存在心肺疾病、糖尿病和黄疸、手术持续时间超过4 h、术后未进行持续有效的镇痛是腹部手术后POCD发生的高危因素。     

控制性降压联合穴位电刺激对术后认知功能障碍的影响

目的：探讨七氟烷麻醉下以硝酸甘油行控制性降压联合穴位电刺激对术后认知功能障碍的影响。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,45～65岁行单节段腰椎切开复位内固定手术患者75例,随机分为穴位刺激联合硝酸甘油控制性降压组（T组,n=36）及单纯硝酸甘油控制性降压组（N组,n=39）,分别给予相应的治疗。结果：术后1、3dT组术后认知功能障碍发生率较N组明显降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;5d发生率两组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。术后各时间点两组患者血清S-100β浓度均较术前升高（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。术后1、3dT组血清S-100β较N组明显减低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,术后5d两组无显著差异。结论：七氟烷麻醉下行控制性降压联合经皮穴位电刺激可降低术后认知功能障碍的发生率。     

Depth of sedation using Cerebral State Index in infants undergoing spinal anesthesia

Background: Infants are noted to frequently sleep during spinal anesthesia, with a concomitant fall in Bispectral Index. However, there are suggestions that EEG derived anesthesia depth monitors have inferior performance in infants. The aim of this study was to quantify the degree of sedation during spinal anesthesia in infants using another EEG derived measure of anesthesia effect – the Cerebral State Index (CSI). Methods: Twelve infants, <52 weeks postconceptual menstrual age, scheduled for bilateral inguinal hernia repair under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Patients received a standard anesthetic protocol with a subarachnoid dose of 1 mg·kg^?1 of levobupivacaine 0.5%. No premedication, sedatives, opioids or anticholinergics were administrated during the perioperative period and patients were left undisturbed during the surgical time, without tactile stimulation or loud auditory stimuli. CSI score (0–100) and bust suppression (BS) (0–100%) were continuously recorded during the surgical time and then statistically re‐evaluated. Results: In all patients the CSI fell during the procedure and there were significant levels of BS recorded by the CSI monitor. The BS occurred between 12 and 34 min after spinal anesthesia with the peak being at 30 min and mean onset time being 15 (2.6) min after spinal block. A statistical significant difference was found between the lowest mean CSI as well as the highest BS if compared with their baseline values. A negative correlation was found between CSI and BS. Conclusions: The degree of burst suppression detected by the CSI in our study supports the hypothesis that infants may have discontinuous patterns of EEG during spinal anesthesia similar to those seen during emergence from general anesthesia. Moreover, the limitations in the application of the adult algorithms to infant EEG may lead to an overestimation of the degree of sedation.     

银杏叶提取物对老年大鼠术后认知障碍的防治作用

目的：观察银杏叶提取物对老年大鼠术后认知功能障碍的防治作用。方法：健康老年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为A、B、C三组,每组15只,A组术前1周开始给予银杏叶注射液0.5mL腹腔注射,1次/d;B组给于生理盐水腹腔注射;C组空白对照。Y型迷宫实验和旷场分析试验检测比较认知功能变化,通过MRI显像比较脑组织供氧情况。结果：A组与B组相比,术后认知评分明显改善（P〈0.05）,旷场实验分析各项指标较B组均有明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论：银杏提取物是一种有应用前景的预防术后认知障碍的药物,其机制可能与改善脑组织血氧水平有关。     

Serum Phosphorylated Neurofilament Heavy Subunit-H,a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Subjects Undergoing Hip Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundPostoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), which refers to a cognitive impairment subsequent to surgical procedures, is a common complication in the elderly subjects. This study aimed to investigate potential risk factors for POCD in elderly subjects undergoing hip joint arthroplasty.MethodsConsecutive elderly osteoarthritis patients who were scheduled to undergo hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia were enrolled into this single-center, prospective observational study. Serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit-H (pNF-H) was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. A level of >70.5 pg/mL was accepted as pNF-H positivity. Neuropsychological assessment at baseline (1 day before the surgery) and postoperative day 7 was conducted. POCD was defined according to the calculated Z scores. Risk factors for POCD were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsIn final, 287 patients were enrolled, and 55 had suffered POCD within postoperative 7 days with an incidence of 19.2%. The final multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a higher pNF-H positivity was the only independent risk factor for POCD (odds ratio: 2.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.29, P = .012).ConclusionsOur results revealed an increased preoperative serum pNF-H expression was an independent risk factor for POCD development in elderly subjects undergoing hip joint arthroplasty, suggesting the close association between anatomical damage in central nervous system and POCD.     

The effects of mivacurium‐induced neuromuscular block on Bispectral Index and Cerebral State Index in children under propofol anesthesia – a prospective randomized clinical trial

Background: In adults anesthetized with propofol, muscle relaxants may decrease the Bispectral Index (BIS). The aim of this prospective randomized trial was to detect the influence of a muscle relaxant bolus on the BIS and the Cerebral State Index (CSI) in children under propofol anesthesia. Methods: Forty pediatric patients, age 6.6 ± 3.3 years, weight 24 ± 9 kg, scheduled for surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia were enrolled. Two minutes after i.v. injection of 0.3 mcg·kg⁻¹ of sufentanil, general anesthesia was induced by an initial bolus of 3 mg·kg⁻¹ of propofol, followed by a continuous infusion titrated to achieve a stable BIS value of 50 ± 5. Patients received either mivacurium 0.25 mg·kg⁻¹ (Group Miva) or NaCl 0.9% 0.12 ml·kg⁻¹ (Group Control). Mean BIS and CSI values per minute were compared between (Miva vs. Control) and within groups (Baseline vs 5 min. after study drug administration). Results: The observed changes in BIS and CSI values before and after administration of study drugs revealed no differences between the study groups. Mean baseline BIS and CSI values were lower than 5 min after study drug administration. There were no intergroup differences with respect to BIS and CSI values at any time point. Conclusions: These data suggest that in pediatric patients anesthetized with propofol, administration of mivacurium has no impact on BIS and CSI values.