木贼提取液对老龄小鼠抗氧化作用的影响

目的 探讨木贼提取液对老龄小鼠的抗氧化作用.方法 将32只小鼠随机分为4组,分别为木贼提取液高剂量组(8 g/kg)、中剂量组(6 g/kg)、低剂量组(4g/kg)和对照组,每组8只.四组连续灌胃21 d,1次/d,第22天处死小鼠,迅速取其心、脑、肝组织测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果 木贼提取液组SOD含量除低剂量组心脏组织中升高不明显,其余三组小鼠心、脑、肝组织中SOD含量均高于对照组(P＜0.05,0.01).木贼提取液组与对照组MDA含量比较,高剂量组心脏组织中降低较为明显(P＜0.05),中、低剂量组脑组织MDA降低较明显(P＜0.05);中剂量组脏肝MDA降低较明显(P＜0.01).结论 木贼提取液具有抵抗和清除老龄小鼠体内自由基的作用,可延缓衰老进程.     

参芪合剂对衰老小鼠抗氧化功能的影响

目的 观察参芪合剂(MGA)对老龄小鼠和D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠抗氧化功能的影响.方法 ①40只老龄小鼠随机分为对照组和MGA 10、20、40 ml/kg组,药物组连续腹腔注射给药30 d后,测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量;② 50只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和MGA10、20、40 ml/kg组,除对照组均皮下注射D-半乳糖制备衰老小鼠模型,同时分别腹腔注射MGA10、20、40 ml/kg,连续造模和给药56 d后,分别检测血清和肝组织中SOD、GSH-PX活性和MDA含量.结果 ①与对照组比较,MGA 20、40 ml/kg组老龄小鼠血清SOD和GSH-Px活性均明显提高(P＜0.05),MGA 10 ml/kg组小鼠血清SOD和GSH-Px活性均无明显改变(P＞0.05);② 与对照组比较,D-半乳糖致衰老模型组小鼠血清及肝组织SOD、GSH-PX活性均明显降低(P＜0.05),MDA含量则明显提高(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,MGA 20 ml/kg小鼠血清GSH-Px活性及肝组织SOD和GSH-Px活性明显升高(P＜0.05),MGA 40 ml/kg组小鼠血清及肝组织SOD活性均明显升高(P＜0.05),MGA各剂量组肝组织MDA含量均明显降低(P＜0.05),血清MDA含量无明显改变(P＞0.05).结论 MGA具有降低老龄小鼠和D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的脂质过氧化作用,并能明显提高内源性抗氧化酶活性,提示其可能具有较好的抗衰老作用.     

小鼠肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积对急性肝损伤的影响

目的探究肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积对CCl_4致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响。方法雄性FPN-/-cre小鼠(肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积小鼠)和FPN-/-小鼠(正常小鼠)各16只,分别随机分为两组,每组8只,两对照组腹腔注射橄榄油,两实验组腹腔注射CCl_4。计算小鼠肝脏指数;测定血清中ALT、AST水平和肝组织MDA、SOD、GSH含量;肝组织HE染色进行病理学观察。结果两对照组肝脏指数、ALT、AST、MDA、SOD、GSH差异无统计学意义(P0.05),FPN-/-cre实验组肝脏指数、ALT、AST、MDA高于FPN-/-实验组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。FPN-/-cre实验组SOD、GSH水平低于FPN-/-实验组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两对照组肝细胞结构完整,排列有序;FPN-/-实验组肝细胞结构破裂、排列紊乱;FPN-/-cre实验组肝细胞结构破裂、溶解、排列杂乱、包浆松散。结论肝库普弗细胞铁蓄积会加重CCl_4所致的急性肝损伤,可能与铁的过氧化作用有关。     

大豆多肽螯合锌对自然衰老小鼠的作用

目的 探讨大豆多肽螯合锌对自然衰老小鼠模型的影响及其机制.方法 自然衰老的小鼠分别给予400 mg/kg大豆多肽、40 mg/kg硫酸锌和400 mg/kg大豆多肽螯合锌溶液连续灌服4 w.采用酶化学方法检测肝组织匀浆的丙二醛 (MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脂褐质(LPO)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的含量等指标.结果 成功建立了小鼠衰老模型.大豆多肽鳌合锌可以明显增加衰老小鼠的进食量和进水量(P＜0.01),可以明显地降低衰老小鼠肝脏中的MDA(P＜0.05)、SOD(P＜0.01),可以明显地增强衰老小鼠肝脏总氧化能力(P＜0.05).结论 大豆多肽鳌合锌可以通过抗氧化机制达到对抗衰老的作用.     

泮托拉唑对二乙基亚硝胺联合四氯化碳诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌模型肝细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨泮托拉唑对二乙基亚硝胺(diethylnitrosamine,DEN)联合四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride,CC14)诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌模型肝癌细胞增殖的影响.方法:将78只C57小鼠采用DEN联合CCl_4共同诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌,第9周将制模小鼠随机分为模型组、泮托拉唑低剂量组(40mg/kg)、高剂量组(80 mg/kg),并开始腹腔注射泮托拉唑,同时取12只正常小鼠为对照.第25周处死小鼠,取正常肝组织、肝癌组织和癌旁组织,肉眼观察拍片,并作HE染色光镜检查.采用生化法检查小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、尿素(urea)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)水平;采用Realtime PCR方法来检测正常肝、肝癌及癌旁组织甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein,AFP)、细胞增殖核抗原Ki67,增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)mRNA的表达,采用Western blot法检测Ki67、PCNA蛋白的表达.结果:小鼠死亡率为21%,成瘤率为100%.肝脏组织巨检:模型组与高低剂量组肝体积增大,表面有大小不等的结节,与模型组比较,高、低剂量组结节个数明显减少.HE染色显示:与模型组比较,高、低剂量组异型增生明显减少.血清生化检测显示:模型组、高、低剂量组血清ALT、AST水平明显高于正常组(P0.05),高剂量组ALT、AST水平明显低于模型组(P0.05).RT-PCR结果提示,与正常组相比较,模型组和高、低剂量组AFP、Ki67和PCNA mRNA表达明显增高(P0.05,F=7.94;P0.05,F=15.62;P0.01,F=45.58).与模型组比较,高剂量组Ki67和PCNA mRNA表达降低(P0.05,F=5.89;P0.05,F=10.34).Western blot结果显示,与正常肝组织比较,模型组和高剂量组的肝癌及癌旁组织Ki67和PCNA蛋白表达明显增高(P0.05,F=20.41;P0.05,F=20.31).与模型组比较,高剂量组肝癌及癌旁组织Ki67和PCNA蛋白表达明显减少(P0.05,F=16.47;P0.05,F=12.38).结论:泮托拉唑DEN联合CCl_4诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌模型肝细胞增殖有抑制作用.     

外源性一氧化氮对旋毛虫感染小鼠抗氧化能力的影响

目的探讨外源性NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(SNP)对旋毛虫病小鼠肝脏、外周血中抗氧化酶活性及脂质氧化的影响。方法采用消化法分离旋毛虫肌幼虫,感染BALB/c小鼠,400条/只。42 d后,收集感染鼠及正常小鼠外周血、肝脏。设A组(感染鼠肝脏匀浆物+SNP)、B组(正常鼠肝脏匀浆物+SNP)、C组(感染鼠外周血+SNP)、D组(正常鼠外周血+SNP)。每组内设5个SNP反应终浓度,分别为0(空白对照)、2、5、10、30μmol/L,37℃反应30 min,测定各组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及脂质氧化(MDA)含量。结果与正常鼠相比,旋毛虫感染鼠肝脏、外周血中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性上升,MDA含量增加,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);在A、B组中,10、30μmol/L SNP作用下SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性较空白对照降低(P均0.05);与2~30μmol/L SNP反应后,MDA含量较空白对照明显升高(P均0.05)。在C、D组中,30μmol/LSNP作用下SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性显著下降,MDA浓度升高,与空白对照比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。在2~30μmol/L浓度区间,SNP浓度与旋毛虫感染鼠肝脏、外周血中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性呈负相关(r肝SOD=-0.901,r肝CAT=-0.802,r肝GSH-Px=-0.847,r血SOD=-0.899,r血CAT=-0.685,r血GSH-Px=-0.635,P均0.05),与MDA含量呈正相关(r肝MDA=0.697,r血MDA=0.764,P均0.05)。结论旋毛虫感染可致小鼠肝脏、外周血中活性氧自由基产生增加,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性升高;外源性NO可降低旋毛虫感染小鼠SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活性,抑制小鼠的抗氧化能力。     

软坚护肝片对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的观察软坚护肝片(RJHGT)对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法腹腔注射CCl4制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(AST)、谷草转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC);检测肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性。结果 RJHGT各组能够减轻肝细胞损伤程度,与模型组比较,RJHGT能降低血清ALT、AST、AKP的活性及肝组织中MDA、GSH的含量(P0.01或0.05);提高T-AOC能力及SOD、GSH-PX的活力(P0.01或0.05)。结论 RJHGT对CCl4所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

维生素C和维生素E对小鼠化学性肝损伤的预防性保护作用

目的:探讨维生素C(VC)和维生素E(VE)对CCl_4引起化学性肝损伤的预防性保护作用.方法:昆明种小鼠60只随机分5组,设正常对照组、病理模型组、VC保护组、VE保护组、VC VE保护组,饲养10 d,除正常对照组外,其余各组ip 1.5 mL/L CCl_4致小鼠化学性肝损伤,测定小鼠血清中ALT,AST及肝细胞中MDA,GSH,SOD,HE染色光镜下观察肝细胞形态变化.结果:VC和VE保护组能显著降低血清中ALT和AST(2277.12±1187.90,2163.76±1412.11 nkat/L vs 4527.07±1019.37 nkat/L,P<0.01)以及肝细胞中脂质过氧化物MDA的含量(4.37±0.49,3.26±0.71μmol/g vs 9.25±2.74μmol/g,P<0.01).镜下观查肝损伤明显减轻,体外抗氧化实验能显著性的抑制脂质过化物MDA生成,联合应用有协同效应.结论:VC和VE对化学性肝损伤有预防性保护作用.     

凯西莱抗小鼠过氧化肝损伤的作用

目的　研究凯西莱抗小鼠过氧化肝损伤的作用。方法　采用四氯化碳 (CCl4)腹腔注射制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型 ,以凯西莱 50mg/kg治疗 ,每日 1次。连续治疗 4天后 ,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)和丙二醛 (MDA)水平及肝脏MDA、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)水平 ,观察肝组织病理变化。结果　与正常组相比较 ,CCl4 模型组血清ALT、MDA和肝脏MDA水平均显著增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,肝脏GSH和SOD水平则显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,同时肝组织病理损伤明显。凯西莱可显著降低血清ALT和MDA水平及肝组织MDA含量 (P <0 .0 1) ,使肝脏GSH和SOD恢复至正常水平 (P >0 .0 5) ,且能明显减轻肝组织病理损伤。相关分析显示 ,血清MDA与肝组织MDA、血清ALT水平间均呈高度直线相关。结论　凯西莱具有良好的抗CCl4 所致的小鼠过氧化肝损伤作用 ;血清MDA含量能反映肝脏过氧化损伤     

四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化脂质过氧化相关蛋白表达的动态变化及一贯煎的干预效应

目的 探讨四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化脂质过氧化相关蛋白表达的动态变化及一贯煎的干预效应.方法 Wistar雄性大鼠57只,其中模型组39只,正常组18只.模型大鼠腹腔注射50％的CCl4橄榄油溶液(1ml/lg),每周2次,共9周.造模3、6周后,随机抽取正常及模型大鼠各6只,处死作动态观察.其余模型大鼠随机分为模型组15只及干预组12只,模型组大鼠在8周时处死4只观察成模情况.第7周开始,继续造模的同时,干预组用一贯煎(2.682 g/kg)蒸馏水稀释灌胃,1次/d,共计3周.用药3周结束后,处死大鼠,检测肝功能、肝组织羟脯氨酸(Hyp)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性,以及热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、转铁蛋白(Transferrin)、过氧化还原酶(Prxd)6、肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)等的表达.计量资料采用单因素方差分析,计数资料采用Ridit分析. 结果 (1)与对照组比较,模型组大鼠6、9周时肝组织MDA含量显著升高[(4.23±0.45) nmol/mg比(2.22±0.59)nmol/mg; (6.29±1.23) nmol/mg比(2.22±0.59) nmol/mg,F值分别为60.13、66.99,P值均＜ 0.05];SOD活性显著降低[(196.94±39.20) U/mg比(264.50±30.44)U/mg,F=11.12,P＜ 0.05; (152.21±51.65) U/mg比(264.50±30.44) U/mg,F=23.11,P＜0.01];GSH含量显著降低[(48.47±7.27) nmol/mg比(60.74±9.04) nmol/mg,F=6.71,P＜0.05;(37.89±9.01) nmol/mg比(60.74±9.04)nmol/mg,F=24.06,P＜0.01];与9周模型组比较,干预组MDA显著降低[(4.25±0.86) nmol/mg比(6.29±1.23) nmol/mg,F=19.52,P＜ 0.01],SOD显著升高[(198.35±46.48) U/mg比(152.21±51.65) U/mg,F=4.65,P＜0.05],GSH显著升高[(53.73±7.54) nmol/mg比(37.89±9.01) nmol/mg,F=19.23,P＜0.01];(2)与正常组比较,9周时模型组大鼠HSP70蛋白表达量升高(1.21±0.06比0.58±0.07,F=166.87,P＜0.0l),HO-1蛋白表达量也升高(1.11±0.06比0.58±0.06,F=123.96,P＜ 0.01),Prdx6蛋白表达量降低(0.04±0.05比1.49±0.05,F=1215.85,P＜0.01),L-FABP表达量降低(0.24±0.02比1.44±0.14,F=219.05,P＜0.01),Transferrin蛋白表达量降低(0.67±0.03比1.67±0.04,F=301.35,P＜0.01).9周时,干预组HSP70和HO-1蛋白表达量分别为0.82±0.04、0.90±0.04,与9周时模型组比较,F值分别为92.31、26.89,P值均＜0.01,差异有统计学意义;9周时,干预组Prdx6、L-FABP和Transferrin蛋白表达分别为0.88±0.11、1.36±0.13、1.04±0.12,与9周时模型组比较,F值分别为150.17、237.19、27.53,P值均＜0.01,差异有统计学意义. 结论 一贯煎具有促进机体抗氧化物质生成、减轻脂质过氧化损伤的作用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.