Development of gallium compounds for treatment of lymphoma: gallium maltolate, a novel hydroxypyrone gallium compound, induces apoptosis and circumvents lymphoma cell resistance to gallium nitrate

Clinical studies have shown gallium nitrate to have significant antitumor activity against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and bladder cancer, thus indicating that gallium-based drugs have potential for further development as antineoplastic agents. In this study, we compared the cytotoxicity of gallium maltolate, a novel gallium compound, with gallium nitrate in lymphoma cell lines, including p53 variant and unique gallium nitrate-resistant cells. We found that gallium maltolate inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway at lower concentrations and more rapidly than gallium nitrate. Gallium maltolate produced an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 2 h of incubation with cells; this effect could be blocked by mitoquinone, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. The role of the transferrin receptor (TfR) in gallium maltolate's action was examined using monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 42/6 to block TfR function. However, although MoAb 42/6 reduced gallium maltolate-induced caspase-3 activity, it had only a minor effect on cell growth inhibition. Importantly, gallium maltolate induced apoptosis in cells resistant to gallium nitrate, and, unlike gallium nitrate, its cytotoxicity was not affected by cellular p53 status. Cellular gallium uptake was greater with gallium maltolate than with gallium nitrate. We conclude that gallium maltolate inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis more efficiently than gallium nitrate. Gallium maltolate is incorporated into lymphoma cells to a greater extent than gallium nitrate via both TfR-independent and -dependent pathways; it has significant activity against gallium nitrate-resistant cells and acts independently of p53. Further studies to evaluate its antineoplastic activity in vivo are warranted.     

Enhanced efficacy of therapy with antisense BCL-2 oligonucleotides plus anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in scid mouse/human lymphoma xenografts

Monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) is active, but not curative, therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. BCL-2 is an antiapoptotic protein whose expression is dysregulated in most indolent B-cell malignancies. Antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) that down-regulate BCL-2 expression induce apoptosis and chemosensitize B-cell lymphoma cells. We hypothesized that BCL-2 down-regulation by AS-ODNs would sensitize cells to rituximab and improve therapeutic results. There is enhanced apoptosis and reduction in cell numbers when DoHH2 cells are treated in vitro with rituximab plus BCL-2 AS-ODNs, compared with either agent alone. There is little in vitro effect on WSU-FSCCL cells by rituximab, AS-ODNs that down-regulate BCL-2 by targeting the immunoglobulin portions of the BCL-2-immunoglobulin fusion molecule, or a combination of the two. The combination is more effective than either agent alone in clearing DoHH2 cells from ascites in scid mice. Combination therapy with AS-BCL-2-ODNs and rituximab significantly prolongs survival in both the DoHH2 and WSU-FSCCL models. With higher and repeated doses, this combination could be curative. We conclude that the combination of rituximab and antisense-mediated down-regulation of BCL-2 has enhanced activity against human lymphoma, prolongs survival, and could cure mice bearing human lymphoma. This merits investigation in clinical trials.     

Doxycycline induces apoptosis by way of caspase-3 activation with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM cells

Evidence for nonantibiotic activity displayed by tetracycline has been extensively reported in the field of antiinflammation. Here, we report a growth-inhibitory effect of doxycycline on CCRF-CEM, a T-lymphoblastic human leukemic cell line. Cells were incubated with doxycycline at concentrations ranging from zero to 50 micromol/L. We examined the hypothesis that induction of apoptosis is one of the mechanisms by which doxycycline inhibits CCRF-CEM proliferation. Caspase-3 activity of cells grown in the presence of 10 micromol/L and 50 micromol/L doxycycline increased dose-dependently after 24 hours in culture. The demonstration that doxycycline induces APO 2.7 expression in CCRF-CEM cells in vitro also supports its capacity for induction of apoptosis. The level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 was significantly lower in the medium cultured with 50 micromol/L doxycycline than the control. These phenomena suggest that this well-tolerated oral agent has the potential to be of value in antileukemic therapy.     

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib sensitizes cells to killing by death receptor ligand TRAIL via BH3-only proteins Bik and Bim

Previously, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib/Velcade (formerly PS-341) synergizes with the protein tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a ligand for certain death receptors, to induce apoptosis in cell lines derived from prostate and colon cancers. Because apoptosis is often triggered by BH3-only proteins of the Bcl-2 family, we have explored the hypothesis that bortezomib contributes to the apoptosis by up-regulating their levels. Indeed, bortezomib induced increases of Bik and/or Bim in multiple cell lines but not notably of two other BH3-only proteins (Puma and Bid) nor other family members (Bax, Bak, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL). The increase in Bik levels seems to reflect inhibition by bortezomib of its proteasome-mediated degradation. Importantly, both Bik and Bim seem central to the proapoptotic function of bortezomib, because mouse embryo fibroblasts in which the genes for both Bik and Bim had been disrupted were refractory to its cytotoxic action. Similarly, the synergy between bortezomib and TRAIL in killing human prostate cancer cells was impaired in cells in which both Bik and Bim were down-regulated by RNA interference. Further evidence that bortezomib acts through the mitochondrial pathway regulated by the Bcl-2 family is that deficiency for APAF-1, which acts downstream of Bcl-2, also blocked its apoptotic effect. These results implicate BH3-only proteins, in particular both Bik and Bim, as important mediators of the antitumor action of bortezomib and establish their role in its enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis.     

硼替佐米对急性单核细胞白血病细胞株SHI-1诱导凋亡作用及其对Bcl2112、Bcl-2和Bax基因表达影响

本研究探讨蛋白酶抑制剂硼替佐米对急性单核细胞白血病细胞株SHI-1增殖和凋亡的影响及Bcl2112、Bcl-2和Bax基因在其中的作用。用MTT比色法观察硼替佐米对SHI-1细胞的生长抑制作用，用Annexin—V标记、线粒体跨膜电位（△ψm）和DNA凝胶电泳分析细胞凋亡，用RT—PCR方法检测0、6，12和24小时Bcl2112、Bcl-2和Bax基因表达。结果表明，硼替佐米呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制SHI-1细胞生长，24小时和48小时半数抑制浓度分别为54．13nmol／L和5．45nmol／L；硼替佐米能够诱导SHI-1细胞凋亡，在6小时Annexin-V阳性细胞就开始增高并呈时间依赖性，ACm减低，形态学可见明显细胞核凝聚、固缩和碎裂，DNA凝胶电泳显示DNA片段化；RT-PCR显示，Bcl2112表达增高，Bcl-2表达减低，但Bax表达无明显改变。结论：硼替佐米抑制SHI-1细胞增殖，并可能通过上调Bcl2112基因和下调Bcl-2基因，使线粒体膜电位下降而促使SHI-1细胞发生凋亡。     

Bcl-2,Bax和线粒体膜蛋白在一氧化氮供体诱导HL-60细胞凋亡中的改变

本研究探讨外源性一氧化氮 (NO)供体硝普钠 (SNP)对HL 6 0细胞诱导凋亡的可能机制。将HL 6 0细胞与SNP在体外培养 ,用DNA片段原位末端标记法 (TUNEL)测定原位细胞凋亡率 ;用流式细胞仪测定细胞DNA倍体和周期分析及Bcl 2、Bax、线粒体膜蛋白表达率的变化。结果表明 :SNP可诱导HL 6 0细胞凋亡 ,两者之间有明显的量效和时效关系。 1.0mmol/LSNP作用 4 8小时后 ,HL 6 0细胞的凋亡率分别为亚二倍体峰 (4 2 .2± 3.5 ) % ,TUNEL测定凋亡细胞率为 (5 2 .5± 7.6 ) % ,显著高于空白对照组和同浓度的高铁氰化钾 (PFC)组 ;Bax基因蛋白和线粒体膜蛋白 (APO2 .7)表达增加 ,bcl 2基因蛋白表达降低。Bax、Bcl 2和APO2 .7的表达率与SNP两者之间也有明显的量效和时效关系。结论 :外源性一氧化氮供体诱导HL 6 0细胞凋亡过程中 ,线粒体膜蛋白表达显著上调并伴随Bax和Bcl 2蛋白的表达改变。     

Bortezomib induces apoptosis via Bim and Bik up-regulation and synergizes with cisplatin in the killing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2. Molecular targeting of Bcl-X(L) and/or Bcl-2 in HNSCC cells has been shown to promote apoptosis signaling and to sensitize cells to chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, which is commonly used in the treatment of HNSCC. We report that induction of HNSCC apoptosis by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is accompanied by up-regulation of the proapoptotic proteins Bik and Bim, natural cellular inhibitors of Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2. Additionally, bortezomib treatment of HNSCC cells caused up-regulation of antiapoptotic Mcl-1L. Inhibition of Bik or Bim up-regulation using small interfering RNA markedly attenuated bortezomib-induced cell death. By contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of Mcl-1L expression resulted in enhanced killing by bortezomib. Further investigation showed that the combination of bortezomib and cisplatin led to synergistic killing of HNSCC cells, with calculated combination indexes well below 1.0. Taken together, these results delineate a novel mechanism of HNSCC killing by bortezomib that involves up-regulation of Bik and Bik. Moreover, our findings suggest that the combination of bortezomib plus cisplatin, or bortezomib plus an inhibitor of Mcl-1L, may have therapeutic value in the treatment of HNSCC.     

破壁灵芝孢子粉对裸鼠移植性淋巴瘤生长的抑制作用

本研究通过N-甲基亚硝基脲诱导小鼠胸腺T细胞淋巴瘤模型,研究灵芝孢子粉对裸鼠移植性淋巴瘤生长的抑制作用,并初步探讨其抑瘤机制。应用透射电子显微镜观察淋巴瘤组织细胞的凋亡,用RT-PCR检测肿瘤组织中Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl-xl mRNA表达水平。结果表明,灵芝孢子粉4 g/kg(ig,每日1次,连续21 d)组肿瘤抑制率为45.8%。透射电子显微镜检结果显示,灵芝孢子粉可诱导淋巴瘤细胞凋亡。RT-PCR显示,灵芝孢子粉4 g/kg组BaxmRNA表达明显上调,Bcl-2、Bcl-xl mRNA表达稍下调。结论:灵芝孢子粉具有抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用,并可诱导淋巴瘤细胞凋亡,其机制可能与上调Bax mRNA,下调Bcl-2、Bcl-xl mRNA表达有关。     

ABT-737 synergizes with bortezomib to induce apoptosis, mediated by Bid cleavage, Bax activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an Akt-dependent context in malignant human glioma cell lines

We observed that glioma cells are differentially sensitive to N-{4-[4-(4'-chloro-biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-benzoyl}-4-(3-dimethylamino-1-phenylsulfanylmethyl-propylamino)-3-nitro-benzenesulfonamide (ABT-737) and administration of ABT-737 at clinically achievable doses failed to induce apoptosis. Although elevated Bcl-2 levels directly correlated with sensitivity to ABT-737, overexpression of Bcl-2 did not influence sensitivity to ABT-737. To understand the molecular basis for variable and relatively modest sensitivity to the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 mimetic drug ABT-737, the abundance of Bcl-2 family members was assayed in a panel of glioma cell lines. Bcl-2 family member proteins, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, Bax, Bak, Bid, and Noxa, were found to be expressed ubiquitously at similar levels in all cell lines tested. We then examined the contribution of other apoptosis-resistance pathways to ABT-737 resistance. Bortezomib, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), was found to enhance sensitivity of ABT-737 in phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN)-wild type, but not PTEN-mutated glioma cell lines. We therefore investigated the association between phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation and resistance to the combination of ABT-737 and bortezomib in PTEN-deficient glioma cells. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PI3K inhibition sensitized PTEN-deficient glioma cells to bortezomib- and ABT-737-induced apoptosis by increasing cleavage of Bid protein, activation and oligomerization of Bax, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Our data further suggested that PI3K/Akt-dependent protection may occur upstream of the mitochondria. This study demonstrates that interference with multiple apoptosis-resistance signaling nodes, including NF-κB, Akt, and Bcl-2, may be required to induce apoptosis in highly resistant glioma cells, and therapeutic strategies that target the PI3K/Akt pathway may have a selective role for cancers lacking PTEN function.     

Vesicular stomatitis virus infection triggers apoptosis associated with decreased DeltaNp63alpha and increased Bax levels in the immortalized HaCaT keratinocyte cell line.

In view of the powerful inherent oncolytic activity exhibited by the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in several tumor types, we set out to investigate the susceptibility of the immortalized HaCaT keratinocyte cell line to VSV, and analyzed the role of apoptosis in the VSV-mediated induction of cell death. Indirect immunofluorescence assays, Western blot analyses and plaque titrations demonstrated that the HaCaT cell line was permissive to VSV replication. The results of ELISA for detection of the enrichment of nucleosomes in the cytoplasm of apoptotic cells revealed that VSV infection elicits the apoptotic death of HaCaT cells. Mock-infected HaCaT cells displayed the endogenous expression of DeltaNp63alpha, p53 mutated on UV hot spots (p53(mt)), Bcl-2 and p21 Bax. The levels of DeltaNp63alpha and p53(mt) were decreased, Bcl-2 remained unaffected, while the expressions of p21Bax and p18 Bax were increased in VSV-infected HaCaT cells. Together, these data demonstrate that VSV replicates efficiently and triggers apoptosis in the immortalized HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. The VSV-mediated alterations in the expressions of DeltaNp63alpha and Bax may be implicated in the apoptotic responses of infected cells and may also sensitize to other apoptotic stimuli. These findings may stimulate further studies with the goal of developing VSV-based virotherapy into an effective modality for the treatment of epithelial-derived malignant tumors of the skin.     

浅蓝菌素对人胰腺癌细胞株BXPC-3的影响及机制

目的研究脂肪酸合酶（FAs）抑制剂浅蓝菌素（Cer）对胰腺癌BXPC-3细胞体外生长和凋亡的影响,并初步探讨可能的作用机制。方法采用不同浓度（0、2．5、5、10、20、40Ixg／m1）Cer处理BXPC-3,细胞增殖与毒性检测法（ccK8）检测OD值,计算对照组和各实验组的抑制率,并计算CerIC50;取Cer浓度为0、5、10、20μg／ml处理BXPC-3细胞后进行流式细胞术及AnnexinV／PI早期凋亡检测细胞凋亡率和细胞周期的变化;反转录聚合酶链反应（RT．PCR）检测FASmRNA、Bcl-2mRNA、BaxmRNA表达水平的变化;免疫印迹法（Westernblot）检测细胞凋亡因子Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达情况。结果（1）Cer可明显抑制BXPC-3细胞的生长,并随着浓度的增加和作用时间的延长而明显增强（P〈0．05）。（2）BXPC-3细胞经Cer作用48h后,细胞周期S期比例上升,（32期细胞比例下降（P〈0．05）。细胞有明显凋亡,以早期凋亡为主。（3）BXPC-3细胞经Cer作用48h后,FASmRNA、Bel-2mRNA的表达呈浓度依赖性下降,BaxmRNA呈浓度依赖性上升,各浓度组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）Cer作用于BXPC-3细胞48h可使细胞中的Bcl．2蛋白表达下降,Bax蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Cer以时间、浓度依赖方式抑制胰腺癌BXPC-3细胞的生长,其机制可能与调控细胞凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达、阻滞细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡有关。     

The apoptotic effect of HA14-1, a Bcl-2-interacting small molecular compound,requires Bax translocation and is enhanced by PK11195

HA14-1 is a small molecular compound that was identified based on the structure of Bcl-2. HA14-1 interacts with Bcl-2 and inhibits the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl-2. We investigated the mechanism of HA14-1-induced apoptosis and found that HA14-1 induces translocation of Bax from cytosols to the mitochondria. Cells deficient in Bax were much more resistant to HA14-1-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Bax is required for this process. A pan-caspase inhibitor failed to inhibit the apoptotic effect of HA14-1, indicating that this is through a caspase-independent pathway. To eliminate the effect of cytosolic Bax, we incubated cell-free mitochondria with HA14-1 to study its effect on cytochrome c release. HA14-1 was ineffective in causing cytochrome c release from the purified mitochondria. However, the combination of HA14-1 and PK11195, an antagonist of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor of the mitochondria, enhanced the cytochrome c release by HA14-1. The combination of PK11195 and HA14-1 could therefore serve as a potentially useful approach to enhance apoptosis in cancer.     

大蒜素对LM-8细胞Bcl-2及Bax表达的影响

背景:有研究证实,大蒜素对LM-8细胞增殖及凋亡有影响.目的:观察大蒜素干预C3H小鼠骨肉瘤细胞株LM-8细胞Bcl-2、Bax凋亡蛋白的表达,以及LM-8细胞的形态学变化与Bcl-2及Bax变化的关系.设计:随机分组,非盲法,细胞水平体外实验.单位:实验于2006-09/2007-05在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院中心实验室完成.材料:实验所用C3H小鼠LM-8骨肉瘤细胞株购自解放军第四军医大学实验动物中心.大蒜素为武汉汇海公司产品,是从大蒜球茎中分离出的硫化物.Cell Counting Kit-8试剂购于上海同仁化学研究所,Bcl-2和Bax抗体及SP试剂盒购于福州迈新生物技术开发公司.方法:以含体积分数为0.1新生牛血清的1640完全培养基,培养LM-8细胞,制作细胞爬片.SP免疫细胞组织化学技术检测细胞爬片中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达;倒置显微镜下观察5.0,10.0和15.0 mg/L质量浓度大蒜素作用前后LM-8细胞形态变化;将LM-8细胞调整至7.5×107L-1接种于96孔板,用1.0,5.0,10.0和15.0 mg/L质量浓度的大蒜素处理细胞,设立不加任何处理因素的对照组及不含细胞和药物的培养基空白组,孵育24,48,72 h后取出培养板,加入CCK-8测定吸光度值,计算LM-8细胞生长抑制率:以5.0,10.0和15.0 mg/L质量浓度大蒜素干预LM-8细胞24,48,72 h,消化离心收集细胞,以流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡率的变化.主要观察指标:LM-8细胞中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达;LM-8细胞形态及增殖、凋亡情况.结果:①Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达:大蒜素可以降低Bcl-2表达,增强Bax表达,经15.0mg/L大蒜素作用72h,Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达阳性率及Bcl-2/Bax表达与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).②LM-8细胞的形态:经不同质量浓度大蒜素干预后均出现明显凋亡表现.③LM-8细胞的增殖:大蒜素能明显抑制LM-8细胞的增殖,当大蒜素浓度从1.0 mg/L增加到15.0 mg/L,LM-8细胞72 h时生长抑制率由(23.87±3.26)%增至(58.32±5.38)%,在72 h其药物半数抑制率浓度是11.09 mg/L.④LM-8细胞的凋亡:5.0,10.0和15.0 mg/L质量浓度的大蒜素作用72 h后可诱导LM-8细胞凋亡,且呈浓度依赖性(P＜0.05).结论:①大蒜素可抑制LM-8细胞增殖,该效应与大蒜素的浓度和时间有关.②大蒜素可诱导LM-8细胞凋亡,作用呈浓度依赖性.③大蒜素抑制LM-8细胞增殖和诱导LM-8细胞凋亡的机制可能与下调Bcl-2的表达和上调Bax的表达有关.     

Mesangial cell apoptosis induced by stimulation of the adenosine A3 receptor: signaling and apoptotic events.

Mesangial cell apoptosis has been proposed as a means of resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in proliferative forms of glomerular disease. We previously demonstrated that adenosine causes mesangial cell apoptosis by stimulating the A3-type adenosine receptor. This is a G protein-coupled receptor shown to activate kinases involved in apoptotic signaling. In this work, we assessed changes in phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and in levels of specific pro- and antiapoptotic proteins following exposure of mesangial cells to the A3 adenosine receptor agonist N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA). Cultured mesangial cells were incubated with IB-MECA for 30 minutes and 6, 24, and 48 hours. IB-MECA was used at a concentration (30 microM) that induces a reproducible degree of mesangial cell apoptosis. Changes in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and in protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 were assessed by Western blot analysis. IB-MECA markedly increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. This effect peaked at 5 minutes, dissipated by 20 minutes, and was abolished by the inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, compound U0126, in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitor had no effect on the extent of IB-MECA-induced apoptosis. Bcl-2 levels progressively declined, whereas those of Bax and activated caspase 3 increased. These observations indicate that stimulation of the A3-type adenosine receptor causes mesangial cell apoptosis via mechanisms independent of ERK activation. The observations also point to an imbalance in the expression of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic (Bax, caspase 3) proteins as a potential mechanism underlying adenosine-induced mesangial cell apoptosis.     

Flex-Hets differentially induce apoptosis in cancer over normal cells by directly targeting mitochondria

Flex-Het drugs induce apoptosis in multiple types of cancer cells, with little effect on normal cells. This apoptosis occurs through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study was to determine if direct or indirect targeting of mitochondria is responsible for the differential sensitivities of cancer and normal cells to Flex-Hets. Mitochondrial effects and apoptosis were measured using JC-1 and Annexin V-FITC dyes with flow cytometry. Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), and Bax were measured by Western blot. Flex-Hets induced mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines but had minimal to no effects in a variety of normal cell cultures, including human ovarian surface epithelium. Effects on inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) potential were variable and did not occur in normal cells. Two different antioxidants, administered at concentrations shown to quench intracellular and mitochondrial ROS, did not alter Flex-Het-induced mitochondrial swelling, loss of IMM potential, or apoptosis. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide also did not prevent Flex-Het mitochondrial or apoptosis effects. Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) levels were decreased in an ovarian cancer cell line but increased in a normal culture, whereas Bax expression was unaffected by Flex-Hets treatment. In conclusion, ROS seems to be a consequence rather than a cause of mitochondrial swelling. The differential induction of apoptosis in cancer versus normal cells by Flex-Hets involves direct targeting of mitochondria associated with alterations in the balance of Bcl-2 proteins. This mechanism does not require IMM potential, ROS generation, or protein synthesis.     

磷酸肌酸对大鼠心肺复苏后心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过观察大鼠心肺复苏(CPR)后心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bax,Bcl-2的表达及外源性磷酸肌酸(CP)干预的影响,研究大鼠CPR后心肌损伤机制及外源性CP的保护作用.方法 将32只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(A组)、常规复苏组(B组)、常规剂量CP组(C组,胸外按压时首次给药CP 0.5g/kg,2 h后再次给药1.0g/kg)、大剂量CP组(D组,胸外按压时首次给药CP 1.0g/kg,2 h后再次给药2.0g/kg).每组动物8只.建立窒息型大鼠心搏骤停(CA)-CPR模型,ROSC后24 h取心肌标本待测.以脱氧核糖核昔酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测ROSC后24h的心肌细胞凋亡指数(AI);以免疫组化法检测ROSC后24h的心肌细胞Bcl-2,Bax蛋白表达.数据比较采用方差分析.结果 与A组比较,CPR后24h B,C,D各组心肌凋亡指数及Bax,Bcl-2蛋白表达均显著升高(均P＜0.01),Bcl-2/Bax值均明显降低(P＜0.01);与B组比较,C组和D组心肌的凋亡指数及Bax,Bcl-2蛋白表达均明显降低,Bcl-2/Bax值均明显上升(P＜0.01);与C组比较,D组的凋亡指数及Bax,Bcl-2蛋白表达均明显降低,Bcl-2/Bax值明显上升(P＜0.05).结论 外源性磷酸肌酸可明显抑制窒息型大鼠CPR后心肌细胞凋亡,对心肺复苏后心肌损伤具有保护作用,该作用以大剂量时更明显.     

应激状态下肠上皮细胞凋亡水平的变化及其机制

目的探讨在氧化应激状态下肠上皮细胞凋亡水平的变化以及凋亡异常发生的分子机制。方法使用过氧化氢(H2O2)处理培养的HT-29细胞模拟机体活性氧(ROS)损伤肠上皮细胞的体内状况,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)微量酶反应比色法进行细胞生存力的检测;采用流式细胞术进行细胞凋亡的检测;采用蛋白质免疫印迹法(Westernblot)检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果H2O2可降低HT-29细胞生存率,且呈现剂量依赖性和时间依赖性(P均<0.05);与空白对照组相比,随着H2O2浓度的增高,细胞凋亡率增加(P均<0.05),随着作用时间的延长,细胞凋亡率也增加(P<0.05);以不同浓度H2O2刺激HT-29细胞24h后发现,与空白对照组相比,Bax的表达随着H2O2浓度的增高而增加,Bcl-2的表达随着H2O2浓度的增高而降低。以500μmol/L,浓度的H2O2刺激HT-29细胞发现,Bax表达随着H2O2作用时间延长而增加,Bcl-2表达随着H2O2作用时间延长而降低。结论应激状态下,肠上皮细胞氧化应激水平与其凋亡程度相关,凋亡调控蛋白Bcl-2/Bax比值失调可能是肠上皮细胞凋亡过度的机制之一。     

姜黄素对人多发性骨髓瘤细胞表达Survivin、Bcl-2、Bax的影响

为探讨姜黄素对人多发性骨髓瘤细胞RPMI8226的抑制生长和诱导凋亡的作用机制,应用MTT法检测姜黄素对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效应;用流式细胞术（FCM）分析姜黄素作用后肿瘤细胞凋亡及细胞周期的变化;用RT-PCR方法检测Survivin、Bcl-2、Bax mRNA水平的变化。结果表明：姜黄素明显抑制RPMI8226细胞的增殖,并表现为时间、剂量依赖性,24、48小时IC50值分别为12.15μmol/L、4.9μmol/L;凋亡率由10.6%增加到36.9%（p〈0.05）,细胞发生G2/M期阻滞;RPMI8226细胞细胞强表达Survivin、Bcl-2,弱表达Bax。RPMI8226细胞经10μmol/L姜黄素处理24小时后,survivin、Bcl-2 mRNA表达下调,而Bax表达上调。结论：姜黄素抑制多发性骨髓瘤细胞RPMI8226增殖,并诱导凋亡。姜黄素的抗瘤机制可能与凋亡相关蛋白survivin、bcl-2、bax在转录水平的调节有关。     

三氧化二砷联合硼替佐米诱导多发性骨髓瘤RPMI8226细胞株凋亡及相关机制的研究

目的本研究旨在探讨三氧化二砷与硼替佐米联合应用对多发性骨髓瘤(Multiple myeloma,MM)细胞株RPMI8226细胞凋亡的影响及其相关机制。方法 CCK-8法检测三氧化二砷与硼替佐米联合应用对RPMI8226细胞增殖的抑制作用;采用流式细胞术检测两种药物诱导RPMI8226细胞凋亡情况及各药物组处理前后的细胞表面死亡受体4(death receptor 4,DR4)和死亡受体5(death receptor 5,DR5)表达的变化;Western blot检测各药物组Bcl-2、caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9和PARP蛋白表达水平的变化。结果三氧化二砷与硼替佐米联合组对RPMI8226细胞生长抑制明显高于三氧化二砷单药组,细胞凋亡率均较三氧化二砷单药组明显增多,细胞表面DR4和DR5表达明显增高。与三氧化二砷或硼替佐咪单药组相比较,联合用药组RPMI8226细胞Bcl-2表达下调明显,而caspase-3,caspase-8和caspase-9表达上调明显。结论硼替佐米可以增加RPMI8226细胞对三氧化二砷诱导凋亡的敏感性,这可能与Bcl-2的表达下调及caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9和PARP蛋白的表达上调有关。