复合咪唑安定对丙泊酚靶控输注诱导的影响

目的 观察靶控输注(TCI)丙泊酚麻醉诱导中,维持脑电双频指数(BIS)为50时,复合咪唑安定对丙泊酚靶浓度及血流动力学的影响.方法 40例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级拟行妇科腹腔镜手术病人,随机均分为丙泊酚(P)组和丙泊酚复合咪唑安定(M)组,记录BIS值降至50时的丙泊酚血浆及效应室靶浓度及病人诱导前、BIS值降至50时(诱导后)及气管插管即刻的HR和MAP.结果 当BIS值降至50时,M组丙泊酚的血浆及效应室靶浓度及用量均明显低于P组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);两组病人诱导后的MAP均较诱导前明显降低(P＜0.01),P组诱导后、气管插管即刻的HR较诱导前明显减慢(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)且明显慢于M组(P＜0.05).结论 以BIS值降至50为指标.TCI丙泊酚诱导时复合咪唑安定可明显降低丙泊酚的血浆及效应室靶浓度;可减轻丙泊酚诱导所致HR减慢,但不能减轻丙泊酚诱导所致血压下降;对插管时血流动力学影响两者相似.     

Comparison of vital capacity induction with sevoflurane to intravenous induction with propofol for adult ambulatory anesthesia.

We compared vital capacity inhaled induction (VC) with sevoflurane with i.v. induction with propofol for adult ambulatory anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 8% sevoflurane in 75% N2O/O2 from a primed circuit (VC, 32 patients) or propofol 2-mg/kg bolus (i.v., 24 patients). Times to loss of consciousness (response to command) and induction side effects (airway, hemodynamic, motor) were assessed. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane/N2O via a face mask for both groups. At the end of surgery, recovery times were measured and psychomotor function tests were performed. Patients were also asked to assess the quality of their anesthesia. Of the VC patients, 59% lost responsiveness in one breath, taking 39 +/- 3 s. All VC patients completed the induction, and all measures of induction time were significantly shorter for VC than for i.v. Induction side effects were different in the two groups (cough and hiccough for VC versus movement and blood pressure changes for i.v.), but overall incidences were similar. There were no significant differences in any index of early or intermediate recovery. Mild nausea occurred more often with VC, but no antiemetics were needed, and discharge was not delayed. Patients' assessments of the quality of induction or wake up were not significantly different between VC and i.v. Thus, VC induction with sevoflurane is an acceptable alternative to propofol i.v. induction of general anesthesia for adult ambulatory surgical patients. IMPLICATIONS: A vital capacity induction with sevoflurane produced a faster loss of consciousness and had side effects, recovery times, and patient satisfaction similar to that of a propofol induction in adults undergoing ambulatory surgery.     

Sympathetic responses to induction of anesthesia in humans with propofol or etomidate.

Anesthetic induction with propofol commonly results in hypotension. This study explored potential mechanisms contributing to hypotension by recording cardiovascular responses including sympathetic neural activity from patients during induction of anesthesia with propofol (2.5 mg.kg-1 plus 200 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or, for comparison, etomidate (0.3 mg.kg-1 plus 15 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). Twenty-five consenting, nonpremedicated, ASA physical status 1 and 2, surgical patients were evaluated. Measurements of R-R intervals (ECG), blood pressure (radial artery), forearm vascular resistance (plethysmography), and efferent muscle sympathetic nerve activity ([MSNA] microneurography: peroneal nerve) were obtained at rest and during induction of anesthesia. In addition, a sequential bolus of nitroprusside (100 micrograms) followed by phenylephrine (150 micrograms) was used to obtain data to quantitate the baroreflex regulation of cardiac function (R-R interval) and sympathetic outflow (MSNA) in the awake and anesthetized states. Etomidate induction preserved MSNA, forearm vascular resistance, and blood pressure, whereas propofol reduced MSNA by 76 +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM), leading to a reduction in forearm vascular resistance and a significant hypotension. Both cardiac and sympathetic baroslopes were maintained with etomidate but were significantly reduced with propofol, especially in response to hypotension. These findings suggest that propofol-induced hypotension is mediated by an inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system and impairment of baroreflex regulatory mechanisms. Etomidate, conversely, maintains hemodynamic stability through preservation of both sympathetic outflow and autonomic reflexes.     

Initial experiences with propofol (Disoprivan) for anesthesia induction in pediatric anesthesia

Propofol is a new intravenous anesthetic agent that provides smooth and rapid induction of anesthesia. A short elimination half-life guarantees rapid recovery. Since it has been reformulated as an emulsion in soya bean oil, anaphylactoid reactions are unlikely to occur. As compared to adults, there is very little experience with propofol in pediatric anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate propofol as an induction agent in children with respect to cardiovascular and respiratory effects and to investigate the incidence of other side-effects. METHOD. In 25 ASA I children aged 3-12 years (6.4 +/- 2.7 SD) anesthesia was induced with a single dose of propofol, after standard premedication with atropine 0.01 mg/kg and Thalamonal 0.04 ml/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured before and each minute for 6 min after propofol administration. The incidence of side-effects during induction of anesthesia as well as during recovery and the postoperative period were recorded. RESULTS. Propofol 2.5 mg/kg produced rapid and smooth induction of anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure decreased after 1 min by 14.3% with a maximum of 16.8% after 3 min. HR was influenced differently by propofol; children with initially high HR had a decrease in HR, whereas in children with a low initial rate, HR increased transiently. After 1 min, no further changes occurred. Although no apnea was observed, respiration was shallow and depressed, as indicated by a decrease in SaO2. Two children complained of pain and 4 of discomfort at the site of the injection; 1 of these developed transient phlebitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The determinants of propofol induction of anesthesia dose

Recently it was reported that the pharmacokinetics of propofol are modified by changes in cardiac output. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cardiac output and other factors on the hypnotic dose of propofol. One-hundred surgical patients were administered indocyanine green immediately before the induction of anesthesia to measure their cardiac outputs and blood volumes. Propofol (250 microg. kg(-1). min(-1)) was infused IV for 8 min, and the hypnotic dose of propofol and the time to hypnosis were recorded. The plasma concentration of propofol immediately after 2 mg/kg infusion was measured. Multiple regression analysis showed that, in addition to age and weight, cardiac output was a small but significant factor for predicting the hypnotic dose of propofol (R(2) = 0.468, P < 0.001), the time to hypnosis (R(2) = 0.454, P < 0.001), and the plasma concentration of propofol (R(2) = 0.248, P < 0.01). Cardiac output, age, and weight showed similar partial coefficients for the hypnotic dose (0.128, 0.137, and 0.140, respectively). IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates a significant relationship between cardiac output and the hypnotic dose of propofol. We suggest that anesthesiologists should include cardiac output, as well as age and weight, in calculating the induction dose of propofol.     

Plasma histamine levels during induction of anesthesia with propofol in dogs

We examined a property of emulsion formation of propofol (ICI 35868) to release histamine into circulating plasma in dogs. Plasma histamine was measured with radioimmunoassay before (baseline), and 1, 5 and 10min after the administration of 15mg·kg^–1 propofol. There were no significant differences between the plasma histamine levels at 1, 5 and 10min after the administration of propofol and the baseline level. We conclude that the emulsion formation of propofol of 15mg·kg^–1 does not release histamine during induction of anesthesia in dogs.(Mitsuhata H, Shimizu R: Plasma histamine levels during induction of anesthesia with propofol in dogs. J Anesth 7: 206–209, 1993)     

舒芬太尼复合七氟醚或丙泊酚在全麻诱导中的应用

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合七氟醚或丙泊酚在全麻诱导中的应用.方法 择期ASA I或Ⅱ级上腹部手术患者30例,随机分为七氟醚组(A组)和丙泊酚组(B组),每组15例.麻醉诱导先静脉注射舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg,1 min后,A组以肺活量法吸入8%七氟醚和8 L/min氧气,入睡后推注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,维持吸入七氟醚使其呼气末浓度达6%;B组以靶控输注丙泊酚3 mg/L行麻醉诱导,入睡后推注罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,BIS值达50并维持5 s后行气管插管.记录患者入睡时间、BIS值达到50的时间以及不良反应.观察两组患者诱导前(T0)、达到插管条件时(T1)、气管插管时(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)、10 min(T6)时SBP、DBP、HR和BIS值的变化,并在各时点抽动脉血用酶联免疫法测定血浆肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度.结果 A组患者诱导入睡时间、BIS值下降至50的时间均短于B组(P＜0.05),两组插管期间均无不良记忆反应.与T0时比较,两组T1时SBP、DBP明显下降(P＜0.05),B组HR明显减慢(P＜0.05).与T1时比较,两组T2～T4时SBP、DBP明显升高(P＜0.05),B组HR明显增快(P＜0.05),T5、T6时SBP、DBP和HR基本恢复到插管前水平.B组T1时SBP、DBP和HR下降幅度较A组明显(P＜0.05).两组T1～T6时BIS均小于50,组间差异无统计学意义.与T0比较,B组T3～T5时血浆E和NE浓度升高(P＜0.05).结论 舒芬太尼复合吸入七氟醚麻醉可以达到良好抑制插管应激反应的效果和足够的麻醉深度,且比复合靶控输注丙白酚麻醉诱导更为平稳和快速.     

Convulsion in two non-epileptic patients following induction of anesthesia with propofol

Two non-epileptic patients developed convulsions immediately after induction of anesthesia with propofol. Their vital signs were stable during operation and they recovered from convulsion promptly. Case 1: A 25-year-old man was scheduled for lumbar herniectomy. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 200 mg (2 mg.kg-1). On termination of propofol administration, he developed generalized shivering like movements. Although tracheal intubation was performed with suxamethonium 100 mg, he showed no fasciculations. Vital signs and Spo2 were stable except increase of pulse rate from 70 to 116.min-1 for a few minutes. Case 2: A 75-year-old female was scheduled for cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. Immediately after induction with propofol 60 mg (1.5 mg.kg-1), she developed generalized tonic-clonic convulsion, and she had her trachea intubated with aid of vecuronium 6 mg. Propofol-related convulsion may occur in non-epileptic patients.     

艾司洛尔对丙泊酚麻醉诱导过程中脑电双频指数的影响

目的观察艾司洛尔用于丙泊酚麻醉诱导插管时脑电双频指数(BIS)的变化。方法30例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级患者随机分为两组,对照组静注生理盐水10ml负荷量后静滴生理盐水,用药组艾司洛尔1mg/kg稀释于生理盐水10ml静注后以250μg.kg-1.min-1微量泵输入,然后静注丙泊酚2mg/kg,当两组BIS降至40~50时静注芬太尼2μg/kg、阿曲库铵0.5mg/kg行经口明视气管插管。监测给药前、诱导前、插管前、插管后1、3、5minBIS、MAP及HR,并观察插管后各时点与插管前BIS、MAP、HR的变化差值△BIS、△MAP及△HR。结果插管前对照组及用药组BIS变化差异无显著意义。插管后1、3、5min对照组BIS较插管前显著升高,用药组BIS与插管前比较差异无显著意义,两组间比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。插管后对照组△BIS变化最大百分比为40%,与用药组的6.8%相比差异有极显著意义(P<0.01)。插管后1、3min对照组MAP、HR显著高于插管前,两组比较差异无显著意义;插管后对照组△MAP及△HR变化最大百分比为55%及40%,明显高于用药组的29%及15%。结论艾司洛尔用于丙泊酚麻醉诱导插管时,对插管前BIS无影响,插管后可抑制BIS的增加。     

脑状态指数在七氟醚或丙泊酚诱导时的变化

目的 观察七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉时脑状态指数(CSI)的变化.方法 30例腹腔镜手术患者随机均分成七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚组(P组).麻醉诱导:S组吸入2%的七氟醚,每隔1分钟增加1%;P组每隔1分钟重复给予15 mg丙泊酚,直至患者意识消失.记录患者诱导期的CSI数值,并对患者的镇静程度采用警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S)标准评分.结果 S组与P组术前CSI基础值差异无统计学意义,随着麻醉的加深,两组的CSI数值均明显下降(P<0.01),至OAA/S 1分时S组与P组的CSI数值较OAA/S 5分时明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),S组与P组的CSI与OAA/S的相关系数r分别为0.843和0.812.结论 CSI监测可反映七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉时的麻醉深度.     

Effects of the bolus injection rate on anesthesia induction with propofol]

We examined the influence of the bolus injection rate of propofol on the cardiovascular depression and injection pain. Fifty-one patients of ASA grade 1 or 2 were randomly allocated to two groups. After premedication with midazolam 0.06 mg.kg-1 and atropine 0.006 mg.kg-1 i.m., propofol 2 mg.kg-1 was injected to a forearm vein at a rate of 800 ml.hr-1 in Group A or 1 ml.s-1 in Group B. Anesthesia was maintained thereafter with 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen and propofol infused at 6 mg.kg-1.hr-1. The incidence and severity of pain on injection were lower in Group B compared with Group A, but the difference was not statistically significant. The induction time was significantly shorter in Group B than in Group A (40 vs. 73 sec: P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two injection rates in peak reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. In conclusion, rapid injection of propofol was effective to shorten the induction time without any adverse effects.     

Success rate of anesthesia induction using target-controlled infusion of propofol with fentanyl

Twenty-one patients were studied to compare the success rate of anesthesia induction using target-controlled infusion of propofol with and without fentanyl. All patients were premedicated with atropine 0.5 mg and hydroxyzine 25-50 mg. Five minutes after intravenous administration of fentanyl 2 micrograms.kg-1, patients were given infusions of propofol designed to achieve target blood concentrations of 3 micrograms.kg-1. Loss of verbal contact was regarded as successful induction. The success rate of anesthesia induction within three minutes of achieving the target concentration was 90%. Pain on injection and reduction in blood pressure were infrequent. Selecting a target concentration of 3 micrograms.kg-1 with fentanyl 2 micrograms.kg-1 can be expected to successfully induce anesthesia in the majority of patients without major hemodynamic side effects and pain on injection.     

The effect of mixing lidocaine with propofol on the dose of propofol required for induction of anesthesia

Lidocaine is used to reduce pain associated with propofol injection, either mixed with propofol or preceding it as a separate injection. The addition of lidocaine to propofol causes destabilization of the emulsion and reduces anesthetic potency in rats and humans. We conducted a randomized double-blinded study on 67 patients to assess the effect of mixing lidocaine with propofol on the dose of propofol required for the induction of anesthesia. Patients in Group S (n = 32) received IV lidocaine 0.2 mg/kg followed by an infusion of propofol whereas those in Group M (n = 35) received IV normal saline (placebo) followed by an infusion of a freshly prepared mixture of propofol 1%/lidocaine 1% in 10:1 volume ratio. The infusion was stopped when the subjects lost consciousness, as detected by the syringe-drop method. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the mean (95% confidence interval) doses of propofol required for loss of consciousness: 2.0 (1.8-2.2) mg/kg for Group S versus 1.9 (1.7-2.0) mg/kg for Group M (P = 0.206). Mixing 20 mg of lidocaine with 200 mg of propofol is unlikely to affect the dose of propofol required for the induction of anesthesia. IMPLICATIONS: Adding lidocaine to propofol destabilizes the propofol emulsion. A randomized double-blinded trial found no statistically significant difference in the doses of propofol required for the induction of anesthesia whether administered as a freshly prepared propofol 1%/lidocaine 1% 10:1 mixture or as a separate injection after a dose of lidocaine.     

麻醉诱导期间异丙酚与利多卡因的相互作用

目的探讨麻醉诱导期间不同利多卡因浓度对睫毛反射、意识消失时异丙酚血药浓度和心血管系统的影响。方法选择38例择期手术病人应用微机控制靶控输注利多卡因维持不同目标浓度(Ct)，其后从另一接口输注异丙酚，逐渐增加异丙酚目标浓度直至意识消失。根据利多卡因目标浓度将病人分为5组，分别为A组Oug·ml     

Evaluation of low-dose propofol preadministration to attenuate vascular pain during induction of anesthesia

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a small dose of propofol before induction decreases pain with injection using two different formulas of propofol-10% long-chain triglycerides (LCT) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and LCT. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, comparative study. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: 200 ASA physical status I and II patients. INTERVENTIONS: Group A (LCT control) and group B (MCT/LCT control) were first preadministered normal saline plus Intralipid (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) as a placebo, whereas group C (LCT study) and group D (MCT/LCT study) received each formulation of propofol 0.1 mg/kg before induction. After three minutes, groups A and C received LCT propofol two mg/kg for induction. Groups B and D received LCT/MCT propofol in the same manner. MEASUREMENT: Pain was evaluated blindly at the time of both preadministration and induction, using a 4-point scale: 0 = no pain, 1 = mild pain, 2 = moderate pain, and 3 = severe pain. MAIN RESULTS: 36 (72%) LCT and 31 (62%) LCT/MCT control group patients (groups A and B) had pain. Pretreatment with propofol (groups C and D) attenuated the frequency of pain significantly in 21 (42%) and 24 (48%) patients at induction, respectively. CONCLUSION: Long-chain triglyceride and LCT/MCT propofol, 0.1 mg/kg administration before induction, resulted in attenuated pain at an induction dose of propofol.     

Behavior of the histamine level in induction of anesthesia with propofol and methohexital

In a study of the effect of intravenous anesthetics on plasma histamine levels, propofol and methohexital were administered to patients. Histamine determination was performed using an improved fluometric method specific for imidazole derivatives. As a primary step, the plasma histamine concentration was determined in 60 healthy, fasting probands and used as a comparative value. The mean value obtained from 60 examinations was 0.38 +/- 0.12 ng/ml, the median value was 0.37 ng/ml (Table 1). The next step consisted in determination of plasma histamine values in 20 patients 1 h following premedication with fentanyl. In this group, the mean value was 0.33 +/- 0.11 ng/ml, the median value 0.316 ng/ml (Table 2). In another 20 patients the plasma histamine concentration was determined 1 h following intramuscular injection of 1.4 microgram fentanyl +0.07 mg/kg droperidol (Thalamonal). In this group, the mean value was 0.373 +/- 0.11 ng/ml and the median value was 0.736 ng/ml. Subsequently, the effect of 2.5 mg/kg propofol (Disoprivan) or 1 mg/kg methohexital (Brevimytal) on plasma histamine levels was examined in a randomized, prospective study in 22 patients of ASA class I and II (Table 3, Fig. 2). Two minutes prior to injection of the test substances and 2, 4, 8, and 13 min following injection, plasma histamine levels, blood pressure, and heart rate were examined. In both groups, no changes in plasma histamine levels were observed during the period of examination. Comparison of the individual time columns within a group as well as intergroup comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences in either the t test or the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of speed of injection on anesthesia induction with propofol and fentanyl]

We examined the effects of injection rate of propofol on injection pain and postinduction hypotension and bradycardia when fentanyl was administrated before propofol. Fifty-five patients premedicated with midazolam and atropine were randomly allocated to two groups. Three minutes after administration of fentanyl 100 micrograms, propofol 1.5 mg.kg-1 was injected to a forearm vein at a rate of 800 ml.hr-1 in Group FS or 1 ml.s-1 in Group FR. Anesthesia was maintained with 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen and supplemental propofol infusion. The incidence and severity of pain on injection were not influenced with injection speed. The rapid rate of injection significantly shortened the induction time. The decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate after induction were not affected by injection speed. In conclusion, rapid injection of propofol after fentanyl was effective to shorten the induction time without increasing the postinduction hypotension and bradycardia.