Very low-density lipoprotein in the cord blood of preterm neonates

Human fetuses have markedly low levels of serum lipids and a unique lipoprotein profile with respect to quality, with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle as the dominant cholesterol carrier. However, little is known about triglyceride (TG) distribution. In addition, lipid metabolism is important in lung development, with indications that TG from very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is essential for surfactant synthesis. We investigated TG distribution in preterm neonate cord blood and the relationship of VLDL-TG levels with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The study included 103 appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates (61 males). We performed serum lipoprotein analyses in cord blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with gel permeation columns. Term neonates had low cord blood TG concentrations distributed equally to the LDL and VLDL fractions. However, preterm neonates had even lower TG concentrations, with VLDL as the dominant carrier. The LDL-TG and high-density lipoprotein-TG concentrations in cord blood increased gradually with gestational age, but cord blood VLDL-TG concentrations increased dramatically from 32 to 34 weeks of gestational age. Neonates with RDS exhibited no RDS-specific lipoprotein profile; however, most were born before the timing of the dramatic VLDL-TG increase. Our results suggest that 34 weeks of gestation is a critical period for TG metabolism, indicating the need for evaluation of the lipid nutritional state in preterm neonates.     

Plasma lipids and apoproteins, body fat distribution and body fatness in early pubertal children

Besides body fatness, the body fat distribution is associated with coronary risk in adults, but little has been reported on this aspect in children. This study describes body fatness, body fat distribution (waist-to-hip ratio, WHR) and the plasma lipid and apoprotein profile (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, apo A-I and apo B) in 60 boys (age 10.8 +/- 0.1 year; mean +/- s.e.m.) and 64 girls (age 10.2 +/- 0.1 year), all caucasian. To avoid interference by the large changes in plasma sex hormone levels during puberty, only pre- and early pubertal children (Tanner stages of genital c.q. breast development 1 or 2) participated. Physical and sports activity was scored in hours per week using a questionnaire. The boys were taller than the girls (146.2 +/- 0.7 vs 143.2 +/- 0.9 cm; ANOVA, P less than or equal to 0.05) and their WHR was larger (0.88 +/- 0.01 vs 0.83 +/- 0.01; ANOVA, P less than or equal to 0.05). The boys spent 8.0 +/- 0.4 hours weekly on physical and sports activities, the girls 5.5 +/- 0.3 (ANOVA, P less than or equal to 0.05). The plasma lipid and apoprotein profiles were similar in both groups. Body fatness was significantly associated with the lipid and apoprotein profile, although in different ways in boys and girls. In boys there was a relationship with TG (r = 0.49), with apo B (r = 0.33) and with the apo A-I to apo B ratio (r = -0.24); in girls with TG (r = 0.25), HDL-C (r = -0.39), apo A-I (r = -0.28) and with the HDL-C to TC ratio (r = -0.31); P less than 0.05 for all correlations. A regional component of the subcutaneous fatmass, assessed by the partial correlations of the individual skinfold thicknesses with the plasma lipid and apoprotein profile after controlling for body fatness, was lacking in these early and prepubertal children. The WHR was associated with TC (r = 0.35), LDL-C (r = 0.32), apo B (r = 0.36) and with apo A-I/apo B (r = -0.34) in the girls after controlling for body fatness. Although closer investigation into the validity of the WHR as a measure of fat distribution in children is needed, the tentative conclusion is that in pre- and early pubertal girls the WHR has an impact on the plasma lipid and apoprotein profile similar to that seen in adults. It is suggested that in boys these relationships develop later in puberty.     

Classification of lipoprotein profile by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis

OBJECTIVE: We studied the relationship between the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) pattern of lipoproteins and other indicators of lipid metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fasting serum lipid was analyzed in 108 Japanese hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic subjects (39 males and 69 females, 63.5 +/- 6.4 years old). We classified the lipoprotein profile by PAGE into the following four types (SAND); Type S (symmetric), Type A (asymmetric), Type N (nodular), and Type D (disrupted). The relationship between WHO classification of hyperlipidemias and SAND classification was analyzed. RESULTS: Normolipidemic subjects were classified into Types S, A, and N. Type IIa subjects were classified into Types S, A, and N. Type IIb subjects were classified into Types S, A, N, and D. Type IV subjects were classified into Types N and D. Serum total cholesterol (TC) was not different among the SAND types, but serum triglyceride (TG) was significantly different among the types. Serum TG tended to increase from Type S to Type D. VLDL-cholesterol (C) increased from Type S to Type D. LDL-C showed a trend to decrease from Type S to Type D, but without significance. HDL-C significantly decreased from Type S to Type D. VLDL-TG, LDL-TG, and HDL-TG increased from Type S to Type D. TC/TG, HDL-C/TG, LDL-C/LDL-TG, and HDL-C/HDL-TG ratios all significantly decreased from Type S to Type D. However, VLDL-C/VLDL-TG was not different among the groups. CONCLUSION: SAND classification of lipoprotein profile may offer a new clinical tool to cover the weak point of WHO classification.     

Adiponectin in umbilical cord blood is inversely related to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not ethnicity

CONTEXT: Adiponectin is a recognized protective risk marker for cardiovascular disease in adults and is associated with an optimal lipid profile. The role of adiponectin at birth is not well understood, and its relationship with the neonatal lipid profile is unknown. Because ethnic disparities in cardiovascular risk have been attributed to low adiponectin and its associated low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), investigation at birth may help determine the etiology of these risk patterns. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between neonatal adiponectin and lipid profile at birth in two ethnic groups in cord blood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four healthy mothers and their newborns of South Asian and White European origin were studied in this cross-sectional study at St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum adiponectin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels were measured in umbilical venous blood at birth and in maternal blood collected at 28 wk gestation. RESULTS: Cord adiponectin was significantly inversely associated with cord LDL-C (r = -0.32; P = 0.005) but not HDL-C. In a multiple regression analysis, cord LDL-C remained the most significant association of cord adiponectin (beta = -0.13; P < 0.001). We did not find any significant ethnic differences in cord adiponectin or lipids with the exception of triglycerides, which were significantly lower in South Asian newborns (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the first report of an inverse relationship between cord adiponectin and LDL-C at birth. In contrast to adult studies, we found no significant association between adiponectin and HDL-C in cord blood. Our results and the strong independent association between adiponectin and HDL-C observed in adult studies suggest a role for adiponectin in lipid metabolism. Ethnic differences in adiponectin may arise after birth.     

Acute effects of marathon running on levels of serum lipoproteins and androgenic hormones in healthy males

The acute effects of marathon (42.2 km) running on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, particularly high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, and on levels of serum androgenic hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were studied in 20 healthy non- champion -class joggers participating in the First North Karelian Heart Marathon. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were unchanged after the marathon, whereas the lipoprotein distribution of both lipids was significantly altered. Very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) and cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels decreased significantly, whereas low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (LDL-TG) but not cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were increased, suggesting an accumulation of VLDL remnants in the LDL density range. HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) level rose significantly owing to an increase in HDL2-C. HDL3-C level remained the same. Serum levels of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, the main apolipoprotein constituents of HDL, did not change during the marathon but their distribution between the HDL subfractions differed, indicating a conversion of HDL3 to HDL2. Serum levels of LH, testosterone, and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) all decreased during the marathon. The changes in levels of serum lipoproteins and androgenic hormones were not interrelated. We concluded that the short-term regulation of HDL levels during acute exhaustive exercise is controlled not by changes in serum androgenic hormones but by enhanced degradation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.     

Sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in pubertal children

Men and women have different lipid profiles throughout life, related to changes in sex hormones; and this has been associated with sex-related differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease. The influence of sex hormone changes during puberty on the lipid profile has been reported, but levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (the specific plasma binding protein of sex hormones) have not been evaluated even though its regulatory role might be crucial. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sex hormones and SHBG and changes in plasma lipid levels during puberty. Our population-based sample included 370 healthy schoolchildren (175 male and 195 female), ranging from 12 to 15 years old. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower in 15-year-olds than in younger boys, and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels steeply decreased across the studied age groups. Parallel to these changes, testosterone levels increased whereas SHBG decreased as age increases in boys. In girls, no significant differences were observed in these variables among the age groups. Testosterone and SHBG were highly correlated with anthropometric variables. Sex hormone-binding globulin was negatively associated with triglycerides (TG) in both sexes, remaining statistically significant after further adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI) in girls. Sex hormone-binding globulin was the only predictive variable for HDL-C and TG in multiple linear regression analysis, after adjustment by BMI, in both sexes, accounting for 10% of the variance of HDL-C in boys and for around 5% of the variance of TG in both sexes. In boys, testosterone and SHBG remained significantly correlated to apo A-I levels, even after adjusting for age and BMI, and were the most important predictive variables for apo A-I in multiple linear regression analysis. In conclusion, SHBG levels are related to a decrease in HDL-C and apo A-I levels during puberty in boys and to a decrease in TG levels during puberty in both sexes.     

Effects of long-term overfeeding on plasma lipoprotein levels in identical twins

Twelve pairs of male monozygotic (MZ) twins (mean age +/- S.D.: 21 +/- 2 years) were subjected to an overfeeding protocol of 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal) above their pre-established individual daily energy needs, 6 days a week, over a period of 100 days. Body weight increased significantly (gain of 8.1 kg, P<0.001), as did fat mass (5.4 kg, P<0.001) after overfeeding. Plasma triacylglycerol (TG) levels significantly increased (P<0.05) without change in plasma cholesterol (CHOL). Plasma very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG, VLDL-Apoprotein (Apo) B, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-Apo B (P相似文献   

Estradiol and testosterone effects on lipids in black and white boys aged 10 to 15 years

Previous studies of lipids in adolescent males have shown greater increases in triglycerides and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in white boys compared with black boys, significant correlations between sex hormones and lipids, and complex body mass index (BMI) hormone-lipid associations. Within this frame of reference, we assessed race, BMI, and sex hormones as predictors of lipid parameters in 536 black and white boys recruited from area schools. Black boys were more advanced in puberty than white boys. After adjusting for pubertal stage, estradiol (E2) levels were higher in black boys but free testosterone (T) levels did not differ. Age, pubertal stage, race, BMI, free T, and E2 were entered as explanatory variables for lipids in backward stepwise regression analyses. The BMI and race were retained in every model. Black boys had lower triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (apo B) and higher HDL-C. E2 was inversely associated with total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apo B, and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Free T was inversely associated with HDL-C and positively associated with apo B. Given the increases in free T and E2 during adolescence and the association of these hormones with both atherogenic and protective lipid parameters, racial differences in E2 could contribute to the more atherogenic lipid profile found in white boys after puberty.     

Linkage and association studies of the lipoprotein lipase gene with postheparin plasma lipase activities, body fat, and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: the HERITAGE Family Study

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. The aims of the present study were (1) to test for potential linkages (sib-pair method) between postheparin plasma lipase (lipoprotein and hepatic lipase) activities, body fatness, plasma lipid concentrations, and LPL polymorphisms (Ser447Ter and a tetranucleotide repeat) and microsatellite markers flanking the LPL locus (D8S261 and D8S258); and (2) to investigate associations between the LPL Ser447Ter (S447X) polymorphism and these phenotypes. Data on 190 parents and 312 adult offspring from 99 Caucasian families participating in the HERITAGE Family Study were available for this study. Data were adjusted for the effects of age within sex, and lipases, lipid variables, and abdominal visceral fat were further adjusted for fat mass. A suggestive linkage was observed only between the S447X polymorphism and very-low-density (VLDL)-apolipoprotein B (apo B) (332 sib-pairs, P = .013). The S447X polymorphism was not associated with body fat phenotypes or postheparin plasma LPL (PH-LPL) activity (men, P = .19; women, P = .47). In contrast, the X447 allele carriers had lower plasma TG (men and women, P = .01), VLDL-TG (men and women, P = .01), and VLDL-apo B (men and women, P = .009). The relationships between the X447 allele and plasma TG, VLDL-TG, and VLDL-apo B in both genders were observed in obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 30 kg/m2) but not in normal-weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) subjects. Thus, the S447X polymorphism of the LPL gene is not associated with body fatness and postheparin plasma lipase activities. However, the obese carriers of the X447 allele have plasma TG, VLDL-TG, and plasma cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels equivalent to those of normal-weight sedentary adults.     

Evidence of QTLs on chromosomes 13q and 14q for triglycerides before and after 20 weeks of exercise training: the HERITAGE Family Study

Fasting triglyceride (TG) levels in total plasma and in lipoprotein subfractions were assessed both at baseline and after a 20-week exercise training intervention in 99 White and 101 Black families. A genome-wide multipoint variance component linkage analysis was performed separately by race, using 509 markers. The strongest evidence of linkage was for the TG subfractions of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-TG) rather than for overall levels of TG. For baseline levels, the maximum LOD score was 3.8 on 13q12-q14 with HDL-TG in Whites. Additional linkage evidence was found on 14q31 (LOD=3.2) and 10p14 (LOD=2.9) for baseline LDL-TG in Whites. Suggestive linkage signal at baseline in Whites was detected for HDL-TG (LOD=2.6) on 12q24 and for LDL-TG on 19p13. For training response in Whites, suggestive signal (LOD=2.2) was observed on 13q12-q14 with LDL-TG and for HDL-TG on 10q23. For Blacks, weak signals (LODs<2.0) were found either for baseline and responses to training, perhaps due to small sample sizes that reduced the power of the linkage analysis. These results represent the first report of linkage for the lipoprotein subfractions and for the lipid and lipoprotein responses to exercise training. It is interesting that the strongest signals were found for the LDL-TG and HDL-TG subfractions, given their particular relationships with the atherogenic lipid profile including dense LDL and HDL particles.     

Obstructive sleep apnoea and its therapy influence high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels.

Recent studies suggest an association of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) with cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia. The present study analyses the effects of OSA and its therapy on serum lipid concentrations in 470 OSA patients in a single centre study. Multivariate regression showed a significant association between the apnoea-hypopnoea index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) serum levels (n = 366), independent of age, sex, body mass index, diabetes and lipid lowering medication. There were no independent associations with total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels. During follow-up (6 months) with effective bilevel or continuous positive airway pressure therapy in 127 patients (lipoproteins: n = 86) without change in their lipid lowering therapy, the mean HDL-C serum level increased significantly by 5.8% from 46.9+/-15.8 to 49.6+/-15.3 mg x dL(-1) (mean+/-SD). An independent relationship was found between the change of apnoea-hypopnoea index and the change of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides, respectively. All patients with abnormal serum lipid/lipoprotein levels improved significantly under bilevel or continuous positive airway pressure therapy. This study demonstrates an influence of obstructive sleep apnoea and its therapy on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.     

Obesity and serum lipids: an evaluation of the relative contribution of body fat and fat distribution to lipid levels

The association of obesity and hyperlipidemia does not mean that fatness per se is the primary determinant of the lipid abnormality. To evaluate the contribution of fatness to fasting levels of serum triglycerides (TG), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), we analyzed data on 368 caucasian adults (286 women, 82 men) consecutively entering a weight control program. Although most subjects were overweight, the population represented a wide spectrum of body weights and lipid levels. Study variables included body fat mass (by total body water), fat free mass (FFM), body build (chest to height ratio), fat cell size and number (from bilateral buttock biopsy specimens), upper-lower body fat pattern by arm to thigh circumference ratio, central-peripheral fat pattern by subcapsular to triceps skinfold ratio, waist to hip ratio, and the presence or absence of diabetes. Our results concurred with previously noted correlations of body weight with TG (r = 0.29, P less than 0.0001) and with HDL-C (r = -0.28, P less than 0.0001) at least in the larger sample of women, but there was no significant correlation with LDL-C (r = -0.06). In order to evaluate the relative contribution of the various components of body composition and fat distribution to lipid levels, stepwise regression analyses were performed on the subgroups of women and men. Among women: TG level was predicted best by FFM, upper body fat pattern, age, and diabetes (explaining 30 percent of TG variance); LDL-C level was predicted by age only (explaining 12 percent of variance); and HDL-C level was predicted by body build only (8 percent). Among men: TG level was predicted best by central and upper body fat patterns and diabetes (31 percent of variance); LDL-C and HDL-C levels were not significantly predicted by any of the 11 study variables. These results, obtained from cross-sectional analysis of a predominantly obese sample, suggest that lipid levels may be more directly related to body fat pattern, fat free mass and body build than to body fatness itself.     

Blockade of oestrogen biosynthesis in peripubertal boys: effects on lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition

OBJECTIVE: In males, the pubertal increase in sex hormone production has been associated with proatherogenic changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Aromatase inhibitors, a novel treatment modality for some growth disorders, may significantly influence these risk factors for cardiovascular disease by suppressing oestrogen biosynthesis and stimulating gonadal androgen production. In the current study, we explored the effects of aromatase inhibition on lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, body composition and serum adiponectin in peripubertal boys. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical study. METHODS: Thirty-one boys, aged 9.0-14.5 years, with idiopathic short stature were treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (2.5 mg/day) or placebo for 2 years. During the treatment, the concentrations of sex hormones, IGF-I, lipids, lipoproteins and adiponectin were followed-up. The percentage of fat mass (FM) was assessed by skinfold measurements and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. RESULTS: In pubertal boys, who received letrozole, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased by 0.47 mmol/l (P<0.01) during the study. Simultaneously, their percentage of FM decreased from 17.0 to 10.5 (P<0.001), in an inverse relationship with serum testosterone. The concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and HOMA index remained at pretreatment level in both groups. Serum adiponectin decreased similarly in letrozole- and placebo-treated pubertal boys (2.9 and 3.3 mg/l respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In males, aromatase inhibition reduces HDL-C and decreases relative FM after the start of puberty. The treatment does not adversely affect insulin sensitivity in lean subjects.     

Independent Association Between Nocturnal Intermittent Hypoxemia and Metabolic Dyslipidemia

BackgroundThere is growing evidence from animal models that intermittent hypoxemia (IH) may induce dyslipidemia. Altered lipid metabolism may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk observed in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In this multisite, cross-sectional study, we tested the hypothesis that there is an independent association between nocturnal IH and dyslipidemia in OSA.MethodsFasting serum lipid levels were measured in 2,081 patients (638 women) undergoing nocturnal recording for clinical suspicion of OSA. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent associations between oxygen desaturation index (ODI) and lipid profile after adjustment for potential confounders, including components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) or the MS itself. Adjusted OR for metabolic dyslipidemia (triglycerides [TG] ≥ 150 mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] ≤ 50 mg/dL for women and ≤ 40 mg/dL for men) according to quartiles of ODI were determined by logistic regression.ResultsTotal cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not associated with ODI. In contrast, nocturnal IH and OSA severity were associated with higher TG levels and lower HDL-C levels after adjustment for confounding factors. The association between ODI and TG and HDL-C levels was independent of the MS. Adjusted OR (95% CIs) for metabolic dyslipidemia were 1 (reference), 1.56 (1.24-1.96), 1.72 (1.29-2.29), and 1.93 (1.55-2.41) for ODI ≤ 7, > 7 to ≤ 18, > 18 to ≤ 38, and > 38, respectively (P <.0001 for linear trend).ConclusionsNocturnal IH is independently associated with metabolic dyslipidemia, which may predispose patients with OSA to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Vietnamese children and its relationship to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels

We investigated the frequency of apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism and the effect of apoE polymorphism on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels under different nutritional statuses in Vietnamese children living in urban and rural areas. Three hundred and forty-eight girls (aged 7 to 9 years) were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in southern Vietnam. Their apoE genotypes were analyzed by an Invader assay, and the plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were determined by enzymatic methods using fasting blood samples. Dietary intake and anthropometry of children were also measured. The frequency of the allele epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 of the Vietnamese girls was 0.09 and 0.12, respectively. The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) of the allele epsilon 2 carriers were significantly lower than those of the allele epsilon 3 carriers (P < .0001) in both the urban and rural groups. In contrast, the allele epsilon 4 carriers tended to show a higher LDL-C level than the allele epsilon 3 carriers, especially in subjects with a higher fat intake in urban area. The allele epsilon 2 carriers had the same high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) level as the allele epsilon 3 carriers, but the allele epsilon 4 carriers with a higher fat intake living in urban areas had lower HDL-C and higher TG level than allele epsilon 3 carriers. In conclusion, our findings showed that the LDL-C lowering effect of allele epsilon 2 was independent of the nutritional status, while allele epsilon 4 tended to lower HDL-C and increase the LDL-C level in a high-fat intake population. Therefore, the plasma lipid profiles of apoE epsilon 4 carriers may be a risk factor of atherogenesis in Vietnamese, who tend to have a westernized eating habit.     

The effects of a high-carbohydrate low-fat cholesterol-restricted diet on plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus

Six women with well-defined insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied for 4 weeks during a control diet containing 45% of the calories as carbohydrate, 40% fat (P/S ratio 0.14), 15% protein, and 580 mg of cholesterol, and for 6 weeks during a high-carbohydrate low-fat cholesterol-restricted diet with 65% carbohydrate, 20% fat (P/S ratio 1.40), 15% protein, and 62 mg cholesterol. All subjects completed both dietary periods in a crossover experimental design. Individual menus were subject-selected from a calculated exchange list containing conventional food items consistent with current American dietary patterns. The diets were well-tolerated by all subjects. Total plasma cholesterol decreased from 201 to 156 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05) during the cholesterol-restricted diet, while total plasma triglyceride (TG) increased from 96 to 115 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.01). During this same period, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and VLDL-TG increased from 17 to 21 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05) and from 59 to 76 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.001), respectively, while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased from 126 to 90 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05) and from 50 to 39 mg/100 mL (P less than 0.05), respectively. LDL-C/HDL-C and total-C/HDL-C ratios were lower but not significantly different, and LDL-TG and HDL-TG were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women?

Thirty-one obese, premenopausal women aged 35.4 +/- 5.1 (SD) years exercised for 90 minutes at approximately 55% of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) four to five times a week for a period of 6 months. The training program induced a significant increase in VO2max (P < .001) and significant improvements in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as reflected by decreased plasma insulin (INS) concentrations measured in the fasting state and after glucose (GLU) ingestion (INS area, P < .001), by reduced plasma cholesterol (C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (P < .001), and by increased ratios of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)/LDL-C and HDL2-C/HDL3-C (P < .05 and P < .001, respectively). Changes in body fat mass were positively associated with changes in the INS area/GLU area ratio (r = .49, P < .05) and with changes in very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides ([VLDL-TG] r = .49, P < .05). Furthermore, changes in the INS area were positively associated with changes in VLDL-TG (r = .51, P < .05). Although no significant mean change in body composition was observed, important individual variation was noted. Twenty women showed a reduction in body fat mass (mean reduction, 2.63 +/- 2.2 kg), whereas 11 women showed an increase in adipose mass (mean increase, 2.79 +/- 2.36 kg). Comparable increases in VO2max were observed between the two groups. The group that showed a decrease in body fat mass with exercise also had significant improvements in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Serum and bile lipid levels in patients with and without gallstones

The aim of the present study was to investigate predisposing factors that lead to the formation of gallstones. In a group of 70 patients (51 with gallstones and 19 without, 20 possible risk factors were studied: percent of ideal body weight, the presence of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes and in serum, lipid peroxide in serum, total serum cholesterol (Ch), high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (Ch), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-Ch, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-Ch, serum triglyceride (TG), HDL-TG, LDL-TG, VLDL-TG, serum bile acids (lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, chenodeoxy cholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and cholic acid) and serum apolipoproteins (apo A-1, apo B-100, and apo A-1/apo B-100). Levels of apo B-100 and serum insulin in patients with gallstone were strikingly higher, and superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes was significantly lower than in individuals with no gallstones. Apo A-1 and HDL-Ch were also higher and LDL-Ch was lower in the gallstone group, albeit non-significantly so (P>0.05) byt-test. However, Apo A-1, HDL-Ch, and LDL-Ch showed remarkably good discriminatory power in stepwise discriminant analysis of the 20 factors. Bile lipid composition was also measured and the cholesterol saturation index was calculated, but no significant differences were seen between the two groups. The results demonstrate that serum lipid patterns differ to some extent in patients with and without gallstones. Lipid derangement may contribute to the development of gallstone disease.     

前列腺特异性抗原在老年男性的分布及与空腹血糖、血脂的相关性研究

目的 了解老年男性前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的分布情况,并探讨空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂与PSA的相关性.方法 回顾2010年来我院体检的2903名60岁及以上老年男性的PSA、FBG、血脂包括三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的水平资料,按照年龄分为6组,分析不同年龄组之间PSA的差异;并用多元线性回归分析各组FBG、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C与PSA的相关性.结果 PSA水平随年龄增高呈上升趋势;60～64岁组的TG和LDL-C与PSA正相关,HDL-C与PSA负相关(r=0.10,0.15,0.12,P＜0.05),其余各组上述指标与PSA不相关(P＞0.05);65～69岁组FBG与PSA负相关(r=0.10,P＜0.05),其余各组FBG与PSA不相关(P＞0.05).结论 PSA随年龄增长而升高,暂不能认为空腹血糖、血脂与PSA相关.     

Postprandial plasma adiponectin response is reduced in prepubertal premature pubarche girls

The association between premature pubarche (PP) and metabolic syndrome is controversial and not supported by some authors. The aim of this study was to determine insulin resistance syndrome, plasma adiponectin, and fatty acid profile in PP girls to discern potential confounder variables and markers of metabolic disturbances. We studied 22 prepubertal girls with a diagnosis of PP and 20 healthy controls who differed in body mass index (BMI) (19.33 ± 0.71 vs 17.30 ± 0.60). We evaluated insulin resistance syndrome components and postprandial response of adiponectin, nonesterified fatty acids, and fatty acid profile after consumption of a standardized breakfast. No lipid disturbances were detected in the PP group. High-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio tended to be lower in PP girls (P = .052), but this effect disappeared when data were adjusted for both BMI and age (P = .480). Insulin levels tended to be higher at 2 hours in PP girls, who showed significantly higher C-peptide area under the curve. In contrast, adiponectin at 3 hours after the meal and postprandial adiponectin area under the curve were significantly lower. The PP girls showed significantly higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid in total plasma and plasma phospholipids. No differences were found in the postprandial fatty acid clearance rate. In conclusion, PP girls and controls differed in postprandial plasma adiponectin response and in postprandial plasma C-peptide response after both BMI and age adjustment. Cholesterol plasma disturbances were mainly attributable to their higher BMI, although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher because of the PP.