胰腺癌胰十二指肠切除术后并发症回顾性分析

目的 回顾分析胰十二指肠切除术（PD）后并发症的相关因素,探讨预防减少术后并发症的措施。方法 回顾性研究我院1994年1月至2006年12月问138例PD病例,分析影响PD术后并发症的危险因素,比较不同胰肠吻合方式及幽门保留与否对胰瘘的影响。比较保留幽门的PD（PPPD）与不保留幽门的PD对术后胃潴留发生率的影响。结果 术后胰瘘总发生率23．18％（32／138）,其中胰空肠黏膜对黏膜侧侧吻合组22．48％（29／129）,胰残端空肠端侧传统套入组33．33％（3／9）。PPPD术后胃潴留发生率显著高于PD。胰肠吻合方式、保留幽门与否并不显著性的影响胰瘘的发生。多数手术近期吻合口出血与应用胃肠吻合器有关。结论 胰肠吻合方式、保留幽门与否未能显著的影响PD后胰瘘的发生,但保留幽门后会增加胃潴留的发生率;慎重应用胃肠吻合器,人工手法细心进行胃肠吻合可能有助于预防胰腺癌手术后近期出血的发生。     

An alternative pancreatic anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreatic head resection and reconstruction is technically challenging. Eight patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for either ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 7) or neuroendocrine tumor (n = 1) in the head of the pancreas with a dilated pancreatic duct. The pancreatic stump could not be mobilized to form a standard pancreaticogastrostomy or a pancreaticojejunostomy following resection because of a complete fixation to the splenic vein (n = 2), common hepatic artery (n = 1), or mesentery (n = 3) or inadequate length of the pancreatic remnant (n = 2). After laying open the pancreatic duct along the pancreatic transection margin in the ventral aspect of the pancreas, a longitudinal ventral pancreaticojejunostomy was performed using polydioxanone 3/0 sutures. The average time taken to create this pancreatic anastomosis was less than 10 minutes. This longitudinal ventral pancreatic anastomosis is quick, easy to perform, and a safe alternative method for pancreatic reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Pancreatic anastomotic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: incidence,significance and treatment

The Authors reviewed the complications, and outcomes in a consecutives series of 97 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The clinical leak rate in this series was 21.8%. There was a difference in the pancreatic leak rate in those patients who underwent pancreatic ductal closure or end to end pancreaticojejunal invagination compared with end to side pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. The postoperative complication rate was 41.8% and the most common complications were pancreatic fistula. 9 deaths occurred in hospital or within 30 days from operation. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that operative technique, the pathological status of the pancreatic remnant, and mayor complications were the significant risk factors for the development of pancreatic anastomotic leak. In the 2000s pancreatic leak remains a potentially lethal problem. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic remnant management by end to side pancreaticojejunostomy appeared safe in low-risk patients. Morbidity was greatest after pancreatic duct closure without anastomosis.     

Occlusion of the pancreatic duct versus pancreaticojejunostomy: a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: Using a prospective randomized study to assess postoperative morbidity and pancreatic function after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticojejunostomy and duct occlusion without pancreaticojejunostomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy are largely due to leakage of the pancreaticoenterostomy. Pancreatic duct occlusion without anastomosis of the pancreatic remnant may prevent these complications. METHODS: A prospective randomized study was performed in a nonselected series of 169 patients with suspected pancreatic and periampullary cancer. In 86 patients the pancreatic duct was occluded without anastomosis to pancreatic remnant, and in 83 patients a pancreaticojejunostomy was performed after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Postoperative complications were the endpoint of the study. All relevant data concerning patient demographics and postoperative morbidity and mortality as well as endocrine and exocrine function were analyzed. At 3 and 12 months after surgery, evaluation of weight loss, stools, and the use of antidiabetics and pancreatic enzyme was repeated. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were comparable in both groups. There were no differences in median blood loss, duration of operation, and hospital stay. No significant difference was noted in postoperative complications, mortality, and exocrine insufficiency. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in patients with duct occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Duct occlusion without pancreaticojejunostomy does not reduce postoperative complications but significantly increases the risk of endocrine pancreatic insufficiency after duct occlusion.     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: Report of 134 cases treated by resection or drainage

One hundred thirty-four patients (123 men and 11 women) were operated on for chronic pancreatitis (69 pancreaticojejunostomies, 20 cystopancreaticojejunostomies, 22 left pancreatectomies, and 23 Whipple operations). Half of these patients were followed up for 5 years or more. Four patients died from cancer of the pancreas. The operative mortality rate was 4.2 percent after anastomosis, 13.5 percent after pancreatectomy, and 8.7 percent after a Whipple operation. Relief of pain was the main aim of operation. The rate of good results after pancreaticojejunostomy (85 percent) was higher than after resection (71 percent after right pancreatectomy or Whipple operation and 66.6 percent after left pancreatectomy). The mortality rate after 5 years was 26 percent after anastomosis, 30 percent after Whipple operation, and 45 percent after left pancreatectomy. Alcoholic intake did not appear to influence the operative result but improved the quality of life of the patient. Postoperative complications are more common and more serious after resection than after anastomosis. If dilated, the common bile duct must be drained as well as the pancreatic duct after anastomosis. Whenever the pancreatic duct is dilated more than 8 mm it must be drained rather than resected.     

Treatment of the pancreatic stump after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Wirsung duct occlusion versus pancreaticojejunostomy

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the results obtained using two different techniques of reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy: pancreaticojejunostomy and pancreatic remnant duct occlusion. METHODS: The authors describe a retrospective study performed in 44 nonselected patients submitted to pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2000 to 2004. They have been divided into 2 groups. Patient characteristics were comparable in both groups. The first group (22 patients) received pancreaticojejunostomy. The second group (22 patients) received duct occlusion with sclerosing glue. Intraoperative finding (operative time, estimated blood loss) and postoperative morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Endocrine and exocrine function were analyzed at 3 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Results showed no differences in median blood loss, duration operation and hospital day. Morbidity and mortality were higher in duct occlusion group; pancreatic fistula was more frequent after duct occlusion, but less dangerous than one from pancreaticojejeunostomy. Also exocrine function was better in anastomosis group and the incidence of diabetes mellitus was higher in patients with duct occlusion. CONCLUSION: Pacreaticojejunostomy is the procedure of choice, while duct occlusion should be performed in friable stump with small pancreatic duct (higher risk of pancreatic fistula).     

Fistulation method: simple and safe pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: A pancreatic leak from the pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy has a potential risk of serious complications. We devised a simplified fistulation method for pancreaticojejunostomy. METHODS: The fistulation method, which uses a pancreatic drainage tube as a stent without pancreatic duct-to-jejunal mucosa anastomosis, was applied to 162 consecutive patients. They were divided into 3 groups according to the state of the pancreatic remnant: group 1, soft and normal parenchyma (n = 71); group 2, firm and thickened parenchyma (n = 40); group 3, hard and atrophic parenchyma (n = 51). The consistency in relation to the incidence of pancreatic leak and mortality were analyzed. Morphologic changes of the pancreatic remnant in long-term survivors of group 1 were assessed with computed tomography. RESULTS: A pancreatic leak occurred in 3 patients from group 1, in 2 patients from group 2, and in no patients from group 3 (leak rate, 3%). No operative mortality and 5 hospital deaths (3%) unrelated to a pancreatic leak were observed. The parenchyma of the pancreatic remnant was well preserved in 52% of the long-term survivors and the pancreatic duct was not dilated in 63%. CONCLUSIONS: The fistulation method can be performed safely and easily regardless of the state of the pancreatic remnant, and it provides every surgeon with a low incidence of pancreatic leak among patients.     

Cancer of the head of pancreas--resection vs. palliative surgery

Pancreatic cancer remains a disease with high mortality. The unspecific symptoms for a long time make the diagnostic difficult. Between 1995-2004, only 85 from 465 patients with this diagnosis, had pancreatic resection. To them, we performed Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (60), pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (15), pancreatico-duodenectomy with preserving of duodenum (2), pancreaticoduodenectomy with associated resections (5), subtotal pancreatico-duodenectomy (30). The reconstruction after pancreatic resection was pancreatico-jejuno anastomosis (26) and pancreatico-gastro-anastomosis (59). Morbidity was about 34% and the mortality was about 9%.     

Pancreaticogastrostomy following Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Review of 102 Consecutive Cases

Disruption of the pancreatic anastomosis with resultant sepsis is the cause of nearly 50% of deaths following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Traditionally, the pancreatic remnant is anastomosed to the jejunum. Pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) was introduced as an alternative by Waugh and Clagett in 1946 and by Park, Mackie, and Rhoads in 1967. The purpose of this retrospective review was to assess the safety of PG at a single institution. Between 1986 and 1998 a total of 102 patients underwent PG following PD. The indications for PD were periampullary carcinoma (n= 89), pancreatitis (n= 7), and miscellaneous (n= 6). Altogether, 80 patients underwent the traditional Whipple procedure and 22 the pylorus-preserving Whipple (PPW) procedure. The PG was performed by a single-layer invagination technique to the posterior gastric wall using interrupted silk sutures. Leaks from the pancreatic anastomosis were detected by measuring amylase in fluid obtained from surgically placed drains. Operative mortality was 3.9% (4/102). The cause of death was uncontrolled upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, sepsis, pulmonary embolus, and cardiac failure secondary to myocardial infarction. The mean operating time was 6.8 hours. Blood transfusion was given in 43 patients (42%), and the mean amount of the transfusion was 2.6 units. Nonfatal complications occurred in 35 patients (34%), and included leaks from the pancreatic anastomosis in 9 (8.8%), leaks from the biliary-enteric anastomosis in 4 (3.9%), and gastric paresis 7 (6.9%). Other complications included abscess, wound infection, colitis, delirium tremens, and hyperbilirubinemia. Discharge occurred 6 to 47 days (median 12 days) postoperatively and was prolonged in patients suffering from a complication. PD is associated with significant morbidity. PG is a safe alternative to pancreaticojejunostomy for managing the pancreatic remnant.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,探讨黏膜-黏膜胰肠吻合减少术后胰瘘的可能性。方法回顾性研究我院2000年1月至2004年4月间85例胰十二指肠切除术病例,分析影响胰瘘的术前及术中危险因素,比较不同胰肠吻合方式对胰瘘的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率16.5%(14/85),其中黏膜-黏膜组3.57%(1/28),传统套入组22.8%(13/57)。统计学分析显示,胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径及残余胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的显著因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径和胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素,P值分别为0.013和0.009,相对危险度(OR)分别为5.276和8.538。结论胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径和胰腺质地是影响胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,对胰管扩张者(≥3mm)行黏膜-黏膜吻合可显著降低术后胰瘘的发生率,是一种安全可靠的胰肠吻合方法。     

External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent to reduce leakage rate of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent has been shown to reduce pancreatic fistula rate of pancreaticojejunostomy in a few retrospective or prospective nonrandomized studies, but no randomized controlled trial has been reported thus far. This single-center prospective randomized trial compared the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy with external drainage stent versus no stent for pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. METHODS: A total of 120 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy with end-to-side pancreaticojejunal anastomosis were randomized to have either an external stent inserted across the anastomosis to drain the pancreatic duct (n = 60) or no stent (n = 60). Duct-to-mucosa anastomosis was performed in all cases. RESULTS: The 2 groups were comparable in demographic data, underlying pathologies, pancreatic consistency, and duct diameter. Stented group had a significantly lower pancreatic fistula rate compared with nonstented group (6.7% vs. 20%, P = 0.032). Radiologic or surgical intervention for pancreatic fistula was required in 1 patient in the stented group and 4 patients in the nonstented group. There were no significant differences in overall morbidity (31.7% vs. 38.3%, P = 0.444) and hospital mortality (1.7% vs. 5%, P = 0.309). Two patients in the nonstented group and none in the stented group died of pancreatic fistula. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the stented group (mean 17 vs. 23 days, P = 0.039). On multivariate analysis, no stenting and pancreatic duct diameter <3 mm were significant risk factors of pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSION: External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent reduced leakage rate of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Binding pancreaticojejunostomy is a new technique to minimize leakage

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) has been the standard treatment for periampullary and pancreatic carcinoma. A leak or fistula from the pancreatic anastomosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. In order to effectively prevent the development of pancreatic fistulae, we designed a special technique called binding pancreaticojejunostomy, by which 3 cm of the serosa-muscular sheath of the jejunum was bound to the pancreatic remnant. We have performed this procedure in 105 consecutive patients; none of the cases developed pancreatic fistula. It is a safe, simple, and efficient technique.     

Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic and peripancreatic malignancies: A 1996 perspective

Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, based on review of the literature, conveys little, if any, measurable benefit over the standard operation with regard to nutrition and metabolism. Some of the benefits attributed to pylorus preservation by Traverso may be due instead to his use of a duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis which preserves pancreatic function. Comparisons of the standard and pylorus-preserving operation in regard to metabolic, nutritional, and postgstrectomy syndromes are hindered by a lack of uniformity from one report to another regarding the type of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis performed, the amount of stomach resected, whether vagotomy was or was not performed, and whether a Billroth I or II gastrojejunostomy or duodenojejunostomy was performed. Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy can be used safely in the management of about 85% of patients with pancreatic and distal common bile duct cancer and in 95% of those with ampullary cancer. The standard operation should be used in the presence of any sign of tumor infiltration of the duodenal bulb or peripyloric lymph nodes. Japanese surgeons have emphasized the utility of employing the Billroth I rather than Billroth II anastomosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy, as it provides access to visualize endoscopically the pancreaticojejunostomy and choledochojejunostomy anastomosis.     

Optimal management of the pancreatic remnant after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated methods of operative management of the pancreatic remnant after pancreaticoduodenectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Despite reductions in mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, leakage from the pancreatic remnant still may cause significant morbidity. Patients with small, unobstructed pancreatic ducts or soft, friable pancreata are at particularly high risk. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described to avoid such complications, no single method is suitable for all patients. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 114 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Sixty-nine patients were men (61%) and 45 were women (39%), with median age 66 years. Underlying disease was malignant in 87 (76%) and benign in 27 (24%). Patients were divided into groups based on risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula and on the operative management of the pancreatic remnant. Sixty-eight patients underwent end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy, 13 of whom were high risk (group 1A) and 55 of whom were low risk (group 1B). Thirty-seven patients, all high risk, had either pancreatic duct closure by oversewing (N = 19, group 2) or end-to-end pancreaticojejunal invagination (N = 18, group 3). Nine patients underwent total pancreatectomy (group 4). Morbidity related to prolonged pancreatic drainage (PPD) of greater than 20 days was determined. RESULTS: Overall incidence of PPD was 17% and caused the only death. Patients considered high risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula had a 36% incidence of PPD compared with 2% in patients considered low risk (p < 0.0001). Prolonged pancreatic drainage frequency related to the method of pancreatic remnant management was as follows: group 1A, 15%; group 1B, 2%; group 2, 79%; and group 3, 6% (p < 0.001 for group 2 vs. other groups). No serious sequelae followed PPD in 15 patients (79%); however, 4 patients required reoperation for pseudocyst or abscess drainage; one in group 1A (who died) and three in group 2. Multivariate analysis revealed that operative technique (oversewing of the pancreatic duct) and male sex were significant factors predisposing a patient to the development of PPD. CONCLUSION: After pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic remnant management by end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy appeared safe in low-risk patients. In high-risk patients, end-to-end pancreaticojejunal invagination was the safest option. Morbidity was greatest after pancreatic duct closure without anastomosis.     

Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis, using a stent tube, in pancreaticoduodenectomy

We report our technique for pancreaticojejunostomy, using a stent tube, and examine the literature with regard to the use of a stent tube in pancreaticojejunostomy. The total number of stitches in the anastomosis of the pancreatic parenchyma and seromuscle layer of the jejunum should be more than 20, and there should be more than 8 stitches in the anastomosis of the pancreatic duct and parenchyma and all layers of the jejunal wall, even in a normal-sized main pancreatic duct. There is no dead space between the cut end of the pancreatic parenchyma and the jejunal wall. None of the 114 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our series died. We use a stent because this makes it easier to perform anterior wall anastomosis of the pancreaticojejunostomy. It is easy to find the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis at the anterior wall anastomosis. We never stitch the posterior wall of the anastomosis with a stent tube in place at the anterior wall anastomosis. If the anastomosis leaks, the massive flow of pancreatic juice around the anastomosis is prevented because of the pancreatic juice flowing out of the pancreatic tube.     

End-to-End Invaginated Pancreaticojejunostomy with Three Overlapping U-Sutures––A Safe and Simple Method of Pancreaticoenteric Anastomosis

Background: Postoperative pancreatic fistula associated with mortality and morbidity remains an intractable problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy. To date it still carries a notable incidence of roughly 10% to 30% in large series in spite of numerous pharmacological and technical methods that have been proposed to achieve a leakproof pancreatic remnant. Methods: In order to perform a safe anastomosis to pancreatic remnant with less sophisticated sutures and shorter operative duration, a fast and simple technique of end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy with three overlapping U-sutures was devised in our institution. Results: Between April 2011 and July 2013, end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy with three overlapping U-sutures technique was used in 23 consecutive cases that underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our institute. The median operative time for pancreaticojejunostomy was 12 min. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was 8.7% (n = 2) and both cases were grade A fistula with no clinical impact or delayed hospital discharge. Neither relaparotomy nor postoperative mortality was observed. Conclusions: The technique of using three overlapping U-sutures in an end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy represents a simple management of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis with reliability and applicability, and provides an alternative choice for pancreaticojejunostomy to senior pancreatic surgeons as well as those without experience.     

External stenting of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis and pancreatic duct after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreatic fistula is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. External drainage of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis with a stent is used to reduce the rate of pancreatic fistula. This study compares the rates of pancreatic fistula between external stent drainage versus no-stent drainage for pancreaticojejunal anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy. A total of 53 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for various benign and malignant pathologies were included in the study. An external stent was inserted across the anastomosis to drain the pancreatic duct in 26 patients and 27 patients received no stent. The primary end point was pancreatic fistula. All surgeries were done by a single surgeon with expertise in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery at a single institute. The two groups were comparable in demographic data, underlying pathologies, presenting complaints, presence of comorbid illnesses and proportion of patients with preoperative biliary drainage, pancreatic consistency and duct diameter. The pancreatic fistula rates were similar in both the groups (11.5 vs. 14.8?%, P?=?0.725). The morbidity and surgical re-exploration rate were statistically not significant between the two groups (65.4 vs. 51.9?%, P?=?0.318 and 11.5 vs. 7.4?%, P?=?0.60). Postoperative stay was also similar with a mean of 14?days in both the groups (P?=?0.66). The mortality rate was statistically not significant in the two groups (3.8 vs. 7.4?%, P?=?0.575). External drainage of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis and the pancreatic duct with a stent does not decrease the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

两种胰肠吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术中应用的对比研究

目的:比较改良胰肠吻合与普通胰肠吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用效果。方法:将2014年1月—2015年11月采用普通胰肠吻合进行消化道重建的79例壶腹周围肿瘤患者(普通胰肠吻合组)临床资料与2015年12月—2017年12月采用改良胰肠吻合进行消化道重建87例壶腹周围肿瘤患者(改良胰肠吻合组)临床资料行进行回顾性历史对照分析,普通胰肠吻合为用胰腺断端-空肠侧壁吻合,改良胰肠吻合为胰腺断端-空肠侧壁黏膜对黏膜吻合。比较两组的相关临床指标。结果:两组患者基本资料、手术方式、整体手术时间和术中失血量的差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),尽管两组整体手术时间无统计学差异,但改良胰肠吻合所用的时间约为普通胰肠吻合时间的2倍。改良胰肠吻合组术后A级和B级胰瘘发生率明显低于普通胰肠吻合组(P=0.027、0.019),胆瘘和腹腔感染的发生率也明显低于普通胰肠吻合组(P=0.014、0.011),两组的术后并发症中C级胰瘘、肠瘘、腹腔出血和胃排空延迟发生率无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:改良胰肠吻合和普通胰肠吻合比较,可显著降低A级、B级胰瘘、胆瘘和腹腔感染的发生率,但手术时间有所延长,该改良术式值得进一步在临床应用。     

A prospective randomized trial of pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The authors hypothesized that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy and less likely to be associated with a postoperative pancreatic fistula. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, occurring in 10% to 20% of patients. Nonrandomized reports have suggested that pancreaticogastrostomy is less likely than pancreaticojejunostomy to be associated with postoperative complications. METHODS: Between May 1993 and January 1995, the findings for 145 patients were analyzed in this prospective trial at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. After giving their appropriate preoperative informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to pancreaticogastrostomy or pancreaticojejunostomy after completion of the pancreaticoduodenal resection. All pancreatic anastomoses were performed in two layers without pancreatic duct stents and with closed suction drainage. Pancreatic fistula was defined as drainage of greater than 50 mL of amylase-rich fluid on or after postoperative day 10. RESULTS: The pancreaticogastrostomy (n = 73) and pancreaticojejunostomy (n = 72) groups were comparable with regard to multiple parameters, including demographics, medical history, preoperative laboratory values, and intraoperative factors, such as operative time, blood transfusions, pancreatic texture, length of pancreatic remnant mobilized, and pancreatic duct diameter. The overall incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 11.7% (17/145). The incidence of pancreatic fistula was similar for the pancreaticogastrostomy (12.3%) and pancreaticojejunostomy (11.1%) groups. Pancreatic fistula was associated with a significant prolongation of postoperative hospital stay (36 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 1 days) (p < 0.001). Factors significantly increasing the risk of pancreatic fistula by univariate logistic regression analysis included ampullary or duodenal disease, soft pancreatic texture, longer operative time, greater intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and lower surgical volume (p < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the factors most highly associated with pancreatic fistula to be lower surgical volume and ampullary or duodenal disease in the resected specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic fistula is a common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy, with an incidence most strongly associated with surgical volume and underlying disease. These data do not support the hypothesis that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy or is associated with a lower incidence of pancreatic fistula.     

Jejunum or Stomach for the Pancreatic Anastomosis After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Objective: The authors hypothesized that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy and less likely to be associated with a postoperative pancreatic fistula.Summary Background Data: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, occurring in 10% to 20% of patients. Nonrandomized reports have suggested that pancreaticogastrostomy is less likely than pancreaticojejunostomy to be associated with postoperative complications.Methods: Between May 1993 and January 1995, the findings for 145 patients were analyzed in this prospective trial at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. After giving their appropriate preoperative informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to pancreaticogastrostomy or pancreaticojejunostomy after completion of the pancreaticoduodenal resection. All pancreatic anastomoses were performed in two layers without pancreatic duct stents and with closed suction drainage. Pancreatic fistula was defined as drainage of greater than 50 mL of amylase-rich fluid on or after postoperative day 10.Results: The pancreaticogastrostomy (n=73) and pancreaticojejunostomy (n=72) groups were comparable with regard to multiple parameters, including demographics, medical history, preoperative laboratory values, and intraoperative factors, such as operative time, blood transfusions, pancreatic texture, length of pancreatic remnant mobilized, and pancreatic duct diameter. The overall incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 11.7% (171145). The incidence of pancreatic fistula was similar for the pancreaticogastrostomy (12.3%) and pancreaticojejunostomy (11.1%) groups. Pancreatisc fistula was associated with a significant prolongation of postoperative hospital stay (36±5 vs. 15±1 days) (p<0.001). Factors significantly increasing the risk of pancreatic fistula by univariate logistic regression analysis included ampullary or duodenal disease, soft pancreatic texture, longer operative time, greater intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and lower surgical volume (p<0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the factors most highly associated with pancreatic fistula to be lower surgical volume and ampullary or duodenal disease in the resected specimen.Conclusions: Pancreatic fistula is a common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy, with an incidence most strongly associated with surgical volume and underlying disease. These data do not support the hypothesis that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy or is associated with a lower incidence of pancreatic fistula.